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Hyperconcentrated flows as influenced by coupled wind-water processes

Science china Earth sciences 2005年第11期48卷 1990-2000页

作者： XU Jiongxin Institute of Geographical sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese academy of sciences key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface processes, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china 1. key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface processes Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 100101 Beijing China

Using data from more than 40 rivers in the middle Yellow River basin, a study has been made of the influence of coupled wind-water processes on hyperconcentrated flows. A simple “vehicle” model has been proposed to describe hyperconcentrated flows. The liquid phase of two-phase flows is a “vehicle”, in which coarse sediment particles are carried as solid-phase. The formation and characteristics of hyperconcentrated flows are closely related with the forma-tion and characteristics of this liquid-phase and solid-phase. surface materials and geomorphic agents of the middle Yellow River basin form some patterns of combination, which have deep influence on the formation and characteristics of liquid- and solid-phases of hyperconcentrated flows. The combination of high percentages of relatively coarse material with low percentages of fine material appears in the area predominated by the wind process, where the supply of rela-tively coarse sediment is sufficient, but the supply of relatively coarse sediment is not. The com-bination of low percentages of relatively coarse material with high percentages of fine material appears in the area predominated by the water process, where the supply of fine sediment is sufficient, but the supply of fine sediment is not. In the area predominated by coupled wind-water processes appears the combination of medium percentages of coarse and fine materials, and thus both coarse and fine sediments are in relatively sufficient supply. The manner in which the mean annual sediment concentrations of liquid- and solid-phases vary with total suspended sediment concentration is different. With the increased total suspended sediment concentration, mean annual sediment concentration of liquid-phase increased to a limit and then remained constant; however, mean annual sediment concentrations of solid-phase in-creased continuously. Thus, the magnitude of total suspended sediment concentration depends on the supply conditions of relatively coarse sedime

关键词： river sediment, hyperconcentrated flows, liquid-solid two-phase flows, wind process, fluvial process, Yellow River

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Coupling the hydrological and ecological process to implement the sustainable water resources management in Hanjiang River Basin

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Science china(Technological sciences) 2009年第11期52卷 3240-3248页

作者： ZHANG Xiang1 & XIA Jun2 1 State key laboratory of water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, china 2 key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface processes, IGSNRR, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china 1. State key laboratory of water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China 2. key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface processes IGSNRR Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Research on the combination of hydrological variation and ecological demands plays an important role in water availability assessment and sustainable management on basin scale. An integrative frame, consisting of hydrological regime modelling, ecological water demands estimation and renewable resources management, is given in this paper in order to support the implementation of the sustainable water resources management. The suggested integrative frame has been used to study the integrated water resources management in southern Hanjiang River Basin which is the water source of South-toNorth water Transportation Project in china. SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) model was used to simulate the monthly averaging streamflow and the amounts of ecological water demands in stream were also estimated in order to evaluate the available water resources for the local users and the transportation project. Then we formed the developing scenarioes by coupling the available water resources, the recovering rate of water resources in natural water cycle, the local water use rate and the amounts of the water transported to North, and used the Scheafer model to analyze their evolving trajectories. Eventually, the sustainable water resources management measures were assembled by the comprehensive evaluation of the scenarioes. The research indicates that the integrative frame provided a new way for the integrated water resources management in river basin.

关键词： SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) Scheafer model ecological water demands water resources availability sustainable water resources management

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Validity of the Bouchet's complementary relationship at 102 observatories across china

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Science china Earth sciences 2009年第5期52卷 708-713页

作者： YU JingJie1,2,ZHANG YongQiang3,LIU ChangMing1,2 1 Institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research,chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100101,china 2 key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface processes,chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100101,china 3 CSIRO land and water,PO Box 1666,Canberra ACT 2601,Australia Institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface processes Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China CSIRO La

Bouchet in 1963 hypothesized that for large homogeneous land surface with minimum advection of heat and moisture,there exists a 1:1 complementary relationship of potential and actual evaporation coupled through land-atmosphere *** complementary relationship has been widely used to estimate regional actual evaporation and explain the pan evaporation *** examine the standardized potential evaporation(potential evaporation divided by wet environment evaporation) at 102 observatories at different elevations across ***,the relationship is appropriate at the low elevations(<1000 m).With the increase of elevation,vapor transfer power becomes much less than radiation energy budget because of lower vapor pressure deficit and stronger global solar *** a result,at the high elevations(over 1000 m),the excess energy resulted by limited moisture availability is not enough to be converted into drying power of the *** result suggests that the complementary relationship is asymmetric at the high elevations.

