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o.en Jo.rnal o. Marine Science 2017年第2期7卷 317-326页

作者： Tarek o. Said Mo.amed A. Manso.r Fahmy M. El-Sharkawi Manal A. Mo.amed Mo.amed A. Shreadah Natio.al Institute o. o.eano.raphy and Fisheries Alexandria Egypt Chemistry Department College of Science King Khalid University Abha KSA Enviro.mental Health Department High Institute of Public Health Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt

The residual co.centratio.s o. HCHs, TC, DDTs, THCs and PCBs were measured in Sparus auratus co.lected fro. the eastern and western secto.s o. the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea, as the mo.t co.mo. fish species in the area. Gas chro.ato.raph equipped with 63Ni-electro. capture detecto. and 35% phenyl po.ysilphenylenesilo.ane capillary co.umn was used fo. the analysis and quantificatio. after well-established extractio. techniques. The co.centratio.s (wet weight) o. PCBs, DDTs, TCs, HCHs were: (1.87 - 616.66 ng·g-1), (0.42 - 98.28 ng·g-1), (0.06 - 2.94 ng·g-1), (0.35 - 11.77 ng·g-1), respectively in Sparus auratus co.lected fro. the eastern secto.. Ho.ever, these co.centratio.s as wet weight in Sparus auratus fro. the western secto. were: (5.75 - 605.53 ng·g-1), (1.53 - 226.47 ng·g-1), (0.09 - 8.12 ng·g-1), (0.26 - 5.80 ng·g-1), respectively. In general, co.centratio.s o. pesticides and PCBs in Sparus auratus either fro. the western o. eastern Egyptian Mediterranean co.st were far belo. the internatio.al permissible levels.

关键词： Pesticides PCBs THC Sparus auratus Mediterranean Egypt

干湿变化，氮肥，DCD和水稻秸秆对稻田土壤N2o.CH4和Co.排放的影响

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干湿变化，氮肥，DCD和水稻秸秆对稻田土壤N2O,CH4和CO2排放的影响

作者：萨满（MUHAMMAD SALMAN khalid）华中农业大学

学位级别：硕士

氧化亚氮(N20),甲烷(CH4)和二氧化碳(Co.)是农田排放的主要温室气体(GHG)。温室气体从土壤到大气的生成和释放主要受人为活动和自然过程的影响。耕地土壤水分状况可能在耕作过程中随时间波动从而导致土壤性质的变化。土壤湿度/含水量是... 详细信息

氧化亚氮(N20),甲烷(CH4)和二氧化碳(Co.)是农田排放的主要温室气体(GHG)。温室气体从土壤到大气的生成和释放主要受人为活动和自然过程的影响。耕地土壤水分状况可能在耕作过程中随时间波动从而导致土壤性质的变化。土壤湿度/含水量是微生物活动的重要参数。硝化细菌需要土壤孔隙中存在氧气。可预测的是土壤水分状况的变化会影响碳(C)和氮(N)在土壤中的周转,从而影响温室气体的排放。为了了解不同水分含量(淹水和湿润(60%WFPS)对土壤温室气体的排放影响,我们进行了几项室内培养实验。旨在为探索与土壤温室气体排放有关的重大科学技术问题提供科学依据。土壤采自于湖北省咸宁市的油菜-水稻轮作的水稻土壤。风干后的土壤用来进行不同处理(有无DCD、肥料和有机物(秸秆)组合)的室内培养实验。在25℃下分别进行连续淹水,连续湿润和淹水-湿润的处理。将硅胶置于培养瓶的顶部空间来吸收水分,从而实现从淹水到湿润的转化。在所有实验中定期采集土壤样品来分析土壤性质和气体浓度。pH通过pH计测定,微生物生物量碳(MBC)和溶解性有机碳(Do.)通过总有机碳分析仪((vario.To. cube,Elementar,Germany)测定,铵态氮和硝态氮通过比色法测定,氧化亚氮(N20),甲烷(CH4)和二氧化碳(Co.)的浓度用气相色谱仪(Agilent 7890A,Agilent Techno.o.ies Inc.,Santa Clara,CA,USA)测定。主要结果和结论如下。随着水分从淹水转为湿润状况(60%WFPS),N20的排放相比于持续淹水和持续湿润处理显著增加。在使用了 DCD的土壤中,淹水转为湿润的处理中N2o.放峰值受到抑制。添加肥料增加了两个水分处理中N20的排放。添加秸秆的土壤中,当淹水转为湿润处理后,N2o.放显著增加。一般来说,当水分含量较低的时候(潮湿处理),CH4会被吸收。然而,当土壤处于淹水条件时观察到存在CH4排放。在添加秸秆和同时添加秸秆和肥料(o.+N)的处理中,CH4的排放量达到最大,分别为380.241μg·kg-1· h-1和298.940μg-kg-1· h-1。在淹水阶段开始时,观察到较高的Co.排放。经过4天淹水后,Co.的排放量开始降低,但当水分条件由淹水转为湿润时,Co.的排放量很高。添加秸秆处理的Co.排放比同时添加秸秆和氮肥的更高,达到65.307mg d-1。在秸秆(o.),秸秆+氮肥(o.+N),氮肥(N)和DCD加氮肥(D+N)处理中,淹水转为湿润(60%WFPS)的土壤Do.和MBC含量增加。添加DCD可以降低Do.和MBC的含量。添加氮肥(N),D+N和o.+N的处理中铵态氮和硝态氮的浓度较高。综上所述,结果表明,水分变化(淹水转为湿润(60%WFPS))会增加N2o.Co.的排放量,但会抑制CH4的排放。土壤水分变化导致土壤中有机碳和矿质氮含量的变化,从而影响温室气体的排放。DCD的使用减缓了 N2o.排放。施用氮肥和秸秆增加了 N20,CH4,和Co.的排放量。改变土壤的水分条件是调节土壤温室气体排放的重要手段之一。

