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The Road to Universal Health Coverage in Myanmar Runs through Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors: Supporting Evidence from WHO in 2009 and 2014 and the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

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Health 2019年第9期11卷 1206-1223页

作者： khin thiri maung Paul Kowal Nawi Ng Tej Ram Jat HelpAge International Yangon Myanmar Research Institute for Health Sciences Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Ume&#229 University Ume&#229 Sweden Centre for Demographic and Aging Research Ume&#229 University Ume&#229 Sweden

Background: The recent surge in economic development in Myanmar will also contribute to accelerating the health burden shift from acute infectious to chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) across the country. With just 11 years to achieve its goal of universal health coverage by the year 2030, significant efforts will be needed to quantify the scale of the burden facing decision-makers about health system strengthening and redevelopment. Convergence of the health systems will be an additional challenge in Myanmar. Methods: Results from a WHO study in 2009 and 2014, combined with data from the 2016 Global Burden of Disease Study, were compiled and analysed for Myanmar to assess the levels and trends of selected NCDs and NCD risk factors. Results: The prevalence of major NCDs in Myanmar are in general higher than global and regional averages, with a significant increase in diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases in the last 25 years. Major NCD risk factors in Myanmar include smoking, use of smokeless tobacco, alcohol consumption among men, low level of fruit and vegetable consumption, hypertension, and emerging of overweight and obesity, especially among women. Tobacco use increased in both sexes between 2009 and 2014, but only significantly in men. Rates of hypertension increased for both men and women, including those currently on medications—suggesting a need for better treatment regimens. Overweight and obesity rates increased in both men and women, although the increase in obesity for men was not significant. Alcohol consumption results were mixed—with lower levels of high level drinking in men, but generally increased consumption by women. Intake of fruit and vegetables increased slightly between 2009 and 2014 and rates of high levels of physical activity also increased. Diabetes prevalence rates increased significantly in women (X2 = 11.3;p = 0.01) and men (X2 = 9.6;p = 0.02) between 2009 and 2014. Conclusions: Improved awareness of risk

关键词： Noncommunicable Disease Prevalence Risk Factors Surveillance Diabetes Universal Health Coverage Myanmar

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High Risk Behavior, Knowledge and Attitude of HIV/AIDS among Workers in Factories Manufacturing Alcohol in Mandalay, Myanmar

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World Journal of AIDS 2013年第2期3卷 147-153页

作者： khin thiri maung Htoo Htoo Kyaw Soe Nan Nitra Than Simerjit Singh Madan Senthil Kumar P. College of Public Health Sciences Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand Faculty of Medicine Melaka-Manipal Medical College Melaka Malaysia

Analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Mandalay, Myanmar to identify high risk sexual behavior, knowledge and attitude regarding HIV/AIDS and prevention practice related to HIV/AIDS among male workers in factories manufacturing alcohol. Participants included male workers (n = 219) from 10 alcohol factories in Industrial Zone (A). Data were collected through face to face interviews using pretested structured questionnaire. Results showed that 38.8% of the respondents were able to get discount to buy alcohol from their factory, and 70.3% of them consumed alcohol in the last 12 months. Regarding high risk sexual behavior, 38.4% of the respondents had intercourse with a casual partner of opposite gender, while 31.5% had intercourse with commercial sex workers and 19.2% had homosexual relationship during last 12 months. Among the married, 45% had extramarital intercourse. More than 80% of the respondents received HIV/AIDS related information from media and colleagues while 51.1% of them received from NGOs or health education at workplace. Among the respondents who engaged in different high risk sexual behaviors, 50% - 88.9% did not use condom consistently and they had significantly lower knowledge about HIV/AIDS. However, the knowledge and attitude regarding HIV/AIDS were not significantly different between the respondents who used condom consistently and those who did not. This study highlights the need of health education about HIV/AIDS and access to affordable condoms among workers in factories manufacturing alcohol to improve their knowledge, attitude and behavior, as well as to promote consistent condom usage as it is vital for prevention and control of HIV/AIDS.

关键词： HIV/AIDS Workers Mandalay Myanmar

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缅甸成人学生汉字偏误分析及教学对策

缅甸成人学生汉字偏误分析及教学对策

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作者：杨成银（khin thiri Aye）中央民族大学

学位级别：硕士

汉语作为第二语言,近年来出现了大量研究汉语偏误的文章,但研究汉字书写偏误的文章却很少。迄今为止,针对缅甸学生汉字偏误的专题研究屈指可数。2010年首届在缅甸曼德勒市举行的首届缅甸汉语教学研讨会上,虽然有来自缅甸各地的华侨学校... 详细信息

汉语作为第二语言,近年来出现了大量研究汉语偏误的文章,但研究汉字书写偏误的文章却很少。迄今为止,针对缅甸学生汉字偏误的专题研究屈指可数。2010年首届在缅甸曼德勒市举行的首届缅甸汉语教学研讨会上,虽然有来自缅甸各地的华侨学校参与讨论缅甸汉语教学方面的问题——教师缺乏、教材陈旧等,可见缅甸的汉语教学界着重于汉语教学的生存与发展,而对汉字教学却有待重视及进一步研究。本文从缅甸成人汉语学习者出现的偏误入手,主要从四个方面来阐述本论文主旨。第一章,介绍选题的缘由、意义和目的。第二章,通过使用问卷调查法、访谈法、课堂观察法等来了解缅甸成人汉字教学以及学生对汉字教学的认识。然后,通过分析本文使用的语料的来源,从整体上把握学生们的偏误类型,进而分类。第三章,基于前面的类型归类,本章节进行具体阐述分析及其产生偏误原因的分析。第四章,针对缅甸成人汉字教学的现状,本文提出了一些相应的教学建议以及本研究的局限性。

关键词：缅甸学生汉字偏误成人汉字教学教学对策

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