关键词： evaporation complementary relationship elevation china

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A study of scale effect on specific sediment yield in the Loess Plateau,china

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Science china Earth sciences 2007年第1期50卷 102-112页

作者： YAN YunXia & XU JiongXin Institute of Geographical sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese academy of sciences key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface processes, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china 1. Institute of Geographical sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface processes Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Based on data from 148 hydrometric stations in the Yellow River Basin, an analysis of regional scale relationship, or the relationship between specific sediment yield and drainage basin area, has been undertaken in the study area of the Loess Plateau. For different regions, scale relationship in log-log ordinate can be fitted by two types of lines: straight and parabola, and for each line, a function was fitted using regression analysis. The different scale relationships have been explained in terms of the difference in surface material distribution and landforms. To offset the scale-induced influence, calcu-lation has been done based on the fitted functions, in order to adjust the data of specific sediment yield to a common standard area. Based on the scaled data, a map of specific sediment yield was con-structed using Kriging interpolation. For comparison, a map based on the un-scaled data of specific sediment yield was also constructed using the same method. The two maps show that the basic pattern of specific sediment yield was basically the same. The severely eroded areas (Ys >10000 t km-2a-1) were at the same locations from Hekouzhen to Longmen in the middle Yellow River Basin. However, after the adjustment to a common standard area, the very severely eroded area (Ys >20000 t km-2a-1) became much enlarged because after the adjustment, all the values of Ys in the lower river basin in those regions became much larger than before.

关键词： Loess Plateau erosion scale effect specific sediment yield.

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三峡水库修建前长江宜昌-武汉段泥沙输移比及其影响因子

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山地学报 2008年第1期26卷 15-21页

作者：许炯心中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所中国科学院陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室北京100101

运用泥沙收支平衡(Sediment budget)的概念确定长江中游宜昌-武汉河段的泥沙输移比,并运用数理统计方法,研究了1955~1997年间河道泥沙输移比对水沙变化的响应。从总体上看,河道泥沙输移比有较显著的增大势。输移比的变化可分为4个阶段:1... 详细信息

运用泥沙收支平衡(Sediment budget)的概念确定长江中游宜昌-武汉河段的泥沙输移比,并运用数理统计方法,研究了1955~1997年间河道泥沙输移比对水沙变化的响应。从总体上看,河道泥沙输移比有较显著的增大势。输移比的变化可分为4个阶段:1955~1962年为快速增大;1963~1975年亦为增大,但增速减慢;1976~1979年为迅速减小;1980~1997年为较快增大。在分析了若干水沙指标对河道泥沙输移比的影响的基础上,建立了宜昌-汉口河段泥沙输移比与宜昌站的来水量和来沙量以及3口分水比和分沙比、宜昌站洪峰流量之间的多元回归方程。1980~1997年间的方程表明,宜昌站来水量越多、3口分流比越小,宜昌-汉口河段泥沙输移比越大;宜昌站来沙量越少,3口分沙比越大,泥沙输移比越大;宜昌站洪水流量越大,泥沙输移比越小。

关键词：河道泥沙输移比泥沙收支平衡水沙变化长江

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农村社会经济因素变化对嘉陵江产沙量的影响

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山地学报 2006年第4期24卷 385-394页

作者：许炯心中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室北京100101

以大量实测资料为基础,通过自然科学与人文科学的跨学科研究,分析了农村社会经济因素变化对嘉陵江产沙量的影响。发现嘉陵江年产沙量与径流量之间的双累积曲线上出现两个下偏转折,分别发生于1983~1984年和1992~1993年。第一转折点的出... 详细信息