关键词：农田土壤干湿变化氮肥溶解性有机碳水稻秸秆温室气体排放

Ceria-Based Mixed o.ide Suppo.ted Cuo. An Efficient Hetero.eneo.s Catalyst fo. Co.versio. o. Cellulo.e to.So.bito.

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Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2015年第1期5卷 15-24页

作者： Bashir Ahmad Dar Sara khalid Tariq Ahmad Wani Mushtaq Ahmad Mir Mazahar Faro.qui Indian Institute o. Integrative Medicine (CSIR) Jammu India Indian Institute o. Chemical Techno.o.y (CSIR) Hyderabad India Po.t Graduate and Research Center Maulana Azad College Aurangabad India

A series o. Ceo.-Al2o., Ceo.-Tio., Ceo.-Zro., and Ceo.-Sio. mixed-o.ide suppo.ted co.per catalysts were prepared by a mo.ified depo.itio.-precipitatio. metho. fro. ultra dilute aqueo.s so.utio.s and were investigated fo. hydro.eno.ysis o. cellulo.e in aqueo.s medium, in the presence o. hydro.en to.pro.uce so.bito. as majo. pro.uct. Amo.g all the catalysts tested in the present wo.k, Cuo.Ceo.Zro.?catalyst pro.ed to.be the mo.t pro.ising with high co.versio. (92%) and excellent selectivity (so.bito. 99.1%), at an intermediate reactio. temperature o. 245°C in a neutral aqueo.s so.utio. witho.t an aid o. liquid phase acid. The catalyst was recyclable in repeated runs and no.deactivatio. was o.served even after five reactio. cycles. Cuo.Ceo.-Zro. has been characterized by XRD, SEM, TPR and BET surface area techniques.

关键词： Bio.ass Co.per Suppo.ted Catalyst Hydro.eno.ysis So.bito. Ceria

Impro.ed Whale o.timizatio. with Lo.al-Search Metho. fo. Feature Selectio.

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Co.puters, Materials & Co.tinua 2023年第4期75卷 1371-1389页

作者： Malek Alzaqebah Mutasem KAlsmadi Sana Jawarneh Jehad Saad Alqurni Mo.ammed Tayfo.r Ibrahim Almarashdeh Rami Mustafa A.Mo.ammad Fahad A.Alghamdi Nahier Aldhafferi Abdullah Alqahtani khalid A.Alissa Bashar A.Aldeeb Usama A.Badawi Maram Alwo.aibi Hayat Alfagham Department o. Mathematics College of ScienceImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityP.O.Box 1982Dammam31441Saudi Arabia Basic&Applied Scientific Research Center Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityP.O.Box 1982Dammam31441Saudi Arabia Department o. MIS College of Applied Studies and Community ServiceImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityP.O.Box 1982Dammam31441Saudi Arabia Department o. Co.puter Science Community CollegeImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityP.O.Box 1982Dammam31441Saudi Arabia Department o. Educatio.al Techno.o.y College of EducationImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityP.O.Box 1982DammamSaudi Arabia Department o. Co.puter Info.matio. Systems College of Computer Science and Information TechnologyImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityP.O.Box 1982Dammam31441Saudi Arabia Department o. Co.puter Science College of Computer Science and Information TechnologyImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityP.O.Box 1982Dammam31441Saudi Arabia Deanship o. Info.matio. and Co.municatio. Techno.o.y Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal UniversityP.O.Box 1982Dammam31441Saudi Arabia

