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Molecular Identification of Maize Streak Virus in Côte d’Ivoire

American Journal of Plant Sciences 2025年第1期16卷 41-50页

作者： Guinagui N’Doua Bertrand koala Moustapha Yéo Gnénakan Tuo Seydou Ouattara Bakary Ouattara Bognan Winnie Miyasi Sérémé Drissa Koné Daouda Fatogoma Sorho Laboratory of Biotechnology Agriculture and Valorization of Biological Resources Pedagogical and Research Unit of Plant Physiology and Pathology UFR Biosciences Flix Houphout-Boigny University Abidjan Cte dIvoire Wascal/African Center of Excellence on Climate Change Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture Abidjan Cte dIvoire (Wascal/CEA-CCBAD) Abidjan Cte dIvoire National Center for Scientific and Technological Research Institute of the Environment and Agricultural Research Crop Protection and Defense Laboratory Ouagadougou Burkina Faso National Biosafety Agency National Biosafety Laboratory Ouagadougou Burkina Faso National Center for Agricultural Research Ferkessedougou Research Station Ferkessedougou Cte dIvoire

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the world’s leading cereal crop, with production estimated at over 1 billion tonnes in 2022. In Côte d’Ivoire, maize is one of the most widely consumed foods, with national production exceeding 1 million tonnes in 2022. Despite its importance, this crop is subject to numerous biotic constraints, including Maize streak virus (MSV). The objective of this study was to characterize MSV isolates from Côte d’Ivoire using molecular biology techniques. To achieve this, maize leaf samples displaying characteristic symptoms of MSV were collected from different agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Côte d’Ivoire. Total DNA was extracted from the collected samples using the CTAB method and quantified with a Nanodrop spectrophotometer. The C2 region of the MSV genome’s open reading frame (ORF) was amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using MSV-specific primers. The resulting PCR products were sequenced using the Sanger method. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using MSV sequences from other African countries (retrieved from NCBI) alongside sequences obtained in this study. The analysis was conducted using MEGA X version 10.05 software. The results showed that the main symptoms observed in the field included the presence of longitudinal light green streaks on leaves, stunted plant growth, and incomplete seed development in infected plants. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences from Côte d’Ivoire revealed three monophyletic groups, with sequences of some isolates collected from the same plot belonging to different groups. The MSV sequences from Côte d’Ivoire are very close to those from Rwanda. This study underscores the need for further investigation into the genetic diversity of MSV strains to enhance the diagnosis and management of this viral disease, which is particularly prevalent in maize crops in Côte d’Ivoire.

关键词： Characterization Molecular Biology MSV Maize Côte d’Ivoire

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The Playful Giant Pandas

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China Book International 2023年第3期 16-19页

作者： koala Can 不详

Wild giant pandas are not afraid of people but always take an evasive approach when encountering other *** pandas spend a lot of time with humans and are more gentle in *** up,a giant panda is nearly as tall as an adult.

关键词： species. Wild gentle

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Seasonal Variations of Solar Wind Parameters during Solar Cycles 23 and 24

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2022年第9期12卷 1527-1546页

作者： Somaïla koala Yacouba Sawadogo Jean Louis Zerbo Laboratoire de Matériaux d’Héliophysique et Environnement (La.M.H.E) ED/ST Université Nazi BONI Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (UFR/SEA) Université Nazi BONI Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso

In this paper, we analyzed diurnal and annual seasonal variations of solar wind parameters such as interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), proton density (N), solar wind speed (V) and solar wind dynamic pressure (Pdym), during the solar cycles 23 and 24. Our study shows that strong geomagnetic disturbances are observed at the equinoxes during both solar cycles. The highest proton densities are observed at solstices during both solar cycles. The greatest solar wind speeds are observed at the equinoxes of solar cycle 23 and at the solstices of solar cycle 24. The highest solar wind dynamic pressures are observed at the solstices of both solar cycles. We also observed an asymmetrical evolution of the seasonal diurnal values of the solar wind parameters during the two cycles, except for the proton density. Our investigations also highlight the fact that the seasonal diurnal values of the solar wind parameters are significant at solar cycle 23 compared to solar cycle 24 characterized by a global weak in solar plasma conditions since the deep minimum that followed the solar cycle 23 leading to an absence of a persistent polar coronal hole. The drop observed in polar field and solar winds parameters during solar cycle 24 is reproduced on seasons (solstices and equinoxes). The solar cycle 23 and 24 appear to be two magnetically opposite solar cycles regardless the time scales.