以大量实测资料为基础,通过自然科学与人文科学的跨学科研究,分析了农村社会经济因素变化对嘉陵江产沙量的影响。发现嘉陵江年产沙量与径流量之间的双累积曲线上出现两个下偏转折,分别发生于1983~1984年和1992~1993年。第一转折点的出现与流域社会经济因素的变化有密切的关系;第二个转折点与长江上游水土保持重点治理工程有密切关系,但社会经济因素的影响也不容忽视,因为第二转折点与诸多社会经济因素变化的转折点具有同步性。从嘉陵江北碚站年产沙量与农民人均纯收入、农民人均购买燃料支出和农业产值占GDP百分比的相关关系中查明了3个临界点,即当农民人均收入40%时,农村人口对土地的压力使得侵蚀产沙量突变式增大。建立了北碚站年产沙量和已转移的乡村劳动力数量占乡村劳动力总数百分比、农村人均纯收入和农村人均用于购买燃料的支出之间的多元回归方程,并估算出,上述3个变量的变化对北碚站年产沙量变化的贡献率分别为36.00%,21.59%和42.41%。

关键词：产沙量社会经济因素临界点嘉陵江

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水土保持措施对无定河流域沟道-河道系统泥沙收支平衡的影响

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中国水土保持科学 2009年第4期7卷 7-13页

作者：许炯心中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所水循环与地表过程重点实验室北京100101

流域系统可以分为坡面系统和沟道-河道系统2大单元,可以分别建立泥沙收支平衡关系。结果表明:1)实施水土保持措施以后,无定河流域系统泥沙收支平衡中各变量均随时间而变化。沟道-河道系统泥沙输移比发生了极显著的减小趋势,泥沙存储量... 详细信息

流域系统可以分为坡面系统和沟道-河道系统2大单元,可以分别建立泥沙收支平衡关系。结果表明:1)实施水土保持措施以后,无定河流域系统泥沙收支平衡中各变量均随时间而变化。沟道-河道系统泥沙输移比发生了极显著的减小趋势,泥沙存储量发生了显著的增大趋势,流域产沙量的变化发生了较显著的减小趋势,坡面净侵蚀量有所减少,但变化趋势不显著。2)对于不同的泥沙收支平衡变量的变化而言,水土保持措施变化和降雨变化的贡献率是不同的;对坡面净侵蚀量的变化而言,汛期降雨的变化起着决定性的作用,贡献率高达90.82%,坡面水土保持措施的贡献率仅为9.18%;对沟道河道系统泥沙存储量的变化而言,淤地坝拦沙的变化起着决定性的作用,贡献率高达76.16%,汛期降雨变化的贡献率仅为23.81%;对流域产沙量的变化而言,汛期降雨和水土保持措施的变化都起着重要作用,前者贡献率为57.84%,后者贡献率为42.16%。3)对沟道-河道系统泥沙输移比RSDRc的变化而言,淤地坝拦沙的变化起着决定性的作用,贡献率高达87.27%,汛期降雨变化的贡献率仅为12.73%。

关键词：侵蚀产沙泥沙存储水土保持无定河流域

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STATISTICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN GEOMORPHIC PARAMETERS——A CASE STUDY OF THE YUNNAN REACH OF THE LANCANGJIANG RIVER IN SOUTHWESTERN china

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2007年第2期22卷 131-141页

作者： Suiji WANG1, Shaohong WU2 and Erfu DAI31,3 key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface processes, Institute of Geographical sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing, 100101, china, 2 key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface processes, Institute of Geographical sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing, 100101, china, chinese Acad Sci Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Key Lab Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Proc Beijing 100101 Peoples R China

