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Maximizing biomass utilization: An integrated strategy for coproducing multiple chemicals

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journal of Energy Chemistry 2025年第1期100卷 180-191页

作者： Byeongchan Ahn Sua jo jonggeol Na j.jay Liu Young-ju kim Wangyun Won Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Korea University Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated process) Kyung Hee University Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Ewha Womans University Department of Chemical Engineering Pukyong National University Resources Engineering Plant Research Department Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the viable solutions to alleviate the global warming. However, the limited utilization of biomass majorly focused on cellulose and hemicellulose restricts the economic and environmental feasibilities. To cope with this issue, we proposed an integrated process of co-producing 1,6-hexanediol（1,6-HDO） with tetrahydrofuran and adipic acid from biomass, referred to as Strategy A. To compare the impacts of lignin upgrading and feedstock, Strategy B, which co-produces tetrahydrofuran alone, and Strategy C, which is the traditional route to produce 1,6-HDO from fossil fuels, were used. Heat networks are also designed to reduce operating costs and indirect carbon emissions due to energy consumption, saving 87% and 83% of the heat and cooling requirements, respectively, in Strategy A. The market competitiveness of Strategy A was evaluated by determining the minimum selling price through techno-economic analysis, and sustainability was thoroughly investigated by quantifying the environmental impacts through both midpoint and endpoint life-cycle assessments（LCAs）.Strategy A was found to be the most favorable both economically（USRDSCHARDOLLAR3,402/ton） and environmentally（-26.9 kg co2eq.）. This indicates that lignin valorization is not only economically but also environmentally preferred. Finally, changes in economic and environmental feasibilities depending on economic, process, and environmental parameters were investigated using sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. The results of these analyses provide valuable insight into bio-based chemical production.

关键词： Biorefinery Carbon mitigation Climate change Global warming Lignin utilization Bioeconomy

New Insights on US Aggregate and State Level Trade with the China Region

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China & World Economy 2011年第6期19卷 92-108页

作者： Catherine Y.co Department of Economics University of Nebraska at Omaha

Aggregate trade data with breakdown into related and non-related party components show that US multinational enterprises use different trading strategies in the China region relative to other countries. US trade with the China region in 2002-007 is characterized by arm ＇s- length transactions. State-level trade data show great variability in state engagement with the region through trade： exports to the region range from 1 to 28 percent of state exports. In addition, compared to exports to other countries, exports to the region are highly concentrated. At the extreme, for some states, 96-98 percent of exports to the region are computer and electronic products. Finally, gravity regressions show that state exports to Hong kong are posflively associated with the relative size of the ltong kong-born population in the states. There is no evidence that stricter labor regimes lead to lower state exports.

关键词： arm's-length trade intra-firm trade multinational finns US-China trade

Water Vapor Variability in the Tropical Western Pacific from 20-year Radiosonde Data

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2001年第5期18卷 752-766页

作者： junhong Wang, Harold L. cole and David j. Carlson National Center for Atmospheric Research P. O, Box 3000,Boulder, co 80307 National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder USA

The 20-year (1976-1995) daily radinsonde data at 17 stations in the tropical western Pacific was ana- lyzed. The analysls shows that the atmosphere is more humid in a warmer climate on seasonal,inter-annual and long-term (20-year) time scales, implying a positive water vapor feedback The vertlcal structure of the long-term trends in relative humidity (RH) is distinct from that on short-term (seasonal and inter-annual) time scales, suggesting that observed water vapor changes on short time scales could not be considered as a surrogate of long-term climate change. The increasing trend of RH (3%-5% / decade) in the upper troposphere is stronger than that in the lower troposphere (1 %-2% / decade). Such verthal structure would amplify positive water vapor feedback in comparison to the common assumption of constant RH changes vertically. The empicical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of vertical structure of RH varmtions shows distinct features of the vert1cal structure of the first three EOFs. The first three EOFs are optimal for repre- sentation of water vapor profiles and provide some hints on physical mechanisms respons1ble for observed humidity variability. Vaisala radiosondes were used at nine stations, and VIZ radiosondes used at other eight stations The Vaisala data are corrected for temperature-dependence error using the correction siheme developed by NCAR / ATD and Vaisala. The comparison of Vaisala and VIZ data shows that the VIZ-measured RHs after October 1993 have a moist bias of - 10% at RHs < 20%. During 1976-1995, several changes in- cluding both instruments and reporting practice have been made at Vaisala stations and introduce errors to long-term RH variations.