关键词： Diurnal Seasonal Solar Winds Parameters Variation Solar Cycle

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Rainfall and Temperature Variations over Burkina Faso: Possible Influence of Geomagnetic Activity, Solar Activity and Associated Energies from 1975 to 2020

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2022年第4期12卷 603-612页

作者： Yacouba Sawadogo Somaïla koala Jean Louis Zerbo Laboratoire de Matériaux d’Héliophysique et Environnement (La.M.H.E) Université Nazi Boni Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (UFR/SEA) Université Nazi Boni Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso

This study investigates climatic parameters (rainfall, and temperature) over Burkina Faso and the possible role of solar activity and its induced energies. Through morphological investigations, we analyzed solar activity indices (sunspot number, IMF, PC index, Cosmic rays) over the last three solar cycles (1975-2020). Results about interplanetary heating show that joule heating is well correlated with the dynamic pressure of the solar plasma. Climate parameters (rainfall, Temperature) variabilities are modulated by disturbances in solar activity: 1) quiet solar characterized by a drop in solar plasma’s parameters is associated with important cloud cover and consequently bring important rainfall which chills terrestrial atmosphere, 2) active solar characterized by important input energy is associated with weak incident cosmic ray consequently with low cloudiness which brings warming. Thus, the possible natural link can be suggested between solar activity and climatic parameters even if it is not the only factor of global warming.

关键词： Temperature Rainfall Solar Activity Geomagnetic Activity Climate Burkina Faso

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成长的烦恼,中国城市公共自行车数量全球第一的背后(下)

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中国自行车 2016年第1期 58-61页

作者： koala

公共自行车高速成长的背后,是低碳环保价值观的普及,是对绿色出行的现实需求;然而以机动车为中心的城市道路规划,给出了一个冰冷的回答。

关键词：城市道路规划自行车烦恼中国价值观机动车速成出行

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Total Electron Content Diurnal and Seasonal Variations and Response to Solar Events at Koudougou Station in Burkina Faso

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International Journal of Geosciences 2023年第9期14卷 827-839页

作者： Yacouba Sawadogo M’Bi Kaboré Somaïla koala Arouna Mandé Jean Louis Zerbo Laboratoire de Matériaux d’Héliophysique et Environnement (La.M.H.E) Université Nazi BONI Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso

In this paper, we studied the seasonal behavior of the total electron content (TEC) during a part of solar cycle 24 ascending, maximum and decreasing phases at Koudougou station (Latitude: 12°15'09"N Longitude: 2°21'45"W). Response of TEC to solar recurrent events is presented. The highest values of the TEC in 2014, 2015 and 2016 were recorded on March and October, while in 2013 they were recorded on April and November, corresponding to equinox months. This observation shows that TEC values at the equinoxes are higher than those of solstices. Moreover, the monthly TEC varies in phase with the sunspots number showing a linear dependence of the TEC on solar activity. The ionospheric electron contents are generally very low both before noon and during the night, but quite high at noon and after noon. This pattern of TEC variation is due to the fluctuation of incident solar radiation on the Earth’s equatorial ionosphere. During quiet periods, the number of free electrons generated is lower than that generated during recurrent periods, which shows a positive contribution of recurrent activity to the level of the TEC. Investigations have also highlighted a winter anomaly and equinoctial asymmetry in TEC behavior at Koudougou station.

关键词： Total Electron Content (TEC) Recurrent Activity Quiet Activity Seasonal Variation

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成长的烦恼,中国城市公共自行车数量全球第一的背后(上)

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中国自行车 2015年第12期 78-81页

作者： koala

今年上半年,广州提出投1.2亿助推公共自行车升级;9月还通过了《广州市公共自行车系统管理办法》,以规范公共自行车系统的规划、投资、建设、运营、开发等。而事实上,全国各城市都在积极推动公共自行车,广州只是其中一个缩影。但放眼全国... 详细信息

今年上半年,广州提出投1.2亿助推公共自行车升级;9月还通过了《广州市公共自行车系统管理办法》,以规范公共自行车系统的规划、投资、建设、运营、开发等。而事实上,全国各城市都在积极推动公共自行车,广州只是其中一个缩影。但放眼全国,整个公共自行车领域发展参差不齐,既有获得全球最棒公共自行车系统的杭州,也有不少城市爆出公共自行车＂办卡难＂、＂还车难＂,被破坏＂遗弃＂甚至“长草”的新闻。