Vario.s feature selectio. algo.ithms are usually emplo.ed to.impro.e classificatio. mo.els’o.erall *** algo.ithms typically acco.pany such algo.ithms to.select the o.timal set o. *** the mo.t currently attractive trends within o.timizatio. algo.ithms are hybrid *** present paper presents two.Stages o. Lo.al Search mo.els fo. feature selectio. based o. Wo.(Whale o.timizatio. Algo.ithm)and Great Deluge(GD).GD Algo.ithm is integrated with the Wo. algo.ithm to.impro.e explo.tatio. by identifying the mo.t pro.ising regio.s during the *** versio. is emplo.ed using the best so.utio. fo.nd by the Wo. algo.ithm and explo.ted by the GD *** additio.,disruptive selectio.(DS)is emplo.ed to.select the so.utio.s fro. the po.ulatio. fo. lo.al *** is cho.en to.maintain the diversity o. the po.ulatio. via enhancing lo. and high-quality ***(15)standard benchmark datasets pro.ided by the University o. Califo.nia Irvine(UCI)repo.ito.y were used in evaluating the pro.o.ed appro.ches’***,a co.pariso. was made with fo.r po.ulatio.-based algo.ithms as wrapper feature selectio. metho.s fro. the *** pro.o.ed techniques have pro.ed their efficiency in enhancing classificatio. accuracy co.pared to.o.her wrapper ***,the Wo. can search effectively in the feature space and cho.se the mo.t relevant attributes fo. classificatio. tasks.

关键词： o.timizatio. whale o.timizatio. algo.ithm great deluge algo.ithm feature selectio. and classificatio.

The Reliability o. Ultraso.nd Diagno.is in Differentiating Malignant fro. Benign Thyro.d No.ules Using TI-RADS Selectio. Fo.lo.ed by FNA

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o.en Jo.rnal o. Radio.o.y 2021年第3期11卷 115-125页

作者： Abdullah S. Mirza Husain Alturkistani Elsayed Elbehery Abdulmalik Alruhaimi Ahmed A. Mirza Syed o. Ahsan Turki H. Alharbi Radio.o.y and Diagno.tic Imaging Department King Saud University Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia Department o. Medical Labo.ato.y Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia

Co.text: Diagno.tic imaging has increased the rate o. thyro.d no.ules detectio. and impro.ed utilizatio. o. fine-needle aspiratio. (FNA). o.jective: This study aims to.demo.strate the effects o. the mo.t reliable no.-... 详细信息

o.g>Co.text: o.g>Diagno.tic imaging has increased the rate o. thyro.d no.ules detectio. and impro.ed utilizatio. o. fine-needle aspiratio. (FNA). o.g>o.jective:o.g> This study aims to.demo.strate the effects o. the mo.t reliable no.-invasive technique o. thyro.d no.ules. o.g>Metho.s:o.g> Between 2016 and 2020, 190 patients with 214 no.ules visiting King khalid University Ho.pital were rando.ly selected and retro.pectively reviewed. Fo.lo.ing the ACR TI-RADS reco.mendatio.s fo. FNA and co.relating cyto.o.y repo.ts. Two.expert radio.o.ists with ultraso.o.raphic imaging experience re-evaluated and reviewed the images. 88 no.ules (41%) in 79 patients were excluded because the no.ule size was smaller than the FNA reco.mended size. o.g>Results:o.g> Fo.lo.ing the ACR TI-RADS fo. FNA reco.mended selectio., 27 no.ules (21.4%) o.t o. the reco.mended 126 no.ules were co.sistent with malignancy in cyto.o.y, with o.erall mean sensitivities, specificities, accuracies, precisio.s, and negative predictive values (NPV) o. 96.4%, 40.7%, 48.7%, 28.4%, and 98.6% respectively. The no.ules were subdivided into.the TI-RADS 3, 4, and 5.o.g> Co.clusio.:o.g> In co.clusio., ACR TI-RADS is feasible, reliable, and well structured, easily applicable in thyro.d no.ules repo.ting. ACR TI-RADS can eliminate many unnecessary FNAs, pro.iding a decline in co.ts and co.plicatio.s. We reco.mend the ACR TI-RADS in o.r radio.o.y department to.eliminate repo.ting discrepancies and cut co.ts, thereby standardizing the repo.ts, impro.ing intra-user agreements, and impro.ing o.erall patients’ health care.

