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Color change in a m.rine isopod is adaptive in reducing predation

Current Zoology 2015年第4期61卷 739-748页

作者： kristin m. hultgren hannah mittelstaedt Departm.nt of Biology Seattle University 901 12^th ave. Seattle WA 98122

Although background m.tching is a com.on form.of cam.uflage across a wide diversity of anim.ls, there has been surprisingly little experim.ntal work testing the fitness consequences of this cam.uflage strategy, especially in m.rine ecosystem.. In this study, we tested whether color cam.uflage enhances survival of the intertidal m.rine isopod Pentidotea （Idotea） wosnesenskii, quantified patterns of cam.uflage in different algal habitats, and exam.ned how algal diet affected color change and growth using laboratory assays. In the field, isopods collected from.two differently colored algal habitats （the brown alga Fucus distichus and the red alga Odonthaliafloccosa） m.tched the color of their respective algal habitats, and also differed significantly in body size： sm.ller red isopods were found on red algae, while larger brown isopods were found on brown algae. Predation ex- perim.nts dem.nstrated these color differences had fitness benefits： brown isopods that m.tched their brown algae habitats sur- vived at higher rates than red unm.tched isopods. Surprisingly, despite the propensity of isopods to m.tch their algal habitats, algal diet had no effect on color change in color change experim.nts. Instead, isopods in all treatm.nts turned browner, m.tching the color of the algal habitat that m.ny isopods are found on as adults. In sum.ary, our data supported our hypothesis that back- ground m.tching serves an adaptive function in reducing predation, with im.ortant evolutionary im.lications for explaining the wide variation in color change m.chanism. in idoteid isopods [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 739-748, 2015].

关键词： Isopod Pentidotea wosnesenskii. Cam.uflage Crypsis Background m.tching Color change

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m.crobial response to designer biochar and com.ost treatm.nts for m.ning im.acted soils

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Biochar 2021年第3期3卷 299-314页

作者： Thom.s F.Ducey Jeffrey m.Novak Gilbert C.Sigua Jam.s A.Ippolito hannah C.Rushm.ller Donald W.Watts kristin m.Trippe Kurt A.Spokas Kenneth C.Stone m.rk G.Johnson Coastal Plains Soil Waterand Plant Research CenterAgricultural Research Service-USDAFlorenceSCUSA Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA National Forage Seed Production Research Center Agricultural Research Service-USDACorvallisORUSA Soil and Water m.nagem.nt Research Unit Agricultural Research Service-USDASt.PaulMNUSA National Health and Environm.ntal Effects Research Laboratory US Environmental Protection AgencyCorvallisORUSA

The Oronogo-Duenweg m.ning belt is a designated United States Environm.ntal Protection Agency Superfund site due to lead-contam.nated soil and groundwater by form.r m.ning and sm.lting *** that have undergone rem.diation-in which the O,A,and B horizons have been rem.ved alongside the lead contam.nation-have an exposed C horizon and are incalcitrant to revegetation *** also continue to contain quantifiable Cd and Zn *** im.rove soil conditions and encourage successful site revegetation,our study em.loyed three biochars,sourced from.different feedstocks(poultry litter,beef cattle m.nure,and lodgepole pine),at two rates of application(2.5%,and 5%),coupled with com.ost(0%,2.5%and 5%application rates).Two plant species-switchgrass(Panicum.virgatum.and buffalograss(Bouteloua dactyloides)-were grown in the am.nded *** of soils with poultry litter biochar applied at 5%resulted in the greatest reduction of soil bioavailable Cd and ***-ground biom.ss yields were greatest with beef cattle m.nure biochar applied at 2.5%with 5%com.ost,or with 5%biochar at 2.5%and 5%com.ost *** m.crobial biom.ss was achieved with 5%poultry litter biochar and 5%com.ost,and m.crobial com.unities in soils am.nded with poultry litter biochar distinctly clustered away from.all other soil ***,poultry litter biochar am.nded soils had the highest enzym. activity rates forβ-glucosidase,N-acetyl-β-D-glucosam.nidase,and *** results suggest that soil reclam.tion using biochar and com.ost can im.rove m.ne-im.acted soil biogeophysical characteristics,and potentially im.rove future rem.diation efforts.

关键词： Biochar Com.ost m.crobial response m.ne soil reclam.tion Plant growth

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