关键词： Water vapor Radiosonde

Optimizing biliary outcomes in living donor liver transplantation:Evolution towards standardization in a high-volume center

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2020年第4期19卷 324-327页

作者： Tsan-Shiun Lin jeffrey Samuel co Chao-Long Chen Aldwin D.Ong Liver Transplantation Center Department of SurgeryKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital123 Ta-Pei RoadNiao SungKaohsiung 833TaiwanChina

Biliary complications have always been a dreaded cause of morbidity after living donor liver *** intrinsic variations in both graft and recipient biliary anatomy remain a significant factor to the difficulty of biliary reconstruction,our institution has taken advantage of its high volume of cases to critically review and evaluate modifiable operative risk factors,in particular,our surgical *** present herein,the evolution of our reconstructive biliary technique from conventional methods to our current standard of microsurgical biliary reconstruction for both graft and recipient *** this period of transition,our center has created a classification system for biliary reconstruction that decreased the biliary complication rates from 40.0%to 10.2%.

关键词： Living donor liver transplantation Biliary reconstruction Microsurgical biliary reconstruction Biliary classification Biliary complications

Influence of high configuration entropy on damping behaviors of Ti-Zr-Hf-Ni-co-Cu high entropy alloys

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journal of Materials Science & Technology 2023年第22期153卷 242-253页

作者： W.Q.Wu L.Zhang k.k.Song j.M.Pelletier H.F.Zhang j.C.Qiao School of Mechanics Civil Engineering and ArchitectureNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’an 710072China Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Shandong UniversityWeihai 264209China Universitéde Lyon MATEISUMR CNRS5510Bat.B.PascalINSA-LyonVilleurbanne Cedex F-69621France Chongqing Science and Technology Innovation Center of NPU Chongqing 401135China

TiNi-based shape memory alloys(SMAs)have been used as damping materials to eliminate noise and mechanical ***,their application is limited by low working temperatures and damping *** this work,two novel Ti-Zr-Hf-Ni-co-Cu high entropy shape memory alloys(HESMAs)with different transformation temperatures and damping properties were *** results show that Ti_(25)Zr_(8)Hf_(17)Ni_(30)co_(5)Cu_(15) has superior damping performance arising from martensitic transformation,shape memory effect(thermal cycle at constant load)as well as *** to traditional TiNi-based SMAs,the as-cast HESMAs exhibit a much higher ultrahigh yield strength(∼2 GPa)and storage modulus(∼50 GPa).The high configuration entropy of the HESMAs with high uneven internal stress and severe lattice distortion is revealed as the underlying mechanisms governing distinctive damping *** effects of high configuration entropy and microheterogeneity on the martensitic transforma-tion behavior and damping performance of HESMAs are clarified in this work,which provides a basis for designing alloys with superior damping properties.

关键词： High entropy s hape memory alloy Internal friction Damping configuration entropy Martensitic transformation

Liquid-liquid extraction and separation of total rare earth(RE) metals from polymetallic manganese nodule leaching solution

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journal of Rare Earths 2015年第2期33卷 207-213页

作者： P.k.Parhi k.H.Park C.W.Nam j.T.Park Mineral Resources Research Division Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources (KIGAM)Daejeon 305-350 Republic of Korea School of Applied Science and Center of Industrial Technology KIIT UniversityBhubaneswar 751024 Odisha India

The study on the solvent extraction for quantitative and selective separation of total rare earth metals from the polymetallic nodule leach liquor was investigated. The typical leach liquor bearing 0. 094 g/L total rare earth, 0. 23 g/L Mn, 0.697 g/L Cu, 0.2 g/L Fe, 0.01 g/L co and 0.735 g/L Ni was subjected to the removal iron content by precipitation method using Ca（OH）2 at pH 3.95, prior to solvent extraction of rare earth metals. Three different organo-phosphoric acid reagents（D2EHPA, PC88 A, Cyanex 272） were used to ascertain their performances and selectivity towards the loading of rare earth metals in presence of other base metals. Based on the results of eq. pH effect, the performances of above three extractants followed the order as： D2EHPA〉PC88A〉Cyanex 272. To ensure the absence of extraction of base metals（Cu, co, Ni）, the eq. pH of the solution was optimized at the level of 2.21, though higher rare earth metal extraction efficiency was observed at higher eq. pH with either of the extractants. The complete process flow diagram for substantial recovery of total rare earth was developed using D2 EHPA. Extraction isotherm plot was constructed at A：O=12：1, 3-stages and pHe=2.21, using 0.8 mol/L D2 EHPA and the predicted condition of this study was further confirmed by 6-Cycles counter Current Simulation（CCS） study. The stripping of total rare earth from loaded organic phase（LO） was conducted using HCl solution. Mc-Cabe Thiele diagram study carried out at A：O=1：5 using 4 mol/L HCl showed that three theoretical stages were needed for quantitative stripping of total rare earth. The subsequent stripped solution resulted thus led to contain total rare earth of 5.6 g/L indicating a very high enrichment of total metals by solvent extraction（SX） process.

