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Perception of Medical Students towards Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Hepatitis B Vaccination in a Private Tertiary Hospital in Jos North Local Government, Plateau State, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2024年第2期14卷 39-48页

作者： Prosper Ifeanacho Okonkwo king.ley chinedu okafor Saratu Lamido Toluwani Bamisaiye Eunice Lagasi Department of Community Medicine & PHC Bingham University Karu Nigeria

Background: Prevention is one of the safe schemes against the high prevalence of viral Hepatitis. Negative perceptions or perceptions about the risks of hepatitis B among medical students and health care workers may influence the behavioral pattern and adoption of preventive measures against the virus and can affect the uptake of the Hepatitis B vaccine. This study assesses the perception of medical students towards Hepatitis B virus infection and Hepatitis B Vaccination in a Private Tertiary Hospital in Jos North Local Government, Plateau State, Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study done in August 2021 among 236 clinical medical students using a multistage sampling technique. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire and analysed using the IBM SPSS 28 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Ethical approval was granted by Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Ethics Committee, Jos, Plateau State. Results: Two-thirds of respondents were of the opinion that they are at risk of contracting HBV. Half were of the opinion that the risk is very much while a third believed the risk is moderate. Among those who think they are not at risk of contracting HBV, the majority felt so because they are vaccinated while 10.3% believe that they are safe. 43.2% of respondents think that HBV Vaccine is very effective in preventing HBV infection while 39.8% think it is slightly effective, and 7.6% think it is not effective. Almost all respondents, 99.2% are of the opinion that HBV Vaccination is important for students while 0.8% think it is not important. The majority of the respondents at 95.8% were willing to be screened for HBV. The majority (85.6%) of respondents are willing to pay for HBV Vaccine as against 14.4% of respondents who are not willing to pay. Conclusion: Summarily, 21 (8.9%) of the students had a negative perception of Hepatitis B Vaccination, and 215 (91.1%) had a positive perception of Hepatitis B Vaccination. Perception-sustaining events like sem

关键词： Perception Hepatitis B Virus Infection Hepatitis B Vaccination Medical Students

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Knowledge of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) among Medical Students in a Tertiary Hospital in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2024年第1期14卷 162-175页

作者： Prosper Iheanacho Okonkwo king.ley chinedu okafor Bitrus Salome Kwaghal Bolarinwa Boluwatito Joel Haruna Garba Department of Community Medicine & PHC Bingham University Karu Nigeria

Background: Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) remain a common cause of death, functional disability, emotional suffering and economic burden among hospitalized patients. Knowledge of HAIs is important in its prevention and control. This study seeks to assess the knowledge of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) among medical students in a Tertiary Hospital in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study done in October 2019 among clinical medical students using a Multistage sampling technique. Data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire and analyzed using the IBM SPSS 20 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Ethical approval was granted by Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Ethics Committee, Jos, Plateau State. Results: A total of 219 students in the clinical arm of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences were selected. A higher proportion (97.7%) of respondents knew about Hospital Acquired Infections and 85.4% knew that Hospital Acquired infections occur in the hospital, and (86.3%) considered patients contagious with half (58.9%) considered patients as the most important source of HAIs, followed by care givers (13.2%), then doctors including medical students and interns (10.0%) and lastly nurses (8.7%). The majority of respondents (70.8%) considered Surgical Wound Infections to be the most commonly occurring HAI, followed by UTIs (69.9%), RTIs (61.2%), BSIs (37.0%) and others (0.9%). The clinical thermometer was the instrument that most commonly transmits HAIs (82.6%), then followed by stethoscope (62.1%), white coats (53.9%), and blood pressure cuff (51.1%). Most respondents knew the infectious substances, like blood (96.3%), nasal discharge (82.6%), saliva (85.3%), and faeces (79.4%) transmitted HAIs, 72.6% of the respondents said that they were aware of the recommended hand washing techniques by WHO. Conclusion: The majority of students 91.3% had good knowledge while 8.7% had poor knowledge of HAIs. L

关键词： Knowledge Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) Nosocomial Infections Medical Students

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The Prevalence and Pattern of Use of Alcohol among Undergraduate Students in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2022年第8期12卷 141-154页

作者： king.ley chinedu okafor John Samson Bimba Oluwatoyosi Ayobami Adekeye Adedoyin P. Obateru Lucy Ochanya Idoko Department of Community Medicine & PHC Bingham University Karu Nigeria

