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In-cylinder in-depth combustion investigation for a heavy-duty diesel engine

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Propulsion and Power Research 2024年第3期13卷 335-359页

作者： Anam Ali khalid Saifullah Syed Centre for Advanced Studies in Pure and Applied Mathematics(CASPAM) Bahauddin Zakariya University(BZU)MultanPunjab 60800Pakistan

This present study is part of the design improvement process of a specified high torque low-speed *** work aims at carrying out an in-depth analysis of in-cylinder combustion,mesh sensitivity,and engine performance at supercharge conditions to provide a foundation for the design improvement process of the given *** computational fluid dynamic(CFD)simulations are carried out on a 3D sector from-130°to 130°crank angle(CA)by employing appropriate models to represent the different physical and chemical processes and using the finite volume method for solving the governing differential *** extensive investigation has been carried out for the choice of base mesh size and the number of local and temporal refinements to capture the phenomena happening in the combustion chamber at diverse temporal and local *** present results have been validated against available literature experimental and simulation *** field variables and the wellknown four phases of combustion have been studied for gaining in-depth insight into these *** average pressure,mean temperature,heat release rate(HRR),integrated heat release rate(IHRR),and emissions of CO_(2),CO,NOx,HC and soot are presented to assess the quality of *** performance analysis has been done in terms of combustion ef-ficiency,gross work,power,torque,and integrated mean effective pressure(IMEP).The base mesh of 1.4 mm may be an appropriate choice during the injection and combustion process spanning throughout around 40CA from the start of injection while in the remaining simulation duration of around 220CA base mesh of 2 mm gives a sufficient *** has been found that maximum heat release takes place in Phase-III,the mixing-controlled phase,of the combustion *** than 98%combustion efficiency has been achieved in all the *** 99%of the total heat release and emissions production takes place within 60CA after top dead center(AT

关键词： Phases of combustion Heat release rate(HRR) Integrated heat release rate(IHRR) Emissions Performance parameters

Robowler:Design and development of a cricket bowling machine ensuring ball seam position

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Journal of Central South University 2014年第11期21卷 4142-4149页

作者： RAZA Ali DIEGEL Olaf ARIF khalid Mahmood Mechatronics and Control Engineering University of Engineering & TechnologyLahore 54890 Pakistan School of Engineering and Advanced Technology Massey UniversityAuckland 0632 New Zealand

The art of cricket bowling is complex and arduous owing to the run-up and ball release time energy requirement to achieve speed and variations. Therefore, human bowlers cannot bowl for extended periods and numerous mechanical bowling machines have been built to help batsmen improve their skills during practice sessions. However, most of these existing machines are designed for spherical balls ignoring the distinguishing physical feature of a cricket ball: the raised equatorial seam, which makes it less of a sphere. The bowlers are known to often benefit from this seam in their pursuit to taking the batsmen's wicket by imparting swing, spin and bounce variations along-with other bowling variables. This lack of the seam consideration creates a void between human and mechanical bowling. In this work, we present design and development of an automatic bowling machine termed as ROBOWLER to make mechanical bowling more realistic. This machine ensures ball seam position as well as fulfills other constraints. Ball pitching and seam position accuracy results underscore the suitability of this design to enhance the capabilities of mechanical bowling.

关键词： robowler bowling machine cricket bowling ball seam bowling variables

NONLINEAR SEMIGROUP APPROACH TOTRANSPORT EQUATIONS WITH DELAYED NEUTRONS

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Acta Mathematica Scientia 2018年第6期38卷 1637-1654页

作者： abdul-ma jeed al-izeri khalid latrach Département de Mathématiques Universitd Clermont Auvergne CNRS LMBP F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France

This paper deal with a nonlinear transport equation with delayed neutron andgeneral boundary conditions. We establish, via the nonlinear semigroups approach, the exis-tence and uniqueness of the mild solution, weak solution, strong solution and local solutionon LP-spaces （1 ≤ p 〈＋∞）. Local and non local evolution problems are discussed.

