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Formulation and evaluation of acyclovir microcapsules using bakers yeast

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2010年第6期3卷 454-457页

作者： krishnan pn Saraswathi R Dilip C Ramarao N Al Shifa College of Pharmacy KizhatturPerinthalmannaKerala.Pin-679325 Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guntur-522034Andhra Pradesh

Objective:To formulate and evaluate acyclovir microcapsules using bakers ***: Acyclovir,pretreated yeast and deionised water were taken at a volumetric ratio of 1:2:4 *** suspension was agitated in a magnetic stirrer at 25℃30℃.35℃,and 40℃for 4 *** suspension was then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2 000 *** supernatant solution was decanted and the cells were washed 5 times with deionised *** the suspended drug entrapped yeast cells were dried in a lyophillizer for 48 *** yield was ***:The first four formulations were done with 200 mg of the drug,followed by 400 mg for the next four formulations and 800 mg the last four *** showed that the surface of the microcapsules was intact,with no burst *** showed no interaction between acyclovir and the cell *** showed that the peak was within the standard values. The mean particle size for all the samples was 8μm in *** dissolution studies were done for all the twelve samples and showed a Fickian model of ***: From the results it is inferred that the samples prepared at 40℃(FY-4,FY- 8,FY-12) show better entrapment and *** these samples are formulated in the form of a suspension and compared with marketed acyclovir suspension using HPLC *** formulated suspensions with FY-4,FY-8 and FY-12 shows drug content in accordance with the standards of the pharmacopoeial limits.

关键词： Acyclovir Yeast Formulation

Isolation of the mucilages from Hibiscus rosasinensis *** Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus linn.) and studies of the binding effects of the mucilages

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2010年第7期3卷 539-543页

作者： Ameena K Dilip C Saraswathi R krishnan pn Sankar C Simi SP Al Shifa College of Pharmacy KizhatturPerinthalmanna.Kerala679325India

Objective:To isolate and evaluate comparatively the binding efficacy of the mucilages obtained from the plants of Hibiscus rosasinensis and Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus).Methods:Extraction of mucilages from the leaves of Hibiscus and pods of Okra(Ladies finger) was carried out by a cold maceration *** extracted mucilages were subjected to various physicochemical properties for its suitability as an excipient in the formulation of tablet dosage *** concentrations(10,8,5,2 and 1%w/v) of binder solutions of Hibiscus and Okra were used for the formulation of tablets and the formulated tablets were evaluated by studying the standard parameters like diameter,thickness,weight variation,hardness,friability,disintegration and in vitro *** studies of the formulated tablets were conducted for four weeks. Results:The formulated tablets prepared using the mucilages of both Hibiscus and Okra had good *** in vitro drug release profile of the tablets prepared using Okra mucilage had an optimum of 90%at a mucilage concentration of 1%w/v concentration mucilage itself within 4 ***:According to the observations,the lower concentration levels of Okra can be used as an alternative binder to *** higher concentration levels of Okra mucilage show a slow and sustained release,and can be considered as an alternative natural excipient in the modified drug delivery *** the same time,the above natural excipient of Hibiscus mucilage could be used as a platform for prolonged release if its binder concentrations are increased.

关键词： Formulation Hibiscus Tablets

Formulation and evaluation of Albendazole microcapsules for colon delivery using chitosan

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2010年第5期3卷 374-378页

作者： Simi SP Saraswathi R Sankar C krishnan pn Dilip C Ameena K Al Shifa College Of Pharmacy KizhatturPerinthalmannaKerala.Pin-679325India

