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北京论坛（2007）文明的和谐与共同繁荣——人类文明的多元发展模式

作者： kirk r.smith University of California Berkeley

Only in recent years has there been a coherent,consistent,complete,and combined database that allows systematic examination of how environmental health risks,such as those from air and water pollution,change with age,sex,risk factor,and region in the *** I use this Comparative risk Assessment dataset,which was developed as part of the Global Burden of Disease Project,to examine two transition frameworks that have been postulated to describe how risks change as nations develop:the Environmental Kuznets Curve in which risks are hypothesized to first rise and then fall with development,and the risk Transition in which spatial scale(household,community,global) defines the character of the changes in risk as development *** risks will be compared to other important health risk factors,such as malnutrition and smoking,and special attention will be paid to the health risks from climate change,which exhibit relationships with development that are different from any other major risk *** situation of China will be highlighted.

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大气污染的健康效应(英文)

大气污染的健康效应(英文)

北京论坛（2008）文明的和谐与共同繁荣——文明的普遍价值和发展趋向

作者： kirk r.smith Professor of Global Environmental Health University of California Berkeley

There are a number of potential co-benefits for health and climate of changes in the world energy *** include improving the energy efficiency of the"built environment"by altering urban design to encourage walking[1]and reducing meat consumption[2].Also,nearly any improvement in energy efficiency or shift to different sources that reduces carbonaceous fuel

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21世纪暴露科学的讨论：愿景和策略

环境与职业医学 2013年第8期30卷 648-651页

作者： Paul J.Lioy kirk r.smith 王晓宇张伊人汪源金泰廙 Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA School of Public Health University of CaliforniaBerkeleyBerkeley CaliforniaUSA

[背景]美国国家科学院国家研究委员会(NrC)最近公布了一项报告——《21世纪的暴露科学:远景和策略(Exposure Science in the 21st Century:A Vision and a Strategy)》。撰写该报告的专家委员会成员包括来自生态学、化学、暴露科学、毒... 详细信息

[背景]美国国家科学院国家研究委员会(NrC)最近公布了一项报告——《21世纪的暴露科学:远景和策略(Exposure Science in the 21st Century:A Vision and a Strategy)》。撰写该报告的专家委员会成员包括来自生态学、化学、暴露科学、毒理学、公共卫生、生物伦理学、工程学、医学和政策方面的专业人士。[目的]为环境和公共卫生领域的科学界人士提供信息,使他们能够更全面地认识这一愿景,并了解为推进这个愿景所制定的框架。[讨论]虽然该NrC报告受美国环境保护署和美国国家环境卫生科学研究所之委托,但该报告完全是由独立的志愿者委员会达成的共识,其研究结果经过NrC严格的同行评议。除了回顾暴露科学的历史和现状,该报告也勾画了暴露科学未来的愿景,并对短期和长期的目标提出建议。[结论]为了实现NrC报告中所提出的愿景,研究人员需要利用各种资源完成研究、开发和应用暴露分析,并建立与个体和群体暴露相关的数据库,同时培养新一代的暴露科学家。尽管本述评中引用了该报告的一些重要摘录和释义,但总的观点和意见都是本文作者自己提出的。

关键词：生态暴露群暴露群暴露评估暴露科学美国国家研究委员会

评估大气细颗粒物暴露引起的全球疾病负担的一个综合风险函数

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环境与职业医学 2014年第11期31卷 898-903页

作者： richard T.Burnett C.Arden Pope III Majid Ezzati Casey Olives Stephen S.Lim Sumi Mehta Hwashin H.Shin Gitanjali Singh Bryan Hubbell Michael Brauer H.ross Anderson kirk r.smith John r.Balmes Nigel G.Bruce Haidong Kan Francine Laden Annette Prüss-Ustün Michelle C.Turner Susan M.Gapstur W.ryan Diver Aaron Cohen 何蓉张伊人金泰廙 Health Canada OttawaOntarioCanada Brigham Young University MrC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health School of Public HealthImperial College London School of Public Health University of Washington Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves Harvard School of Public Health Harvard University U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park School of Population and Public Health University of British ColombiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada MrC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health King’s College London University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA School of Medicine University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA School of Medicine University of CaliforniaBerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA Department of Public Health and Policy University of Liverpool School of Public Health Fudan University Exposure Epidemiologyand Risk ProgramDepartment of Environmental HealthHarvard School of Public Health World Health Organization Institute of Population Health University of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada American Cancer Society AtlantaGeorgiaUSA Health Effects Institute BostonMassachusettsUSA