关键词： total rare earth (RE) metals SX D2EHPA HCl deep sea nodule

MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION AND coNTROL IN SUPERALLOY FORGINGS

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 1996年第6期9卷 437-442页

作者： R.Noel, D. Furrer, G. Shen and j. Lemsky(Ladish co., Inc., P.O. Box 8902, Cudahy, WI 53110-8902, USA Ladish co. Inc. Cudahy United States

Optimum properties of high temperature superalloys are derived from interactions of the composition,thermomechanical deformation, and heat ***-base alloys contain a variety of alloying elements in a large number of combinations to produce various desired effects. The general characteristics of any specific nickelbase superalloy is determined by *** control of the microstructure in wrought processed superalloys can further influence the resultant component *** relationship between microstructure and properties is key in advanced design and manufacture of turbine engine components, and requires extensive alloy and process characterization to achieve desired *** forging methods have been developed and employed throughout the years to process superalloy *** forging, Press forging,and advanced isothermal press forging equipment and processes have been designed and manufactured to process speciality metals which often have very narrow processing *** processes have also been introduced into turbine engine applications,which result in a hybrid of resultant structures and *** such speciality,combination process is the Ladish Iso con process which utilizes isothermal forging and conventional forging to achieve unique properties not matched by any other single *** utilizes forging presses for conventional forging, hot-die forging and for isothermal forging, in addition to hammers and ring rolling mills for wrought *** wide range of equipment allows flexibility in process design and *** in temperature, strain and strain rate have been shown to significantly influence resultant grain sizes and *** are being developed to allow forging processes and specific forging parameters to be evaluated and optimized with regard to final microstructure before shop triale are required. Sophisticated finite element method (FEM) models are allowin

关键词： forging process modeling microstructure

comparison of electroretinographic responses between two different age groups of adult Dark Agouti rats

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International journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2015年第5期8卷 898-903页

作者： Lin Fu Amy Cheuk Yin Lo jimmy Shiu Ming Lai kendrick co Shih Department of Ophthalmology LKS Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Hong Kong

AIM: To describe and compare the differences in electroretinographic responses between two different age groups of adult Dark Agouti (DA) rats and to better understand the effect of age on retinal histology and function. METHODS: The electroretinographic responses of two different age groups of adult DA rats were compared. Animals were divided into younger adult DA rats 10-12wk (n =8) and older adult DA rats 17-19wk (n=8). Full field electroretinography (ERG) was recorded simultaneously from both eyes after dark adaption and light adaption and parameters including the positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR), negative scotopic threshold response (nSTR), scotopic a -wave, b -wave, photopic a -wave, b -wave and photopic negative response (PhNR) were compared between groups. RESULTS: The older adult rats displayed lower stimulation thresholds of the STRs (pSTR and nSTR) and higher amplitudes of pSTR, scotopic a -wave and b wave, photopic b -wave and PhNR amplitudes, with shorter implicit times. Photopic a-wave amplitudes were however higher in the younger adult rats. coNCLUSION: In summary, for the rod system, photoreceptor, bipolar cell and RGC activity was enhanced in the older adult rats. For the cone system, RGC and bipolar cell activity was enhanced, while photoreceptor activity was depressed in the older adult rats. Such age -related selective modification of retinal cell function needs to be considered when conducting ophthalmic research in adult rats.

关键词： electroretinographic responses Dark Agouti rats age

A pretargeting nanoplatform for imaging and enhancing anti-inflammatory drug delivery

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Bioactive Materials 2020年第4期5卷 1102-1112页

作者： Min kyung khang jun Zhou Cynthia M.co Shuxin Li Liping Tang Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Arlington700 Planetarium PlaceChemistry Physics Building Room 130ArlingtonTX76019-0065USA Department of Bioengineering University of Texas at ArlingtonEngineering Research BuildingRoom 226Box 19138ArlingtonTX76010USA

This work details a newly developed“sandwich”nanoplatform via neutravidin-biotin system for the detection and treatment of ***,biotinylated-and folate-conjugated optical imaging micelles targeted activated macrophages via folate/folate receptor ***,multivalent neutravidin proteins in an optimal concentration accumulated on the biotinylated ***,biotinylated anti-inflammatory drug-loaded micelles delivered drugs effectively at the inflammatory sites via a highly specific neutravidin-biotin *** in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the“sandwich”pretargeting platform was able to diagnose inflammation by targeting activated macrophages as well as improve the therapeutic efficacy by amplifying the drug delivery to the inflamed *** overall results support that our new pretargeting platform has the potential for inflammatory disease diagnosis and treatment.

关键词： Polymeric micelles Neutravidin/biotin system Pretargeting Macrophages Dexamethasone Inflammatory responses