Introduction: Alcohol abuse is a recognized phenomenon among university students in Nigeria and harms the education and performance of students. This may include disruption of interpersonal relationships, especially within the family, criminal behaviour, academic failure, vocational failure, and a lack of commensurate achievement. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study aimed at assessing the Prevalence and Pattern of Use of Alcohol Among Undergraduate Students In Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. It involved 290 Undergraduates selected using the Multistage sampling method. Results: The prevalence of current use of alcohol was 33.7% while two-thirds were not taking alcohol. There was a statistically significant association between current use of alcohol and sex (χ2 = 12.168, p ≤ 0.001), where more males than females use alcohol. Most (44.4%) undergraduates use alcohol weekly, 11.1% use it daily, and 14.3% Two times weekly. A majority (52.4%) take it after lectures and 27.0% take whenever they like. There was a statistically significant association between alcohol use and the level/year of study (χ2 = 27.258, p ≤ 0.001). More students in higher classes (5th year and 4th year) are taking alcohol when compared with new students and lower classes (1st year and 2nd year). A significant association was also found between alcohol use and respondent's Cumulative Grade Point Average-CGPA (χ2 = 22.809, p ≤ 0.001), as the majority of students using alcohol had a low CGPA (1.1 to 2.0) when compared to those with higher. Conclusion: The University and government should collaborate with students to establish peer support groups and programs that discourage the use of alcohol during school hours and while studying.

关键词： Alcohol Use Undergraduates Students

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Trends in gastrointestinal disease hospitalizations and outcomes during the first year of the coronavirus pandemic

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2023年第4期29卷 744-757页

作者： Ayooluwatomiwa Deborah Adekunle Muni Rubens Mary Sedarous Tahniyat Tariq Philip N okafor Division of Internal Medicine St.Luke's HospitalChesterfieldMI 63017United States Office of Clinical Research Miami Cancer InstituteMiamiFL 33176United States Division of Internal Medicine McMaster UniversityHamilton ON L8S 4L8OntarioCanada Division of Gastroenterology Stanford University School of MedicineRedwood CityCA 94063United States Division of Gastroenterology Stanford University College of MedicineRedwood CityCA 94063United States

BACKGROUND The impact of the coronavirus on hospitalizations for gastrointestinal(GI)disease,particularly at a population level is understudied.AIM To investigate trends in hospitalizations,inpatient endoscopy resource utilization,and outcomes during the first year of the coronavirus pandemic and subsequent lockdowns.METHODS Using the California State Inpatient Database for 2018-2020,we explored year-toyear and 2020 month-to-month trends in hospitalizations,length of stay,and inpatient mortality(all-cause&viral pneumonia-specific)for common inpatient GI diagnoses including acute pancreatitis,diverticulitis,cholelithiasis,noninfectious gastroenteritis,upper and lower GI bleeding(LGIB),Clostridium difficile,viral gastroenteritis,inflammatory bowel disease,and acute cholangitis.RESULTS Disease-specific hospitalizations decreased for all included conditions except nonvariceal upper GI bleeding(NVUGIB),LGIB,and ulcerative colitis(UC)(ptrend<0.0001).Allcause inpatient mortality was higher in 2020 vs 2019,for acute pancreatitis(P=0.029),diverticulitis(P=0.04),NVUGIB(P=0.003),and Crohn’s disease(P=0.004).In 2020,hospitalization rates were lowest in April,November,and December.There was no significant corresponding increase in inpatient mortality except in UC(ptrend=0.048).Viral pneumonia and viral pneumonia complicated by respiratory failure increased(P<0.001)among GI hospitalizations.Endoscopy utilization within 24 h of admission was unchanged for GI emergencies except NVUGIB(P<0.001).CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that hospitalization rates for common GI conditions significantly declined in California during the COVID pandemic,particularly in April,November and December 2020.Allcause mortality was significantly higher among acute pancreatitis,diverticulitis,NVUGIB,and Crohn’s disease hospitalizations.Emergency endoscopy rates were mostly comparable between 2020 and 2019.

关键词： COVID-19 Shelter-in-place Procedure utilization Outcomes Hospitalizations Gastrointestinal diseases

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Uptake of in-vitro fertilization among couples attending fertility clinic in a tertiary health institution

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Asian pacific Journal of Reproduction 2022年第1期11卷 12-19页

作者： Mabel Olubunmi Omobude Olaolorunpo Olorunfemi Fidelis Uchendu okafor Department of Reproductive Health Nursing Edo State College of Nursing ScienceBenin CityEdo StateNigeria Department of Medical Surgical Nursing Faculty of Basic Medical ScienceFederal UniversityOye-EkitiEkiti StateNigeria Department of Nursing University of BeninBenin CityNigeria

Objective:To identify factors that determine the uptake of in-vitro fertilization(IVF),and to determine the predicting effect of the identified factors on the uptake of IVF among couples attending fertility clinic at a tertiary health institution in Benin City,Nigeria.Methods:This study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive design.A self-structured questionnaire tested was validated and administered to 250 couples who attended fertility clinic.Data were collected from March 2021 to June 2021 and were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science(SPSS)version 21.Data were presented and interpreted using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as Chi-square,univariate statistics and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results:Among 250 couples,154(61.6%)were willing to adopt IVF.The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that catholic religion[odds ratio(OR)0.21,95%confident interval(CI)0.54-0.73],family income(OR 1.50,95%CI 1.10-2.00)and age(OR 1.04,95%CI 1.01-1.10)were the major factors that determined the uptake of IVF,with P-value of<0.001,0.018 and 0.031,respectively.Conclusions:The uptake of IVF could be sustained or improved on,if the government should improve on the cost of living for families,and religious leaders need to be encouraged to pass on the information about IVF to their members to be well guided about the possibilities of IVF.