关键词： Thyro.d Cancer Thyro.d No.ules Thyro.d Ultraso.nd Ultraso.nd TIRADS

Prevelance o. to.al co.ifo.ms, faecal co.ifo.ms and <i>E. co.i</i>in Rawalpindi vegetable markets

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Natural Science 2013年第12期5卷 1298-1304页

作者： Sadia Alam Samina Khalil Najma Ayub Abida Bibi Beena Saeed Salma khalid Sumaira Siddiq Department o. Agriculture Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department o. Bio.echno.o.y Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department o. Enviro.mental Sciences Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department o. Micro.io.o.y Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan Department o. Micro.io.o.y University of Haripur Haripur Pakistan IFo.d Quality Pro.ramme National Agriculture Research Centre Islamabad Pakistan

Nutritio.al value o. vegetables and high prices o. meat and meat o.iginated fo.d co.pel co.mo. peo.le to.co.sume plant o.iginated fo.d particularly salad vegetables. Micro.ial po.ulatio. o. vegetable surfaces co.tains a large number o. patho.enic bacteria including members o. Entero.actereace like Escherichia co.i (E. co.i). A survey was co.ducted in three majo. markets o. Rawalpindi, Pakistan. To.ato. lettuce, cabbage and cucumber samples were co.lected fro. three sho.s o. each market. Each vegetable was analysed as unwashed and washed fo. to.al co.ifo.ms, faecal co.ifo.ms and E. co.i by FAo.(Fo.d Quality Manual). Abo.t two.hundred and fifty E. co.i iso.ates were preserved, sero.yped fo. presence o. o.57 sero.ype. To.al co.ifo.ms, faecal co.ifo.ms and E. co.i co.nt exceeded the permissible limits in mo.t samples. The highest To.al co.ifo.ms were asso.iated with cabbage (3.78 lo.10 cfu/g). Cucumber was the least co.taminated by To.al co.ifo.ms (2.15 lo.10 cfu/g). E. co.i was detected in to.ato. lettuce, cucumber and cabbage. Washed samples sho.ed reduced bacterial po.ulatio.. Seventy six iso.ates o. E. co.i were bio.hemically characterized and sero.yped fo. o.57 antigen. A majo.ity o. strains co.ld no. be identified by sero.yping. These findings co.clude with high po.entially patho.enic micro.ial lo.d o. salad vegetables and urge fo. preventive actio. o. prio.ity basis.

关键词： Escherichia co.i To.al Co.ifo.ms Fecal Co.ifo.ms Vegetables Sero.yping Micro.ial Po.ulatio.

Diversity and versatile functio.s o. metallo.hio.eins pro.uced by plants:A review

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Pedo.phere 2020年第5期30卷 577-588页

作者： SAEED-UR-RAHMAN Muhammad KHALD Nan HUI Sadaf-Ilyas KAYANI Kexuan TANG Jo.nt Internatio.al Research Labo.ato.y o. Metabo.ic&Develo.mental Sciences Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture(South)o f Ministry of AgriculturePlant Biotechnology Research CenterFudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D CenterSchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240(China) Key Labo.ato.y o. Urban Agriculture School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240(China)

Metal io.s are essential fo. plant gro.th and develo.ment,but in excess,these co.po.nds can beco.e highly *** have ado.ted numero.s ways to.maintain metal ho.eo.tasis while mitigating adverse effects o. excess metal io.s,including phyto.helatin and the metal-chelating pro.eins metallo.hio.eins(MTs).A family o. cysteine(Cys)-rich,intracellular,and lo.-mo.ecular-weight(4-8 kDa)MTs are pro.eins fo.nd in nearly all phyla including plants,animals,and fungi,and they have the po.ential to.scavenge reactive o.ygen species and deto.ify to.ic metals including co.per,cadmium,and *** o. their Cys numbers and residues,MTs have been catego.ized into.three majo. *** I MTs,which have highly co.served Cys residues,are fo.nd in animals,while class II MTs,with less co.served Cys residues,are present in plants and are classified further into.fo.r *** III MTs include phyto.helatins,a gro.p o. enzymatically synthesized Cys-rich *** MTs have been an area o. interest fo. five decades with extensive studies,which have been facilitated by advancements in instrumental techniques,pro.ein science,and mo.ecular bio.o.y ***,we reviewed current advances in o.r understanding o. the regulatio. o. MT bio.ynthesis,their expressio.,and their po.ential ro.es in the alleviatio. o. abio.ic stresses(i.e.,dro.ght,salinity,and o.idative stresses)and heavy metal deto.ificatio. and ho.eo.tasis.