关键词： transport equation with delayed neutrons general boundary conditions quasi-accretive operators mild solution strong solution local and global solutions

Predictors of complicated dengue infections in endemic region of Pakistan

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2022年第11期15卷 496-502页

作者： Ikram Waheed Samreen khalid Zubia Jamil Department of Medicine Fauji Foundation HospitalRawalpindi 46000Pakistan Department of Medicine Foundation University Medical CollegeFoundation UniversityDHA Phase 1 Islamabad 44000Pakistan

Objective:To predict the factors associated with progression to severe dengue infection to prevent potentially fatal complications and to identify the determinants of severe complicated ***:The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospitaldengue ward from September to November 2021 including confirmed dengue infected patients(positive NS1 antigen or antidengue-antibodies IgM).Secondary dengue infection was labelled by positive anti-dengue-antibodies IgG in active dengue infected *** history,physical examination,laboratory and radiological parameters,hospital stay(days)and mortality percentages were *** were classified into three groups according to disease severity:dengue fever(DF),dengue hemorrhagic fever(DHF)and dengue shock syndrome(DSS).The predictors of complicated dengue infection were determined by regression ***:The most common symptom was fever(96.9%).Among 129 patients,62.8%had DF,31.0%had DHF and only 6.2%developed *** of previous symptomatic dengue and positive anti-dengue-antibodies IgG were present in 100%DSS patients and nearly 75.0%DHF patients(P<0.05).The moratlity rate in patients with DSS,DHF and DF was 50.0%,2.5%and none respectively(P<0.05).Clinical parameters(body aches,bleeding,conjunctival hemorrhage,maculopapular rash,right hypochondrial tenderness,ascites,pleural effusion)and laboratory parameters(thrombocytopenia,raised alanine aminotransferase and secondary dengue infection)were determinants that complicate the dengue ***:Thrombocytopenia,raised alanine aminotransferase and secondary dengue infection are important laboratory parameters to complicate the disease process of dengue infection.

关键词： Dengue fever Severe dengue Endemic diseases Thrombocytopenia Hemorrhage Shock

Photochemical reactions as synthetic tool for pharmaceutical industries

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2024年第9期35卷 9-31页

作者： Shehla khalid Muhammad Bilal Nasir Rasool Muhammad Imran Department of Chemistry Government College UniversityFaisalabad 38000Pakistan School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong UniversityJi’nan 250100China Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceKing Khalid UniversityAbha 61413Saudi Arabia

In the quest for new agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals,chemists seek access to reliable and mild synthetic techniques to allow for the systematic modification of chemical structures,exploration of unexplored chemical space,and facilitation of practical synthesis in their search for novel agrochemicals and *** this regard,photocatalytic reactions enabled the synthesis of intricate and more functionalized *** review overviews the developed synthetic methodologies and their utility in the chemical synthesis of *** review also offers in-depth insights into contemporary photoredox reactions such as allylic additions,cyclization,reductive cross-coupling,C–H activation,ring opening,oxidative cross-coupling,dehydrogenation,desulphonation,and *** provides a positive outlook for the promising future of this field.

关键词： Photocatalyst Photochemical reactions Drugs Natural products Late-stage functionalization

Gaining-Sharing Knowledge Based Algorithm for Solving Stochastic Programming Problems

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第5期71卷 2847-2868页

作者： Prachi Agrawal khalid Alnowibet Ali Wagdy Mohamed Yogananda School of Artificial Intelligence Computers&Data ScienceShoolini UniversitySolan173229India Statistics and Operations Research Department College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11451Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Operations Research Department Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical ResearchCairo UniversityGiza12613Egypt Department of Mathematics and Actuarial Science School of Science and EngineeringThe American University in CairoEgypt

This paper presents a novel application of metaheuristic algorithmsfor solving stochastic programming problems using a recently developed gaining sharing knowledge based optimization (GSK) algorithm. The algorithmis based on human behavior in which people gain and share their knowledgewith others. Different types of stochastic fractional programming problemsare considered in this study. The augmented Lagrangian method (ALM)is used to handle these constrained optimization problems by convertingthem into unconstrained optimization problems. Three examples from theliterature are considered and transformed into their deterministic form usingthe chance-constrained technique. The transformed problems are solved usingGSK algorithm and the results are compared with eight other state-of-the-artmetaheuristic algorithms. The obtained results are also compared with theoptimal global solution and the results quoted in the literature. To investigatethe performance of the GSK algorithm on a real-world problem, a solidstochastic fixed charge transportation problem is examined, in which theparameters of the problem are considered as random variables. The obtainedresults show that the GSK algorithm outperforms other algorithms in termsof convergence, robustness, computational time, and quality of obtainedsolutions.