关键词： Uptake of IVF Couples’age Family income Catholic religion Cost of living Nigeria

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Qualitative Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Contraceptives among Women Attending Postnatal Care in a Health Facility in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2022年第8期12卷 706-718页

作者： king.ley chinedu okafor Lucy Ochanya Idoko Emmanuel Unubi Ochuma Anne Inyangobong Effiong David Victor Omeiza Amos Paul Bassi Department of Community Medicine & Primary Health Care Bingham University Karu Nigeria Community Health and Primary Health Care Bingham University Karu Nigeria

Background: Contraceptive acceptance and utilization in society has been a huge challenge for communities in developing countries. There is a need to support the increase in the utilization of contraception and family planning services. In all this, good knowledge and practice of contraception services will enable women to select the best methods. The study seeks to qualitatively assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of contraceptive use among women attending postnatal care in a health facility in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State in September 2019. This study utilized Focus Group Discussions among 36 women recruited using the purposive sampling technique. There were four (4) sessions involving nine (9) women per session. Findings: Of the 36 women, a majority (88.9%) had positive perception regarding contraception, all agreed that contraception and family planning is beneficial to families and communities. A majority felt that communities are yet to accept contraception. Most (83.3%) of the women had good knowledge of contraception. Three-quarters (77.8%) of the women have used contraception in the past, and about half (41.7%) are using it currently. Attitude towards adoption of contraceptives after current pregnancy was generally good. About half (52.7%) of the participants stated they required spousal approval before they adopt a method of contraception. Conclusion: There is a need for health agencies, development partners, and government to continue the health education, community sensitization, and support towards making contraception and family planning commodities available and accessible.

关键词： Contraception Family Planning Knowledge Practice Women

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Attitude, Practice, and Factors Affecting Contraceptive Use among Women Attending Postnatal Care in a Tertiary Health Facility in Jos North LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2022年第8期12卷 814-831页

作者： king.ley chinedu okafor David Victor Omeiza Lucy Ochanya Idoko Effiong Anne Inyangobong Ochuma Emmanuel Unubi Amos Paul Bassi Department of Community Medicine & Primary Health Care Bingham University Karu Nigeria Community Health and Primary Health Care Bingham University Karu Nigeria

The high population growth rate has been associated with the increased level of poverty, morbidity, mortality, and decreased life expectancy. Modern contraception is an important factor in controlling fertility through prevention of unintended and unwanted pregnancies. Contraception (birth control) prevents pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. Contraceptive use is still very low in Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where the levels of fertility and unmet need for family planning are high. The attitude of women toward contraception will usually affect the practice and utilization of contraceptives. The objective of this study is to assess the attitude, prevalence, and factors affecting contraceptive use among women attending Postnatal care in a tertiary health facility in Jos North L. G. A Plateau State, Nigeria. There was a descriptive cross-sectional study done between September to October 2019, with a sample size of 250 women. Respondents were determined using a multi-stage sampling method. Data collection was done using an interviewer-administered, pre-tested, structured questionnaire. The data was collected, entered, and analyzed using IBM Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Most women have a positive attitude 162 (64.8%) toward contraception while 88 (35.2%) had negative attitude toward contraception. Three quarters (75.2%) of women are willing to use contraception. The prevalence of contraceptive use among respondents was 35.6% while the prevalence of previous use of contraceptives among the respondents was 71.2%. Fifty (27.9%) used condom (barrier method), 40 (22.9%) used withdrawal method. Majority of the other respondents were spread across OCPs, injectables and implants. Major factors affecting the use of contraceptives were majorly attributed to informed choice with 60.1%, Partner’s decision (44.1%) and mild or no adverse reaction (12.8%). While major factors preventing use were lack of interest in 69.4%, partners’

关键词： Attitude Contraception Postnatal Women

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Prospective observational study to assess the validity of the functional disability score in patients with blepharospasm,hemifacial spasm and synkinesis treated with botulinum toxin injection

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Annals of Eye Science 2023年第3期8卷 41-47页

作者： Linda O.okafor Aaron Jamison Maribel Favor Raman Malhotra Corneoplastic Unit Queen Victoria HospitalEast GrinsteadUK