关键词：自行车城市烦恼中国广州市系统

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Distributions and Structure of the Solar Wind during Solar Cycles 23 and 24

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International Journal of Geosciences 2023年第9期14卷 813-826页

作者： Somaïla koala Wendkouni Paulin Bere Yacouba Sawadogo Issamaïl Ki Jean Louis Zerbo Laboratoire de Matériaux d’Héliophysique et Environnement (La.M.H.E) Université Nazi BONI Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso

To observe the level of interaction between the solar wind and the geomagnetic activity, we analyzed the distribution of the solar wind speeds according to the different classes of geomagnetic activity and the different phases of solar activity. We found that, the magnetic quiet activity reccord 80% of the solar wind speeds V s observed 88% of solar wind speeds V > 450 km/s. The shock activity observes 82% of the solar wind speeds V > 450 km/s. About 70% of the solar wind speeds V > 450 km/s, are observed in the corotating activity class. The cloud shock activity and fluctuating activity classes observed respectively 37% and 55% of the wind speeds V > 450 km/s. Furthermore, slow solar winds are mainly observed at the minimum phase of each solar cycle;but exceptionally the solar maximum phase of solar cycle 24, records a significant rate of slow solar wind. Shock winds are mainly observed around the solar maximum and recurrent winds are mainly observed at the descending phase of the solar cycle. Corotating stable winds and moderate shock winds dominate respectively at the descending phase and at the maximum phase.

关键词： Solar Wind Solar Activity Geomagnetic Activity Solar Cycle

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相信你的直觉

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英语沙龙（高中） 2010年第11期 35-37页

作者： Amy Zipkin koala

我3岁的时候就开始滑雪。因为我总是想要更多的滑雪装备，所以我从12岁开始就在我家附近一个每年10月都会举办的旧货交易会做志愿者。

关键词：直觉滑雪装备志愿者交易会

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Impact of Improved Cookstoves on the Level of Household Exposure to CO and PM_2.5 in Sub-Saharan Cities: The Case of the City of Ouagadougou

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Open Journal of Air Pollution 2023年第2期12卷 50-66页

作者： Lucmane koala Kayaba Haro Ousmane Coulibaly Bernard Nana Issoufou Ouarma Edwige Ouedraogo Tizane Daho Oumar Sanogo Antoine Béré Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement (LPCE) Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologie (IRSAT) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Institut Des Sciences (IDS) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Air pollution is one of the major global threats to human health. In Burkina Faso, more than 80% of the population uses solid fuels as the main source of cooking energy. This paper reports a comparative study on the exposure of household to the carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted by improved cookstoves (ICS) or traditional cookstoves (TCS). A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Ouagadougou for 4 months during the rainy season (July to October) in households with an outdoor kitchen. The investigation involved 92 households where air pollutants, such as PM2.5 and CO were measured with Indoor Air Pollution Meters (IAP meter). These measurements were focused on the concentration levels of the pollutants during cooking. The results of this study show high levels of PM2.5 and CO for all type of stoves. Wood stoves led to higher PM2.5 and lower CO emissions than charcoal stoves. ICS reduce emissions of indoor air pollutants compared to TCS. This reduction raised up to 82% for PM2.5 and 37% for CO. The analysis of the data measured with the student test (t-test) shows that there is a statistically significant difference between the average values of the concentrations of the pollutants emitted with the TCS compared to ICS, except for CO emissions measured on multi-pot sizes cookstoves (MM). This study shows that the concentrations of indoor air pollutants are very high regardless of the type of cookstoves used. The CO exposure obtained varies from 119.10 to 362.72 μg/m3 for 15-minute and 10.83 - 55.11 μg/m3 for 1-hour exposure. The exposure in PM2.5 varies from 4762 to 16,257 μg/m3 for 15-minute and 106.63 to 1597 μg/m3 for 1-hour of exposure. It was noted that the CO exposure levels obtained over 15-minute of exposure are 1.36 to 4.15 times higher than the WHO recommendation and 1.8 times higher for an exposure time of one hou

关键词： Biomass Cookstove Particulate Matters Carbon Monoxide

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