Objective:To formulate and evaluate Albendazole microcapsules using chitosan,a natural polymer for colon-specific delivery for better treatment of helminthiasis,filariasis,colorectal cancer,avoiding the side ***:The Albendazole microcapsules were prepared by the use of different concentrations of sodium alginate,chitosan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(HPMC).The polysaccharides chitosan reacted with sodium alginate in the presence of calcium chloride to form microcapsules with a polyelectrolyte complex membrane by electrostatic interactions between the two oppositely charged *** microcapsules were then studied for entrapment efficiency,drug-polymer compatibility and surface morphology. In vitro drug release study in presence and absence of cecal content were also ***, kinetic modellings were employed to find out release ***:Albendazole loaded microspheres showd high entrapment efficiency(72.8%) and the microcapsules were free flowing,non aggregated and spherical,between 600 and 1 000μm in *** surface of microcapsules were found to be porous and *** FT-IR spectrum showed that there is no interaction between the polymer and the *** in vitro drug release study found to be affected by change in chitosan,sodium alginate and HPMC *** microcapsules with 2.5% sodium alginate and 0.4% chitosan shown minimum release in gastrointestinal simulated condition but shows maximum drug release at the end of 24th hour in presence of cecal *** rate of drug release follows Korsmeyer-peppas model that was the drug release is by diffusion and ***:The study reveals that Albendazole loaded chitosanalginate based microsphere can be used effectively for the colon targeting.

关键词： Colon drug delivery Albendazole Chitosan Sodium alginate Microcapsule

Comparitive evaluation of different systems of medicines and the present scenario of chikungunya in Kerala

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2010年第6期3卷 443-447页

作者： Dilip C Saraswathi R krishnan pn AK Azeem Raseena Abdul azeez Ramya Jaywin jose Al Shifa College Of Pharmacy KizhatturPerinthalmannaKeralaPin-679325

Objective:To identify the chikungunya outbreaks in both indoor and outdoor patients in some selected hospitals in our locality and the burden and magnitude of the disease,to compare different system of medicines(allopathic,Ayurvedic,homeopathy etc) and to explore the knowledge,attitude and practices of pharmacists and other health care professionals in the treatment of ***:A six-month study was carried *** history was taken from the case history,personal interview of doctors and suspected *** data such as name age,sex,location,date of onset of illness,medical history,general/systemic examination features,drugs used(allopathy,Ayurveda,homeopathy,or traditional) for the treatment,*** noted down.A simple questionnaire was prepared and distributed to various doctors practicing various systems of ***:A total of 209 suspected cases were identified from July to December,*** in the age group of 20-40 years were more *** study revealed that females were more affected than *** Grade-Ⅲ(58.73%) population was more prone to chikungunya than Grade-Ⅱ(38.75%) and Grade-Ⅰ(2.87%).It showed that fever,pain in muscles, and sleeping disturbances were the intense symptoms of *** and arthritis were concomitant diseases which worsened chikungunya *** also indicated the effective medicine for compliance is nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs(NSAIDS).Conclusions:From our study we found that in some places there is no proper documentation,even though there are proper guidelines framed by the relevant *** can be concluded from the study that all the systems of medicine are equally important for the management of *** effort in promoting the guidelines at local level and proper documentation helps to achieve the goal of curbing the *** is high time to increase our effort and promote these messages at grassroot level which benefits the society/ communi

关键词： Chikungunya Systems of medicine Outbreak

Radiotherapy dosage:A neural network approach for uninvolved liver dose in stereotactic body radiation therapy for liver cancer

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2025年第2期17卷 315-317页

作者： Arunkumar krishnan Department of Supportive Oncology Atrium Health Levine CancerCharlotteNC 28204United States

A recent study by Zhang et al developed a neural network-based predictive model for estimating doses to the uninvolved liver during stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT)in liver *** study reported a significant advancement in personalized radiotherapy by improving accuracy and reducing treatment-related *** model demonstrated strong predictive performance with R-values above 0.8,indicating its potential to improve treatment ***,concerns arise from the small sample size and exclusion criteria,which may limit *** studies should incorporate larger,more diverse patient cohorts,explore potential confounding factors such as tumor characteristics and delivery technique variability,and address the long-term effects of SBRT.

