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Comparison and analysis of maize grain commodity quality and mechanical harvest quality between China and the United States

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2022年第1期15卷 55-61页

作者： keru wang Ruizhi Xie Jun Xue Lirong Sun Shaokun Li Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and EcologyMinistry of AgricultureBeijing 100081China Tongliao Agricultural and Livestock Product Quality and Safety Center Tongliao 028000Inner MongoliaChina

Maize is a bulk commodity in international agricultural product trading,and unified and standardized quality inspection standards are the basis of purchase and sales and other trading *** and the United States are the largest maize producers and consumers in the world,jointly accounting for more than 60%of the world's total *** this research,the used data were from annual maize harvest quality reports released by the *** Council in 2011-2019 and 2987 groups of mechanical grain harvest sample data collected by the Crop Cultivation and Physiology Innovation Team of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2012-2019,this study compares the quality standards of commercial maize grain in China and the United States,the mechanical harvest quality(which affects the quality of the maize grain commodity),and the status quo of harvesting and storage processes in the two ***,this study analyzes the differences in the formulation of mechanical harvest quality standards between China and the United States,as well as the reasons behind these differences,and recommends requirements for the formulation of quality standards for maize production technology and commodities that are in line with the economic conditions and maize-production conditions in China and in line with international standards in order to provide support for the industrialization of modern maize production in China.

关键词： maize quality standard mechanical grain harvesting test method

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In-field harvest loss of mechanically-harvested maize grain and affecting factors in China

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2021年第1期14卷 29-37页

作者： Liangyu Hou keru wang Yizhou wang Lulu Li Bo Ming Ruizhi Xie Shaokun Li The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/Agricultural CollegeShihezi UniversityShihezi 832000XinjiangChina Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and EcologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijing 100081China

Field harvest loss is a common problem of maize grain mechanical harvesting in China and *** 2012 to 2019,2987 groups of samples for the quality of mechanical grain harvesting in field were obtained in 21 major maize-producing provinces,cities,and regions of *** analysis performed in this study showed that the average harvest loss of fallen ears was equivalent to 76.5%of the total harvest loss,indicating that the harvest loss in the mechanical harvesting of maize grain mainly came from the loss of fallen ***,statistical analysis of the harvest loss in different ranges of grain moisture contents showed that,when the grain moisture content fell below 20%,the harvest loss rate of fallen ears and the total harvest loss rate both increased sharply,and the harvest loss of fallen ears increased faster than the harvest loss of fallen grain with a decreasing grain moisture ***,the results of multi-point experiments and harvest experiments in different periods showed that,during harvesting time,the harvest loss of fallen ears caused by lodging was the main reason for in-field harvest losses in the mechanical harvesting of maize *** from the above mentioned,the test results of 35 groups of harvesters for the in-field mechanical harvesting of maize grain showed that the harvester types and their operating parameters were important factors affecting the harvest loss in the mechanical harvesting of maize ***,the principal paths to reduce harvest loss in the mechanical harvesting of maize grain are to breed lodging-resistant maize varieties,adopt reasonable planting densities,cultivate healthy plants,develop harvesters with low harvesting loss,intensify the training of operators,and harvest at an appropriate time.

关键词： maize grain mechanical harvest harvest losses affecting factors fallen ears fallen grain

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Review of combine harvester losses for maize and influencing factors

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2021年第1期14卷 1-10页

作者： keru wang Ruizhi Xie Bo Ming Peng Hou Jun Xue Shaokun Li Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Crop Physiology and EcologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijing 100081China