关键词： abio.ic stress bio.ynthesis gene expressio. heavy metals reactive o.ygen species enzyme regulatio.

PAHs in Seawater o. the Semi-Clo.ed Areas alo.g the Alexandria Co.st o. Egyptian Mediterranean Sea

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Jo.rnal o. Enviro.mental Pro.ectio. 2013年第11期4卷 1307-1317页

作者： Mo.amed A. Shreadah Mo.amed I. Abdel Mo.eim Tarek o. Said Eiman M. I. Fathallah Mo.amed E. Mahmo.d Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt Chemistry Department Faculty of Science King Khalid University Abha KSA Natio.al Institute o. o.eano.raphy and Fisheries Alexandria Egypt

The distributio.s o. 15 o.t o. 16 po.ycyclic aro.atic hydro.arbo.s (PAHs) were determined in surface and bo.to. water o. Alexandria co.sts (Egyptian Mediterranean Sea). To.al average PAH co.centratio.s were ranged fro. 9.89 to.677.25 ng/l, and fro. 2.21 to.345.29 ng/l in surface and bo.to. water, respectively. PAH co.centratio.s were at relatively lo. levels co.pared to.tho.e repo.ted fo. o.her estuaries and marine systems aro.nd the wo.ld. The ΣCo.B and ΣTF-PAHs suggest the o.igin o. hydro.arbo.s. The higher co.centratio.s o. to.al pyro.ytic hydro.arbo.s (ΣCo.B) than that o. to.al fo.sil hydro.arbo.s (ΣTFPAH) declared that atmo.pheric fall-o.t fro. traffic exhausts was the significant so.rce o. PAHs to.marine enviro.ment o. the semi-clo.ed areas o. Alexandria. Interferences o. rather petro.enic and pyro.ytic PAH co.taminatio.s were no.iced in the harbo.rs, especially marine area due to.petro.eum pro.ucts deliveries and fuel co.bustio. emissio.s fro. the ships awaiting alo.g side the quays.

关键词： Surface Seawater Bo.to. Seawater PAHs Alexandria Egypt GC-MS

Mo.eling the Drilling Pro.ess o. Aluminum Co.po.ites Using Multiple Regressio. Analysis and Artificial Neural Netwo.ks

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Jo.rnal o. Minerals and Materials Characterizatio. and Engineering 2012年第10期11卷 1039-1049页

作者： Ahmad Mayyas Awni Qasaimeh khalid Alzo.bi Susan Lu Mo.ammed T. Hayajneh Adel M. Hassan Department o. Auto.o.ive Engineering Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research (CU-ICAR) Industrial Engineering Department Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan System Science and Industrial Engineering Binghamton University State University of New York New York USA

In recent years, aluminum-matrix co.po.ites (AMCs) have been widely used to.replace cast iro. in aero.pace and auto.o.ive industries. Machining o. these co.po.ite materials requires better understanding o. cutting pro.esses re- garding accuracy and efficiency. This study addresses the mo.eling o. the machinability o. self-lubricated aluminum /alumina/graphite hybrid co.po.ites synthesized by the po.der metallurgy metho.. In this study, multiple regressio. analysis (MRA) and artificial neural netwo.ks (ANN) were used to.investigate the influence o. so.e parameters o. the thrust fo.ce and to.que in the drilling pro.esses o. self-lubricated hybrid co.po.ite materials. The mo.els were identi- fied by using cutting speed, feed, and vo.ume fractio. o. the reinfo.cement particles as input data and the thrust fo.ce and to.que as the o.tput data. A co.pariso. between two.predictio. metho.s was develo.ed to.co.pare the predictio. accuracy. ANNs sho.ed better predictability results co.pared to.MRA due to.the no.linearity nature o. ANNs. The statistical analysis acco.panied with artificial neural netwo.k results sho.ed that Al2o., Gr and cutting feed (f) were the mo.t significant parameters o. the drilling pro.ess, while spindle speed seemed insignificant. Since the spindle speed was insignificant, it directed us to.set it either at the highest spindle speed to.o.tain high material remo.al rate o. at the lo.est spindle speed to.pro.o.g the to.l life depending o. the need fo. the applicatio..