关键词： Gaining-sharing knowledge based algorithm metaheuristic algorithms stochastic programming stochastic transportation problem

Integrated geoscience databanks for interactive analysis and visualization

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2013年第S02期6卷 41-49页

作者： khalid Amin Khan Gulraiz Akhter Zulfiqar Ahmad K-tron Research Inc. RawalpindiPakistan Department of Earth Sciences Quaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan

There has been a worldwide revolution in geoscientific data availability and *** effectively infinite and instantaneous free access to geoscientific data from the World Wide System of Geoscience Data Centers and Virtual Observatories is *** addition,national databanks and commercially available large exploration data-sets also *** distributed data resources impose challenges for the future to move toward their objective integration and visualization to discover new *** advancements can facilitate meaningful interpretations and decision-making for the benefit of society at global and local *** article presents the Digital Earth initiative at a national level to address multiple domains,such as effective management of natural resources,interactive planning of exploration activities and monitoring,mapping and mitigation of natural *** discusses a distributed geospatial data infrastructure and its importance in geoscientific data integration for efficient and interactive data retrieval,analysis and *** examples are presented to demonstrate the advantages of integrated visualization in geoscientific analysis.

关键词： distributed data geospatial data integration spatial data infrastructure data analysis visualization digital country

Effect of the MgO/SiO_(2) ratio on MgO–silica binders solidifying MSWI fly ash

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2023年第4期5卷 551-558页

作者： Yin Duan Xiaobo Liu Zeinab khalid Xuguang Jiang State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute for Thermal Power EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China Zhejiang University Qingshanhu Energy Research Center LinanHangzhou311305China

To improve the effect of MgO–SiO_(2) binders solidifying municipal solid waste incineration fly ash(MSWI FA),MSWI FA solidified bodies with five MgO/SiO_(2) ratios(0.41~3.77)were *** leaching behavior of solidified bodies was evaluated by leaching toxicity tests and pH-dependent *** addition,hydration products in solidified bodies were analyzed by thermodynamic modeling and microstructure *** results showed that the variation in the MgO/SiO_(2) ratio had a significant effect on the leaching toxicity of the solidified bodies,because it affected the leachate pH and the composition of the hydration products of the solidified *** acid and alkali resistance of the MSWI FA was enhanced through solidification with MgO–SiO_(2) *** can improve the alkalinity of the solidified bodies and facilitate the chemical precipitation of heavy ***,silica fume,an industrial waste,can serve as a cost-effective ***,MgO–SiO_(2) binders demonstrated great potential as promising candidates for encapsulating MSWI FA.

关键词： Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash MgO/SiO_(2)ratio Heavy metals Immobilization Leaching behavior

Optimized Evaluation of Mobile Base Station by Modern Topological Invariants

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第1期74卷 363-378页

作者： khalid Hamid Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Muhammad Usman Ashraf Ahmed Mohammed Alghamdi Adel A.Bahaddad khalid Ali Almarhabi Department of Computer Science Superior UniversityLahore54000Pakistan Department of Software Engineering Superior UniversityLahore54000Pakistan Department of Computer Science GC Women UniversitySialkot53310Pakistan Department of Software Engineering College of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Jeddah21493Saudi Arabia Department of Information System Faculty of Computing and Information TechnologyKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science College of Computing in Al-QunfudahUmm Al-Qura UniversityMakkah24381Saudi Arabia

Due to a tremendous increase in mobile traffic,mobile operators have started to restructure their networks to offload their *** directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future Fifthgeneration(5G)cellular *** the formal reason,the study solves the physical network of the mobile base station for the prediction of the best characteristics to develop an enhanced network with the help of graph *** number that can be uniquely calculated by a graph is known as a graph *** the last two decades,innumerable numerical graph invariants have been portrayed and used for correlation *** any case,no efficient assessment has been embraced to choose,how much these invariants are connected with a network *** paper will talk about two unique variations of the hexagonal graph with great capability of forecasting in the field of optimized mobile base station topology in setting with physical *** K-banhatti sombor invariants(KBSO)and Contrharmonic-quadratic invariants(CQIs)are newly introduced and have various expectation characteristics for various variations of hexagonal graphs or *** the hexagonal networks are used in mobile base stations in layered,forms called *** review settled the topology of a hexagon of two distinct sorts with two invariants KBSO and CQIs and their reduced *** deduced outcomes can be utilized for the modeling of mobile cellular networks,multiprocessors interconnections,microchips,chemical compound synthesis and memory interconnection *** results find sharp upper bounds and lower bounds of the honeycomb network to utilize the Mobile base station network(MBSN)for the high load of traffic and minimal traffic also.

关键词： Hexagonal networks k-banhatti sombor invariants maple network graph artificial intelligence contraharmonic-quadratic invariants honeycomb