The high harvest losses associated with the mechanical harvesting of maize in China are currently a major barrier to the adoption of this *** paper summarizes works of literature regarding harvest losses from the combine harvesting of maize in China and *** main findings are as follows:(1)In 2012-2019,2987 samples data obtained from the major maize production areas of China showed that the average harvest loss was 345.2 kg/hm2(3.5%of the average yield),with losses ranging from 0 to 9288.5 kg/hm2;(2)The harvest losses from combine harvesting are mainly caused by the dropping of *** ear losses include the pre-harvest loss caused by ear abscission,damage caused by maize borer,lodging,and the ear loss during combine harvesting,and the main pre-harvest loss is caused by lodging;(3)Harvest losses are affected by maize variety,planting mode,cultivation management,pests and diseases,weather conditions during harvesting,harvest date,combine harvester type,harvester adjustment,operator proficiency,and the terrain conditions of the maize field;(4)The harvest losses from combine harvesting are also related to the type of header,feeding and threshing methods,the adjustment of header stripping clearance,feeding amount,forward speed,cylinder or rotor speed,and the clearance between the cylinder and the concave of the ***,the combine losses mainly come from header *** order to reduce the harvest losses,the following solutions were proposed:(1)Breed and select maize varieties which are resistant to lodging,especially during the field drying of mature grains,as well as those resistant to maize borer and stalk rot;(2)Select varieties suitable for grain harvest-which requires matching the accumulated-temperature demand of the maize hybrids,optimal plant density,row spacing,and irrigation and fertilizer management with the light and heat conditions of the production area while cultivating uniform populations and healthy plants-as well as preve

关键词： maize grain combine harvest ear dropping kernel dropping harvest loss influence factors

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Device for determining critical wind speed of stalk breaking to evaluate maize lodging resistance

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2020年第5期13卷 1-7页

作者： Jun Xue Bo Ming keru wang Ruizhi Xie Peng Hou Shaokun Li Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Crop Physiology and EcologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijing 100081China

The accurate evaluation of the lodging resistance of maize plants can provide a basis for the breeding of lodging-resistant cultivars and the regulation of cultivation ***,the traditional methods for evaluating maize lodging resistance in terms of plant morphology and stalk mechanical strength have certain *** objective of this research was to develop a device for determining the critical wind speed of maize stalk *** device was equipped with a centrifugal fan to supply airflow and was powered by a frequency conversion *** frequency converter adjusted the motor speed and thus adjusted the wind *** wind speed decreased first and then increased with increasing height above the outlet of the device,and maximum wind speed can reach 40 m/*** device was convenient for transportation in the field,has a low cost,and can quickly,accurately,and objectively determine the lodging *** tests showed that the device ran stably for a long *** coefficient of variation of three repeated measurements was between 1.5%and 4.8%for four maize *** new device can measure the critical wind speed of maize lodging and identify the lodging resistance for different maize cultivars,cultivation practices,and plant health conditions,and can thus overcome barriers to measuring the maize lodging resistance under natural wind conditions.

关键词： maize stalk lodging critical wind speed turbofan measuring device wind pressure

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Analysis of factors affecting the impurity rate of mechanically-harvested maize grain in China

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2020年第5期13卷 17-22页

作者： Zhaofu Huang Jun Xue Bo Ming keru wang Ruizhi Xie Peng Hou Shaokun Li Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Crop Physiology and EcologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijing100081China

The grain impurity rate is an important index for assessing the quality of mechanical maize ***,it is of great significance to clarify the current situation of maize impurity rate and study the factors that affect the impurity rate in order to promote the development of mechanical maize harvesting *** 2012 to 2019,a total of 2504 maize impurity rate measurements were *** results showed that the average impurity rate at maize harvest was 1.18%in China,in which the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize area was 1.68%,which was significantly higher than the 0.65%in the Northwest spring maize area and 0.77%in the North China spring maize *** was a significant positive correlation between the impurity rate and the moisture content of the maize *** average moisture content of maize at harvest in Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize area was the highest at 27.55%,which was the main reason for the high impurity rate in this *** harvesting different varieties with the same moisture content,there were significant differences in the impurity rate between different *** cob hardness of the variety may also affect the impurity rate of *** harvesters and weather conditions during harvesting are also important factors affecting the impurity ***,by breeding fast dehydrated varieties and harvesting maize in time,the impurity rate of maize during mechanical harvesting can be effectively reduced.