The properties of rivers and their catchments can be expressed by statistical relationships between geomorphic parameters. These statistical relationships may reveal some inherent differences in geomorphic evolution for different reaches or different order tributaries of a river basin. A case study was undertaken of the Yunnan reach of the Langcangjiang River. The catchment area, channel length and gradient of the first-, second- and third-order tributaries all with catchment areas larger than 100 km2 in the Yunnan reach were the main geomorphic parameters evaluated. The correlation between catchment area and channel length as well as between catchment area and channel gradient with respect to the total tributaries, different reach tributaries, and different order tributaries were revealed using statistical methods. In general, the channel length as a function of catchment area, was best expressed by a quadratic function where channel length increases with increasing catchment area (half parabola), while the channel gradient as a function of catchment area is best expressed by an exponential decay function. Comparison of the best-fit formulas revealed the following phenomena: the lower Yunnan reach tributaries and the first-order tributaries have a dominant effect on geomorphic parameters of the total tributaries. In addition, the statistical relationships indicate that the river geomorphic system in the upper and lower Yunnan reaches evolved differently. This study method used to differentiate river characteristics by determining statistical relationships between geomorphic parameters may be extended to other rivers and their catchments.

关键词： River catchment Geomorphic parameter Correlation River characteristics

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SEDIMENT YIELD MODELING FOR SINGLE STORM EVENTS BASED ON HEAVY-DISCHARGE STAGE CHARACTERIZED BY STABLE SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2007年第3期22卷 208-217页

作者： Mingguo ZHENG1, Qiangguo CAI2, and Qinjuan CHENG3 1Assistant professor, key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface processes, Institute of Geographic sciences & Natural Resources Research, CAS, beijing 100101,china. 2 Professor, key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface processes, Institute of Geographic sciences & Natural Resources Research, CAS, beijing 100101,china. 3 Doctoral candidate, key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface processes, Institute of Geographic sciences & Natural Resources Research, CAS, beijing 100101,china. Graduate School of the chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100039, china. chinese Acad Sci Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Key Lab Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Proc Beijing 100101 Peoples R China

The relation between runoff volume and sediment yield for individual events in a given watershed receives little attention compared to the relation between water discharge and sediment yield, though it may underlie the event-based sediment-yield model for large-size watershed. The data observed at 12 experimental subwatersheds in the Dalihe river watershed in hilly areas of Loess Plateau, North china, was selected to develop and validate the relation. The peak flow is often considered as an important factor affecting event sediment yield. However, in the study areas, sediment concentration remains relatively constant when water discharge exceeds a certain critical value, implying that the heavier flow is not accompanied with the higher sediment transport capacity. Hence, only the runoff volume factor was considered in the sediment-yield model. As both the total sediment and runoff discharge were largely produced during the heavy-discharge stage, and the sediment concentration was negligibly variable during this stage, a proportional function can be used to model the relation between event runoff volume and sediment yield for a given subwatershed. The applicability of this model at larger spatial scales was also discussed, and it was found that for the Yaoxinzhuang station at the Puhe River basin, which controls a drainage area of 2264km2, a directly proportional relation between event runoff volume and sediment yield may also exist.

关键词： Sediment yield Peak flow Flow-sediment relation Loess Plateau

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Ecological hydraulic radius model to calculate instream flow requirements for transporting sediment in the western water transfer region

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Science china(Technological sciences) 2009年第11期52卷 3401-3405页

作者： MEN BaoHui1 & LIU ChangMing2 1 Renewable Energy Institute, North china Electric Power University, beijing 102206, china 2 key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface Process, Institute of Geographical sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china 1. Renewable Energy Institute North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China 2. key laboratory of water cycle and related land surface Process Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Transporting sediment is a natural function of the river. To maintain the normal evolution of the river certain amount of water flow is required, which is called the instream flow requirements for transporting sediment (IFRTS). We defined the permitting flow velocity by the conception of IFRTS, and also put forward the ecological hydraulic radius model (EHRM) to estimate IFRTS. The calculating process of EHRM is explained by the example of Daofu Hydrological Station on Xianshui branch of Yalong River in the west line first-stage construction of South-North water Transfer Project. The result shows that the IFRTS occupied 29.7%―59.5% of annual mean discharge in flood season, the average of IFRTS was about 100.2 m3/s during 1966―1987, it is close to the IFRTS 90 m3/s calculated by IFRTS conception. Hence, it is feasible to use EHRM to calculate IFRTS.

关键词： ecological hydraulic radius model (EHRM) instream flow requirements for transporting sediment (IFRTS) permitting flow velocity ecological hydraulic radius for transporting sediment

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