[背景]评估由于环境空气中细颗粒物（PM2.5）长期暴露引起的疾病负担,需要了解相对风险度（rr）函数的图形和幅度。然而,在世界上很多观察到高PM2.5环境浓度的地方,都缺乏足够的直接证据确定死亡rr函数的图形。[目的]建立可用于全球PM2.... 详细信息

[背景]评估由于环境空气中细颗粒物（PM2.5）长期暴露引起的疾病负担,需要了解相对风险度（rr）函数的图形和幅度。然而,在世界上很多观察到高PM2.5环境浓度的地方,都缺乏足够的直接证据确定死亡rr函数的图形。[目的]建立可用于全球PM2.5暴露范围内成人死因的rr函数：缺血性心脏病（IHD）、脑血管疾病（脑卒中）、慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）和肺癌（LC）。建立急性下呼吸道感染（ALrI）发病的rr函数,用于估算〈5岁的儿童中死亡率和健康生活损失年数。[方法]通过整合现有的来自于环境空气污染（AAP）、二手烟草烟雾、家用固体烹饪用燃料和主动吸烟（AS）等研究的rr信息,拟合综合暴露-反应（IEr）模型。采用颗粒物质的吸入剂量,通过转化AS暴露来估计全年PM2.5的暴露当量。在估算全球环境PM2.5浓度的基础上,得出各国的人群归因分数（PAFs）。[结果]与以往负担评估中使用的其他7种模型相比,IEr模型是一种优越的rr预测方法。在不同国家中,归因于AAP暴露的PAF百分数各不相同,分别为：IHD,2~41;脑卒中,1~43;COPD,〈1~21;LC,〈1~25;ALrI,〈1~38。[结论]我们建立了一种以细颗粒物为基础的rr模型,它通过整合来自不同类型的燃烧所产生颗粒物排放的rr信息,涵盖全球范围的暴露。当获得新的rr信息时,可以对这个模型进行更新。

关键词：细颗粒物环境空气污染风险函数全球疾病负担相对风险慢性阻塞性肺病全球环境缺血性心脏病颗粒物质烟草烟雾

评估大气细颗粒物暴露所致全球疾病负担的一个综合风险函数

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环境与职业医学 2014年第7期31卷 554-554页

作者： richard T.Burnett C.Arden Pope Ⅲ Majid Ezzati Casey Olives Stephen S.Lim Sumi Mehta Hwashin H.Shin Gitanjali Singh Bryan Hubbell Michael Brauer H.ross erson kirk r.smith John r.Balmes Nigel G.Bruce Haidong Kan Francine Laden Annette Prüss-Ustün Michelle C.Turner Susan M.Gapstur W.ryan Diver Aaron Cohen

[背景]评估归因于环境空气中细颗粒物（PM2.5）长期暴露所致的疾病负担，需要具备相对风险（rr）函数形状和幅度两方面的知识。然而，在世界上很多观察到高PM2.5环境浓度的地方，都缺乏足够的直接证据确定死亡率rr函数的形状。

关键词：大气细颗粒物疾病负担相对风险函数评估 PM2 5 长期暴露环境空气

A Facilitated Interface to Generate a Combined Textual and Graphical Database System Using Widely Available Software

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2012年第10期5卷 789-796页

作者： Corey Lawson kirk Larson Jonathan Van Erdewyk Christopher.smith Al rizzo Landon ross Marc rendell Creighton University School of Medicine Omaha USA