关键词： mechanically-harvested maize grain impurity rate factors analysis

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Self-attention transfer networks for speech emotion recognition

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Virtual Reality & Intelligent Hardware 2021年第1期3卷 43-54页

作者： Ziping ZHAO keru wang Zhongtian BAO Zixing ZHANG Nicholas CUMMINS Shihuang SUN Haishuai wang Jianhua TAO Björn WSCHULLER College of Computer and Information Engineering Tianjin Normal UniversityTianjin 300387China GLAM-Group on Language Audio&MusicImperial College LondonSW72AZUK Chair of Embedded Intelligence for Health Care and Wellbeing University of Augsburg86159Germany Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics IoPPNKing's College LondonLondonSE58AFUK Department of Computer Science and Engineering Fairfield University 06824USA National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition CASIABeijing 100190China

Background A crucial element of human-machine interaction,the automatic detection of emotional states from human speech has long been regarded as a challenging task for machine learning *** vital challenge in speech emotion recognition(SER)is learning robust and discriminative representations from *** machine learning methods have been widely applied in SER research,the inadequate amount of available annotated data has become a bottleneck impeding the extended application of such techniques(e.g.,deep neural networks).To address this issue,we present a deep learning method that combines knowledge transfer and self-attention for SER ***,we apply the log-Mel spectrogram with deltas and delta-deltas as ***,given that emotions are time dependent,we apply temporal convolutional neural networks to model the variations in *** further introduce an attention transfer mechanism,which is based on a self-attention algorithm to learn long-term *** self-attention transfer network(SATN)in our proposed approach takes advantage of attention transfer to learn attention from speech recognition,followed by transferring this knowledge into *** evaluation built on Interactive Emotional Dyadic Motion Capture(IEMOCAP)dataset demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model.

关键词： Speech emotion recognition Attention transfer Self-attention Temporal convolutional neural networks(TCNs)

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Improving harvest efficiency of maize varieties via accumulated temperature in a certain planting area

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2021年第4期14卷 175-181页

作者： Zhaofu Huang Liangyu Hou Jun Xue keru wang Ruizhi Xie Peng Hou Bo Ming Shaokun Li Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and EcologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijing 100081China

The ripening and drying of maize(Zea mays L.)grain are closely related to *** accordance with maize grain drying characteristics,regional accumulated temperature(AT0≥0℃)distribution is of great significance for a rational allocation of maize varieties,thus reducing grain moisture content(MC)to improve maize harvest *** 2016 to 2018,a multi-site trial was carried out in the spring maize production area of Northeastern *** this study,under a guaranteed rate of 80%for AT0,this area was divided into 15 accumulated temperature zones(ATZs)with an interval of 100℃ based on climatic data of 78 local weather *** the AT0 demand of different maize varieties during different growth stages was calculated by combining experimental records with the established prediction model of MC,and then,the spatial partition for different types of maize varieties under different MCs was *** results showed that all the tested varieties could not reach physiological maturity(PM)at ATZs 13-15,hence,where maize planting is *** the increasing accumulated temperature demand of different types of maize varieties from planting to PM,to the MC of 25%and to the MC of 20%,the unplantable areas were gradually expanded from south to north while the region where the maize varieties could be harvested under different MCs was also moved ***,at 1-2 ATZs,it is entirely possible to achieve mechanical kernel harvesting under the MC of 20%,even though the AT0 requirements of the varieties are relatively ***,on the grounds of AT0 demand law of maize varieties and heat resource distribution in Northeastern China,the layout optimization for achieving different harvesting scenarios is conducive to providing a basis not only for selecting suitable varieties but also for promoting mechanical kernel harvesting in the spring maize production area of this region.

关键词： grain moisture content accumulated temperature zone cultivars’layout Northeastern China

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Evaluation of grain breakage sensitivity of maize varieties mechanically-harvested by combine harvester

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2020年第5期13卷 8-16页

作者： Yizhou wang Lulu Li Shang Gao Yanan Guo Guoqiang Zhang Bo Ming Ruizhi Xie Jun Xue Peng Hou keru wang Shaokun Li Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Crop Physiology and EcologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijing 100081China