关键词： Liver cancer Radiotherapy dosage Dose prediction Machine learning Stereotactic body radiotherapy

Irrational drug use-a pilot prescription study from Calicut,Kerala

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海南医学院学报 2009年第12期15卷 1512-1515页

作者： Dilip C Saraswathi R krishnan pn Vinod thomas Sanal dev Prasanth NV Subashpillai Al Shifa College Of Pharmacy

Objective:To describe the prescribing behavior of the physician in Kerala,and to describe types and number of medicine prescribed by doctors so as to rationalize the prescription writing habits of ***: A six month study was done to define the pattern of drug use in Medical college hospital,Calicut. The data and the other important aspects of study were collected by personal interview,questionnaires meant for doctors and prescription monitoring Performa for the patients issued by WHO. The findings of survey were critically ***: The results indicated that majority of doctors prescribed on the basis of patient's history,patient's feed back report,drug availability,brand cost,quality of drug and ADRs. All the interviewed doctors looked upon the side effects. It was found that individual drugs were prescribed more than fixed dose combinations (85.6%). Out of these 71.5% were prescribed as branded and 28.5% as generic. The demographic data,like name,age,sex,disease diagnosis were available on all the patient health care cards and these constituted an essential part of the prescription particularly age and sex being an important in deciding the dose preference for patients. Socio economically most patients were found to be in the grade ⅡI (Population below poverty line). During the study of drug related parameters,doses were mentioned only in 80% of the prescription. But duration of the drug therapy was found to be only 30%.These indicated the irrational use of prescription. Branded drugs prescribed were found to be 71.5%,which showed a trend towards a good prescription habit. The results indicated the rational use of ***: The survey reveales that most of the doctors in Medical college hospital,Calicut are maintaining rational use of drugs and their prescription writing habits was found to be good.

关键词：医生医师医学临床

Artificial Intelligence-Powered Legal Document Processing for Medical Negligence Cases: A Critical Review

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International Journal of Intelligence Science 2025年第1期15卷 10-55页

作者： Gobind Naidu Vicknesh krishnan School of Business & Management Malaysia University Science & Technology Kuala Lumpur Malaysia School of Public Health Imperial College London UK

This critical review looks at the assessment of the application of artificial intelligence in handling legal documents with specific reference to medical negligence cases with a view of identifying its transformative potentialities, issues and ethical concerns. The review consolidates findings that show the impact of AI in improving the efficiency, accuracy and justice delivery in the legal profession. The studies show increased efficiency in speed of document review and enhancement of the accuracy of the reviewed documents, with time efficiency estimates of 60% reduction of time. However, the review also outlines some of the problems that continue to characterize AI, such as data quality problems, biased algorithms and the problem of the opaque decision-making system. This paper assesses ethical issues related to patient autonomy, justice and non-malignant suffering, with particular focus on patient privacy and fair process, and on potential unfairness to patients. This paper’s review of AI innovations finds that regulations lag behind AI developments, leading to unsettled issues regarding legal responsibility for AI and user control over AI-generated results and findings in legal proceedings. Some of the future avenues that are presented in the study are the future of XAI for legal purposes, utilizing federated learning for resolving privacy issues, and the need to foster adaptive regulation. Finally, the review advocates for Legal Subject Matter Experts to collaborate with legal informatics experts, ethicists, and policy makers to develop the best solutions to implement AI in medical negligence claims. It reasons that there is great potential for AI to have a deep impact on the practice of law but when done, it must do so in a way that respects justice and on the Rights of Individuals.

关键词： Artificial Intelligence Medical Negligence Legal Document Processing Ethical Implications Regulatory Frameworks

Proton pump inhibitors and all-cause mortality risk among cancer patients

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World Journal of Clinical Oncology 2025年第1期16卷 34-42页

作者： Arunkumar krishnan Carolin Victoria Schneider Declan Walsh Department of Supportive Oncology Atrium Health Levine CancerCharlotteNC 28204United States Department of Medicine Section of Hematology and OncologyWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston-SalemNC 27101United States Department of Medicine Ⅲ GastroenterologyMetabolic Diseasesand Intensive CareUniversity Hospital RWTH AachenAachen 52074Germany