Data-Base Management System (DBMS) is the current standard for storing information. A DBMS organizes and maintains a structure of storage of data. Databases make it possible to store vast amounts of randomly created information and then retrieve items using associative reasoning in search routines. However, design of databases is cumbersome. If one is to use a database primarily to directly input information, each field must be predefined manually, and the fields must be organized to permit coherent data input. This static requirement is problematic and requires that database table(s) be predefined and customized at the outset, a difficult proposition since current DBMS lack a user friendly front end to allow flexible design of the input model. Furthermore, databases are primarily text based, making it difficult to process graphical data. We have developed a general and nonproprietary approach to the problem of input modeling designed to make use of the known informational architecture to map data to a database and then retrieve the original document in freely editable form. We create form templates using ordinary word processing software: Microsoft InfoPath 2007. Each field in the form is given a unique name identifier in order to be distinguished in the database. It is possible to export text based documents created initially in Microsoft Word by placing a colon at the beginning of any desired field location. InfoPath then captures the preceding string and uses it as the label for the field. Each form can be structured in a way to include any combination of both textual and graphical fields. We input data into InfoPath templates. We then submit the data through a web service to populate fields in an SQL database. By appropriate indexing, we can then recall the entire document from the SQL database for editing, with corresponding audit trail. Graphical data is handled no differently than textual data and is embedded in the database itself permitting direct query ap

关键词： Graphical Database Systems InfoPath SQL Data Mining

Security and Audit Trail Capabilities of a Facilitated Interface Used to Populate a Database System with Text and Graphical Data Using Widely Available Software

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2014年第8期7卷 713-719页

作者： Kevin Beland kirk Larson Thaine rowley Matt Mueller Christopher.smith Al rizzo Daniel Valandra Marc rendell Creighton University and the rose Salter Medical research Foundation Omaha NE USA

In prior work we described techniques used to capture, store, and retrieve narrative data forms from a database using widely available off the shelf software. This concept makes use of the security and versioning features of database architecture together with those of image-supported electronic document information capture. We present herein the security and audit trail features of our construct. Unique usernames and passwords are used at the operating system level to enforce client validation and control access to the database system via an electronic signature using a Boolean logic algorithm. We used the database domain to capture original data and any changes to the data, developing an audit trail displaying identification information. Version controlled and change tracked electronic documents can be retrieved through the client side web interface to enable direct search operations, thus uncoupling the client from database query languages.

关键词： InfoPath Electronic Form Data Storage

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 effects on proliferation and telomerase activity in sheep growth plate chondrocytes

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2013年第1期4卷 41-48页

作者： Logan B smith Janelle M Belanger Anita M Oberbauer Department of Animal Science University of California

Background： Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 （FGFr3） inhibits growth-plate chondrocyte proliferation and limits bone elongation. Gain-of-function FGFr3 mutations cause dwarfism, reduced telomerase activity and shorter telomeres in growth plate chondroyctes suggesting that FGFr3 reduces proliferative capacity, inhibits telomerase, and enhances senescence. Thyroid hormone （1-3） plays a role in cellular maturation of growth plate chondrocytes and a known target of T3 is FGFr3. The present study addressed whether reduced FGFr3 expression enhanced telomerase activity, mrNA expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase （TErT） and rNA component of telomerase （Tr）, and chondrocyte proliferation, and whether the stimulation of FGFr3 by T3 evoked the opposite response. results： Sheep growth-plate proliferative zone chondrocytes were cultured and transfected with sirNA to reduce FGFr3 expression; FGFr3 sirNA reduced chondrocyte FGFr3 mrNA and protein resulting in greater proliferation and increased TErT mrNA expression and telomerase activity （p 〈 0.0.5）. Chondrocytes treated with T3 significantly enhanced FGFr3 mrNA and protein expression and reduced telomerase activity （p 〈 0.05）; TErT and Tr were not significantly reduced. The action of T3 at the growth plate may be partially mediated through the FGFr3 pathway. Conclusions： The results suggest that FGFr3 inhibits chondrocyte proliferation and reducing telomerase activity indicating an important role for telomerase in capacity during bone elongation. by down-regulating TErT expression sustaining chondrocyte proliferative

关键词： Chondrocytes Growth-plate Telomerase Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 Thyroid hormone Sheep

Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)

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Fungal Diversity 2014年第1期64卷 1-99页