Background:Benign essential blepharospasm(BEB),aberrant facial nerve degeneration and hemifacial spasm(HFS)are all examples dystonia which,though not life-threatening,can have a significant impact on patient quality of life.The need for reliable self-rating surveys to monitor functional disability is fundamental.The Blepharospasm Disability Index(BSDI)is already a widely utilised and validated selfrating score for blepharospasm whilst the functional disability score(FDS)requires further validation.The principle aim of this study is to repeat validation of the FDS against the BSDI,which has been validated by several groups since its original description but only in patients with BEB.Methods:A randomised blinded prospective cohort study was conducted at a single unit on 38 patients with BEB,aberrant facial nerve degeneration and HFS.Patients were blinded to complete the FDS followed by the BSDI or the BSDI followed by the FDS with a 30-minute interval.Results:Both the FDS and BSDI were found to be reliable with high internal consistency and test-retest reliability.Both scales were also found to be moderately correlated with the Jankovic disease severity score.Conclusions:This study is the first to use the FDS as a rating scale in patients with HFS and aberrant facial nerve degeneration.It is also the first study to formally validate the FDS as an acceptable rating scale for patients with dystonia and in particular it provides validation for its use in patients with HFS and aberrant facial nerve degeneration.

关键词： Blepharospasm botulinum toxin(BoNT) dystonia

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Insights into the characteristics of corrosion products formed on the contact and exposed regions of C1045 steel bolt and nut fasteners exposed to aqueous chloride environments

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2023年第4期135卷 250-264页

作者： Enobong Felix Daniel Chao Li Changgang Wang Junhua Dong Inime Ime Udoh Peter Chukwuemeka okafor Dongjiu Zhang Wenan Zhong Sheng Zhong School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shenyang Ligong UniversityShenyang 110159China Corrosion and Electrochemistry unit Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of CalabarP.M.B 1115 CalabarCross River StateNigeria Key Laboratory of Space Launching Site Reliability Xichang Satellite Launch CenterHainan Haikou 571126China

This study investigated the characteristics of corrosion products formed on the contact and exposed re-gions of C1045 steel bolt and nut fasteners exposed to aqueous chloride environments.The corroded sur-face morphology,rust compositions,and corrosion kinetics of the bolt specimen were studied by visual observation,optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-Ray diffractometry(XRD),micro-Raman,electron probe micro-analyser(EPMA),and potentiodynamic polarization techniques.Re-sults obtained showed a variation in corrosion kinetics,morphology,and composition of the rust layer which were driven by differential aeration and concentration effects.Due to the availability of sufficient dissolved oxygen,the oxyhydroxide compound,lepidocrocite(γ-FeOOH)was detected in the outer rust layer in the exposed region,whereas the inner rust layer was composed of magnetite(Fe_(3)O_(4)).How-ever,the oxygen-deficient contact surface revealed the presence of akaganeite(β-FeOOH)and magnetite(Fe_(3)O_(4))as dominant oxide phases.The most stable phase,goethite(α-FeOOH)was also detected in the rust formed in both regions,though in significantly low amounts.Furthermore,owing to variation in environmental conditions,the amount and density of the rust layer varied in the different regions.The estimated corrosion stability values for the different regions revealed that the corrosion products formed on the steel surfaces were non-protective,suggesting the need for specific surface treatment as a protec-tive measure.

关键词： Carbon steel Bolt-nut fastener Raman SEM-EDS XRD Rust characterization

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The effect of changing COVID-19 restrictions on the transmission rate in a veterinary clinic

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2023年第1期8卷 294-308页

作者： Lee Spence David E.Anderson Ibrahim Halil Aslan Mahir Demir Chika C.okafor Marcy Souza Suzanne Lenhart Department of Mathematics University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA Hopkins Marine Station Stanford Doerr School of SustainabilityUSA Department of Mathematics Giresun UniversityGiresunTurkey Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA

With the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11,2020,the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine(UTCVM),like other institutions,restructured their services to reduce the potential spread of the COVID-19 virus while simultaneously providing critical and essential veterinary services.A mathematical model was developed to predict the change in the level of possible COVID-19 infections due to the increased number of potential contacts within the UTCVM hospital.A system of ordinary differential equations with different compartments for UTCVM individuals and the Knox county population was formulated to show the dynamics of transmission and the number of confirmed cases.Key transmission rates in the model were estimated using COVID-19 case data from the surrounding county and UTCVM personnel.Simulations from this model show the increasing number of COVID-19 cases among UTCVM personnel as the number of daily clients and the number of veterinary staff in the clinic are increased.We also investigate how changes within the Knox county community impact the UTCVM hospital.These scenarios show the importance of understanding the effects of re-opening scenarios in veterinary teaching hospitals.

关键词： Veterinary teaching hospital COVID-19 Mathematical model Disease transmission

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