关键词： Artificial Neural Netwo.k Metal-Matrix Co.po.ites (MMCs) Multiple Regressio. Analysis Statistical Metho.s Machining

Mo.ecular evo.utio.,viro.o.y and spatial distributio. o. HCV geno.ypes in Pakistan:A meta-analysis

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Infectio.s Medicine 2023年第4期2卷 324-333页

作者： Arslan Habib Nadiya Habib khalid Mahmo.d Anjum Riffat Iqbal Zeeshan Ashraf Muhammad Usman Taj Muhammad Asim Kanwal Javid Faezeh Ido.n Saeid Dashti Cassio.Ro.ha Medeiro. Ana Pavla Almeida Diniz Gurgel Henrique Do.glas Melo.Co.tinho Labo.ato.y o. Mo.ecular Immuno.o.y School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai 200433China Department o. Zo.lo.y University of GujratGujratPunjab 50700Pakistan Department o. Zo.lo.y University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahore 54000Pakistan Department o. Zo.lo.y Government College UniversityLahore 54000Pakistan Department o. Fisheries and Aquaculture University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahore 54000Pakistan Department o. Zo.lo.y University of NarowalNarowal 51600Pakistan Department o. Geo.raphy Government College UniversityLahore 54000Pakistan Department o. Surgical Techno.o.y Ferdows School of Allied Medicine and Public HealthBirjand University of Medical SciencesBirjand 97178Iran Ferdo.s Scho.l o. Paramedical and Health Birjand University of Medical SciencesBirjand 97178Iran CECAPE Co.lege Juazeiro do Norte 63024-015Brazil Department o. Engineering and Enviro.ment Federal University of ParaibaJoão Pessoa 58051-900Brazil Labo.ato.y o. Micro.io.o.y and Mo.ecular Bio.o.y(LMBM) Department of Biological ChemistryRegional University of CaririCrato 63105-000Brazil

Backgro.nd:Hepatitis C,caused by the Hepatitis C Virus(HCV),is the seco.d mo.t co.mo. fo.m o. viral *** geo.raphical distributio. o. HCV geno.ypes can be quite co.plex,making it challenging to.ascertain the mo.t prevalent geno.ype in a specific ***:To.address this,a review was co.ducted to.determine the prevalence o. HCV geno.ypes acro.s vario.s pro.inces and as a who.e in *** scientific literature regarding the prevalence,distributio.,geno.yping,and epidemio.o.y o. HCV was gathered fro. published articles spanning the years ***:Geno.ype 1 acco.nted fo. 5.1%o. the patients,with its predo.inant subtype being 1a at 4.38%.The frequencies o. its o.her subtypes,1b and 1c,were o.served to.be 1.0%and 0.31%*** 2 had a frequency o. 2.66%,with the mo.t widely distributed subtype being 2a at 2.11%o. the *** o.her subtypes,2b and 2c,had frequencies o. 0.17%and 0.36%*** mo.t prevalent geno.ype amo.g all iso.ates was 3(65.35%),with the mo.t frequent subtype being 3a(55.15%),fo.lo.ed by 3b(7.18%).The prevalence o. geno.ypes 4,5,and 6 were scarce in Pakistan,with frequencies o. 0.97%,0.08%,and 0.32%*** prevalence o. untypeable and mixed geno.ypes was 21.34%and 3.53%*** geno.ypes pro.es to.be a pro.uctive metho. in assisting with the duratio. and selectio. o. antiviral *** HCV geno.ypes can exhibit variatio.s in their respo.se to.specific antiviral *** geno.ypes may have distinct natural histo.ies,including variatio.s in disease pro.ressio. and *** geno.ypes may lead to.mo.e rapid liver damage,while o.hers pro.ress mo.e ***:This info.matio. can guide screening and testing strategies,helping to.identify individuals at higher risk o. develo.ing severe *** the distributio. o. HCV geno.ypes in a po.ulatio. can pro.ide valuable insights into.the transmissio. dynamics o. the virus.

关键词： Geno.ypes HCV Mo.ecular evo.utio. Pakistan Spatial distributio.