BACKGROUND Proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)are widely used,including among cancer patients,to manage gastroesophageal reflux and other gastric acid-related *** evidence suggests associations between long-term PPI use and higher risks for various adverse health outcomes,including greater *** To investigate the association between PPI use and all-cause mortality among cancer patients by a comprehensive analysis after adjustment for various confounders and a robust methodological approach to minimize *** This retrospective cohort study used data from the TriNetX research network,with electronic health records from multiple healthcare *** study employed a new-user,active comparator design,which compared newly treated PPI users with non-users and newly treated histamine2 receptor antagonists(H2RA)users among adult cancer *** prescribed PPIs(esomeprazole,lansoprazole,omeprazole,pantoprazole,or rabeprazole)users were compared to non-users or newly prescribed H2RAs(cimetidine,famotidine,nizatidine,or ranitidine)*** primary outcome was all-cause *** patient in the main group was matched to a patient in the control group using 1:1 propensity score matching to reduce confounding *** Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs)and 95% confidence interval(CI).RESULTS During the follow-up period(median 5.4±1.8 years for PPI users and 6.5±1.0 years for non-users),PPI users demonstrated a higher all-cause mortality rate than non-users after 1 year,2 years,and at the end of follow up(HRs:2.34-2.72).Compared with H2RA users,PPI users demonstrated a higher rate of all-cause mortality HR:1.51(95%CI:1.41-1.69).Similar results were observed across sensitivity analyses by excluding deaths from the first 9 months and 1-year post-exposure,confirming the robustness of these *** a sensitivity analysis,we analyzed all-cause mortality outcomes between former PPI users and individual

关键词： All-cause mortality Cancer Histamine-2 receptor antagonists Mortality Malignancy Proton pump inhibitors Carcinoma Outcome

Comparative Evaluation and Performance Analysis of Heat Exchangers Featured with Peened Surface

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Journal of Thermal Science 2025年第1期34卷 50-61页

作者： DINESHBABU Chinnadurai SHIVA SANKARAN Nallasamy VENKATESH RAJAkrishnan VENKATESH Rathinavelu Department of Mechanical Engineering Kongunadu College of Engineering and TechnologyTamil Nadu-621215India Department of Mechanical Engineering Selvam College of TechnologyNamakkalTamil Nadu-637003India Department of Mechanical Engineering Sona College of TechnologySalemTamil Nadu-636005India Department of Mechanical Engineering Saveetha School of EngineeringSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences(SIMATS)Saveetha UniversityChennai 602105TamilnaduIndia

Heat exchangers have the potential for various engineering applications,and their performance is enriched by surface *** proposed system enriches the heat exchanger's performance by adapting a peened stainless steel(SS)surface blasted with copper,grinding,sand,and *** influences peened SS surface modified with a copper blast,grinding,sandblast,and iron blast on the surface morphology of shell and tube heat exchanger surface(STHE)is analyzed via tungsten heated cathode electron gun featured scanning electron microscope and observed coarse grain *** SS surface featured STHE performance is experimentally evaluated by different flow rates(30,60,90,and 120 L/min)underwater fluid medium functioned by the temperature ranges of 25-75℃ and its results are compared with computational fluid dynamic(CFD)/heat transfer research(HTRI)analyzed *** 60 L/min flow rate was spotted as an optimum value for both shell and tube side *** STHE is operated with a 60 L/min flow rate under the different peened surfaces and evaluated its Stanton number,Nusselt number,logarithmic mean temperature difference(LMTD),overall heat transfer coefficient,number of transfer units(NTU),effectiveness,and exergy *** iron blasted SS peened surface was observed to have better SHTE performance like Stanton number(0.0012),Nusselt number(2180),reduced LMTD of 31℃,improved overall heat transfer co-efficient of 2400 W/(m^(2)·K),better NTU of 0.5532,good effectiveness value of 0.45162,and hiked exergy efficiency of 10% respectively.

关键词： penned surface performance analysis stainless steel shell and tube heat exchanger