作者： D.Jean Lodge Mahajabeen Padamsee P.Brandon Matheny M.Catherine Aime Sharon A.Cantrell David Boertmann Alexander Kovalenko Alfredo Vizzini Bryn T.M.Dentinger Paul M.kirk A.Martyn Ainsworth Jean-Marc Moncalvo rytas Vilgalys Ellen Larsson robert Lücking Gareth W.Griffith Matthew E.smith Lorelei L.Norvell Dennis E.Desjardin Scott A.redhead Clark L.Ovrebo Edgar B.Lickey Enrico Ercole Karen W.Hughes régis Courtecuisse Anthony Young Manfred Binder Andrew M.Minnis Daniel L.Lindner Beatriz Ortiz-Santana John Haight Thomas Læssøe Timothy J.Baroni József Geml Tsutomu Hattori Center for Forest Mycology research Northern Research StationUSDA-Forest ServiceLuquilloPR 00773-1377USA Systematics Team Landcare Research231 Morrin RoadAuckland 1072New Zealand Ecology&Evolutionary Biology University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN 37996-1610USA Department of Botany&Plant Pathology Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA Science and Technology Universidad del TuraboGuraboPR 00778-3030USA Department of Bioscience Aarhus UniversityFrederiksborgvej 399DK-4000 RoskildeDenmark Komarov Botanical Institute of the russian Academy of Sciences 2 Prof.Popov Str.St.Petersburg 197376Russia Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi Universitàdi TorinoViale P.A.Mattioli 2510125 TorinoItaly Mycology Royal Botanic GardensKewRichmondSurrey TW93DSUK royal Ontario Museum 100 Queen’s ParkTorontoONCanada Biology Department Duke UniversityDurhamNC 27708-0338USA Biological&Environmental Sciences University of GothenburgGöteborgSweden Science&Eduaction Integrative Research&Collections(Botany)The Field Museum of Natural History1400 Lake Shore Dr.ChicagoIL 60605-2496USA University of Wales AberystwythCeredigion SY233DDUK Department of Plant Pathology University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611-0680USA Pacific Northwest Mycology Service 6720 NW Skyline BvdPortlandOR 97229-1309USA Department of Biology San Francisco State University1600 Holloway Ave.San FranciscoCA 94132USA National Mycological Herbarium(DAOM) Science and Technology BranchAgriculture&Agri-FoodsCanada960 Carling AvenueOttawaOntarioCanada ONT K1A 0C6 Department of Biology University of Central OklahomaEdmondOK 73034USA Department of Biology Bridgewater College402 E.College St.BridgewaterVA 22812USA Department of Botany Faculty of Pharmaceutical&Biological SciencesLilleFrance 100 Langton road BlackbuttQld 4306Australia CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre Evolutionary PhytopathologyInst.of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts&Sciences(KNAW)Uppsalalaan 83584 CT UtrechtThe Netherlands

Molecular phylogenies using 1–4 gene regions and information on ecology,morphology and pigment chemistry were used in a partial revision of the agaric family *** phylogenetically supported genera we recognize here in the Hygrophoraceae based on these and previous analyses are:Acantholichen,Ampulloclitocybe,Arrhenia,Cantharellula,Cantharocybe,Chromosera,Chrysomphalina,Cora,Corella,Cuphophyllus,Cyphellostereum,Dictyonema,Eonema,Gliophorus,Haasiella,Humidicutis,Hygroaster,Hygrocybe,Hygrophorus,Lichenomphalia,Neohygrocybe,Porpolomopsis and Pseudoarmillariella.A new genus that is sister to Chromosera is described as *** were made at the ranks of subfamily,tribe,genus,subgenus,section and *** present three new subfamilies,eight tribes(five new),eight subgenera(one new,one new combination and one ***.),26 sections(five new and three new combinations and two ***.)and 14 subsections(two new,two ***.).Species of Chromosera,Gliophorus,Humidicutis,and Neohygrocybe are often treated within the genus Hygrocybe;we therefore provide valid names in both classification *** used a minimalist approach in transferring genera and creating new names and ***,we retain in the Hygrophoraceae the basal cuphophylloid grade comprising the genera Cuphophyllus,Ampulloclitocybe andCantharocybe,despite weak phylogenetic *** include Aeruginospora and Semiomphalina in Hygrophoraceae based on morphology though molecular data are *** lower hygrophoroid clade is basal to Hygrophoraceae s.s.,comprising the genera Aphroditeola,Macrotyphula,Phyllotopsis,Pleurocybella,Sarcomyxa,Tricholomopsis and Typhula.

关键词： Hygrophoraceae Fungi revisionary systematics Nomenclatural revision Phylogenetics Pigment chemistry Lamellar trama construction Hymenial morphology Ecology