A high grain breakage rate is the main problem that occurs during mechanical maize harvest in *** breakage sensitivity of different varieties was significantly different,and the breakage resistance is ***,breakage resistant variety screening can help improve the field production efficiency and provide references for breeding *** this study,42 varieties of maize were harvested with the same mechanical parameters and the same manipulator on a range of harvest dates at experimental stations in Xinxiang,Henan Province,in 2017 and Changji,Xinjiang Province,in 2018 to determine the sensitivity of grain moisture content on grain breakage rate during machine harvest for different *** integral value of the grain breakage rate curve corresponding to the range of 15%to 30%grain moisture content was used as an index that expressed the sensitivity of maize grains to breakage depending on grain moisture content(BSW).Forty-two varieties were categorized as having weak,intermediate,or strong *** the same four varieties in the two stations,Lianchuang 825 and Lianchuang 808 were classified as sensitive and fragile varieties,Shandan 650 was classified as an intermediate variety,Zeyu 8911 was divided into weak sensitive and breakage-resistance varieties in Xinxiang and intermediate varieties in *** BSW classification results at the two experimental sites were generally consistent,indicating that breakage sensitivity due to moisture content may be a relatively stable genetic *** study suggested that the integral method for determining BSW can be used to assess the resistance of different maize varieties to grain breakage during mechanical *** integral method was used to identify twelve breakage-resistant varieties in Xinxiang Station,and six breakage-resistant varieties in Changji *** study provides a method for screening maize varieties that are suited to mechanical grain harvesting and for studying t

关键词： maize mechanical grain harvest breakage resistance integral method varieties classification

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Changes in fruit pigment accumulation,chloroplast development,and transcriptome analysis in the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Stay-green 1(slsgr1)mutant

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Food Quality and Safety 2022年第1期6卷 3-12页

作者： Liqun Ma Ni Zeng Ke Cheng Jinyan Li keru wang Chunjiao Zhang Hongliang Zhu College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina Supervision Inspection&Testing Center of Agricultural Products QualityMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijingChina

The green-flesh(gf)mutant of the tomato fruit ripen to a muddy brown color and has been demonstrated previously to be a loss-of-function ***,we provide more evidence to support this view that S/SGR1 is involved in color change in ripening tomato *** out SISGR1 expression using a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 genome editing strategy showed obviously a muddy brown color with significantly higher chlorophyll and carotenoid content compared with wild-type(WT)*** further verify the role of SiSGR1 in fruit color change,we performed transcriptome deep sequencing(RNA-seq)analysis,where a total of 354 differentially expressed genes(124/230 downregulated/upregulated)were identified between WT and ***,the expression of numerous genes associated with photosynthesis and chloroplast function changed significantly when S/SGR1 was knocked *** together,these results indicate that S/SGR1 is involved in color change in ripening fruit via chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis.

关键词： Tomato pigmentaccumulation transcriptome analysis

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Kernel position effects of grain morphological characteristics by X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT)

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2021年第2期14卷 159-166页

作者： Xuebo Yin Junfeng Hou Bo Ming Ying Zhang Xinyu Guo Shang Gao keru wang Peng Hou Shaokun Li Ruizhi Xie Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Crop Physiology and EcologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijing 100081China Institute of Maize and Featured Dryland Crops Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture SciencesJinhua 322100ZhejiangChina Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Plant Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in AgricultureBeijing 100097China

Grain size and shape are important factors for yield and *** difference in grain phenotypic characteristics in the same maize hybrid is related to its position in the *** study aimed to clarify the distribution characteristics of grain morphological characteristics in the ear and to provide guidance for research of grain phenotype and kernel position *** maize hybrids were used in the experiment,namely,Denghai 618(DH618),KX3564,and Xianyu 335(XY335),and the kernel number per row were 40,40,and 36,*** X-rayμCT was applied to obtain five kernel morphological indicators,including grain length,width,thickness,volume,surface *** sphericity,length-width ratio,specific surface area,and volume coefficient were further *** results showed that there were three types of maize ear morphological indicators trends:grain length,width,volume,and surface area were parabolic;thickness and sphericity were inverted parabolic;length-to-width ratio and specific surface area were *** volume coefficient of grain at different parts of the ear,namely the relation coefficient between grain volume and grain length,width,and thickness,was *** average value of the middle grains morphological indicators of the ear was taken to select kernels representing stable characteristics of the *** the range of 5%deviation from the morphological mean value of the middle grains of the ear,the grains in the middle part accounted for 26.39%of the total ear,about 10 grains extending from the 14th grain at the base of the ear to the *** the range of 10%deviation,the middle accounted for 47.22%,about 18 grains extending from the 12th grain at the base of the ear to the *** study found that grain morphological indicators were greatly different at different positions of the maize ear,and showed different change rules as extend from the base to the top of the ***,there were different grain volume coefficients

关键词： grain morphology X-rayμCT kernel position effects maize(Zea Mays L.)

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