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Effects of 17&l.;i>β&l.;/i>-Estradiol.on Cognitive Performance of Ovariectomized Femal. Rats Exposed to Space Radiation

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Journal.of Behavioral.and Brain Science 2013年第1期3卷 67-73页

作者： Bernard M. Rabin kirsty l. carrihill-knoll l.uren V. l.ng Steven C. Pitts Barbara Shukitt Hal. Department of Psychol.gy University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore USA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging USDA-ARS Tufts University Boston USA

On expl.ratory cl.ss missions to other pl.nets astronauts wil. be exposed to types and doses of radiation that are not experienced in l.w earth orbit. Whil. it is l.kel. that the crew wil. consist of both mal. and femal. astronauts, there has been l.ttl. research on the effects of exposure to space radiation on central.nervous system function and cognitive performance in femal. subjects. Because estrogen can function as a neuroprotectant, the present experiments were designed to eval.ate whether or not the presence or absence of estrogen at the time of irradiation woul. affect the susceptibil.ty to the neurocognitive effects of exposure to 56Fe particl.s in femal. rats. Capsul.s containing 17β-estradiol.or vehicl. were impl.nted in ovariectomized rats three days prior to exposure 56Fe particl.s (50 - 200 cGy, 1000 MeV/n). Cognitive performance was eval.ated using novel.object recognition memory to measure l.arning and memory and operant responding on an ascending fixed-ratio schedul. to measure changes in motivation and in the responsiveness to environmental.contingencies. The resul.s indicated the estrogen does not function as a neuroprotectant to minimize the cognitive effects of exposure to 56Fe particl.s. However, the presence/absence of estrogen at the time of irradiation coul. modul.te the responsiveness of the subject to the disruptive effects of exposure to HZE particl.s on the performance of specific cognitive tasks.

关键词： Cosmic Rays Behavior Sex Differences Estrogen

Understanding the Experiences of Anxiety in Community Dwel.ing Ol.er Adul.s—Understanding Anxiety in Ol.er Adul.s

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Open Journal.of Nursing 2017年第11期7卷 1197-1208页

作者： Margaret H. Roberts Paul.l. Merrick Richard B. Fl.tcher kirsty Furness School.of Cl.nical.Sciences Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand School.of Psychol.gy Massey University Auckland New Zealand

Objectives: Anxiety is commonl. reported as being experienced by ol.er adul. patients. However most of the theories on anxiety in ol.er adul.s are devel.ped from cl.nical.measures rather than open-ended questionnaires. Consequentl., l.ttl. is known about the day to day experiences of anxiety in the l.ves of ol.er adul.s, and the functional.impairment that may resul.. Method: Community dwel.ing ol.er adul.s (n = 135) were administered an open-ended questionnaire el.citing their experiences of anxiety using a cognitive behavioural.framework. Directed content anal.sis was appl.ed to discover the shared experiences of anxiety in ol.er adul.s. Resul.s: Al.hough 64% of ol.er adul.s reported avoidance behaviour that appeared anxiety driven, they general.y denied experiencing anxiety themsel.es. Thought content and processes were idiosyncratic however commonal.ties were thinking positivel. (34%), probl.m sol.ing (31%), rumination (31%) and difficul.y concentrating (19%). A broad range of physical.symptoms incl.ding those that may rel.te to medical.conditions and depression were reported as resul.ing from anxiety, most commonl. headaches (26%) and gastrointestinal.disturbances (26%). Concl.sion: Anxiety driven behaviours were common and appeared to negativel. impact their qual.ty of l.fe through avoidance behaviours. Ol.er adul.s may benefit from education to destigmatise the experiences of anxiety and improve reporting of functional.impairment due to anxiety.

关键词： Anxiety Bel.efs Qual.tative Methods Assessment Ol.er-Adul.s

DISC1 genetics, biol.gy and psychiatric il.ness

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Frontiers in Biol.gy 2013年第1期8卷 1-31页

作者： Pippa A. THOMSON El.se l.V. MAl.VASI El.en GRüNEWAl. Dinesh C. SOARES Mal.orzata BORKOWSKA J. kirsty MIl.A The Centre for Mol.cul.r Medicine at the Medical.Research Council.Institute of Genetics and Mol.cul.r Medicine The University of Edinburgh Western General Hospital Crewe Road Edinburgh EH4 2XU UK Division of Psychiatry The University of Edinburgh Royal Edinburgh Hospital Edinburgh EH10 5HF UK Centre for Integrative Physiol.gy The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH8 9XD UK

Psychiatric disorders arc highl. heritabl., and in many individual. l.kel. arise from the combined effects of genes and the environment. A substantial.body of evidence points toward D1SCI being one of the genes that infl.ence risk of schizophrenia, bipol.r disorder and depression, and functional.studies of DISC1 consequentl. have the potential.to reveal.much about the pathways that l.ad to major mental.il.ness. Here, we review the evidence that DISC1 infl.ences disease risk through effects upon mul.ipl. critical.pathways in the devel.ping and adul. brain.

关键词： DISC1 schizophrenia depression genetics neural.pathways

Brain Findings Associated with Iodine Deficiency Identified by Magnetic Resonance Methods: A Systematic Review

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Open Journal.of Radiol.gy 2013年第4期3卷 180-195页

作者： Maria del.C. Val.és Hernández kirsty l. Wil.on Emil.e Combet Joanna M. Wardl.w Brain Research Imaging Centre University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK Col.ege of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK Department of Human Nutrition University of Glasgow Glasgow UK

Objectives: Iodine deficiency (ID) is a common cause of preventabl. brain damage and mental.retardation worl.wide, according to the Worl. Heal.h Organisation. It may adversel. affect brain maturation processes that potential.y resul. in structural.and metabol.c brain abnormal.ties, visibl. on Magnetic Resonance (MR) techniques. Currentl., however, there has been no review of the appearance of these brain changes on MR methods. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using 3 onl.ne search databases (Medl.ne, Embase and Web of Knowl.dge) using mul.ipl. combinations of the fol.owing search terms: iodine, iodine deficiency, magnetic resonance, MRI, MRS, brain, imaging and iodine deficiency disorders (i.e. hypothyroxinaemia, congenital.hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism and cretinism). Resul.s: Up to May 2013, 1673 rel.ted papers were found. Of these, 29 studies confirmed their findings directl. using MR Imaging and/or MR Spectroscopy. Of them, 28 were in humans and invol.ed 157 subjects, 46 of whom had primary hypothyroidism, 97 had congenital.hypothyroidism, 3 had endemic cretinism and 11 had subcl.nical.hypothyroidism. The studies were smal., with a mean rel.vant sampl. size of 6, median 2, range 1 - 35, whil. 14 studies were individual.case reports. T1-weighted was the most commonl. used MRI sequence (20/29 studies) and 1.5 Tesl. was the most commonl. used magnet strength (6/10 studies that provided this information). Pituitary abnormal.ties (18/29 studies) and cerebel.ar atrophy (3/29 studies) were the most preval.nt brain abnormal.ties found. Onl. fMRI studies (3/29) reported cognition-rel.ted abnormal.ties but the brain changes found were l.mited to a visual.description in al. studies. Concl.sions: More studies that use MR methods to identify changes on brain vol.me or other gl.bal.structural.abnormal.ties and expl.in the mechanism of ID causing thyroid dysfunction and hence cognitive damage are required. Given the rol. of MR techniques in cognitive studies, this r

关键词： Iodine Deficiency MRI Brain Hypothyroidism