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Alcohol consumption patterns during transition and economic growth in Estonia: results from the 1996 and 2006 health interview surveys

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011年第3期1卷 80-87页

作者： kersti parna Inge Ringmets Department of Public Health University of TartuTartuEstonia.

Aims: To investigate alcohol consumption patterns in Estonia in 1996, which represents the transition period after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and in 2006, which is characterized by economic growth. Methods: Data from all 25 – 64 year olds from the nationally representative 1996 and 2006 Estonian Health Interview Surveys were analysed. The frequency of alcohol consumption and heavy episodic drinking (HED) were examined. The odds ratios of at least weekly alcohol consumption and HED according to socio-demographic characteristics were calculated using logistic regression models. Results: In comparison with 1996, at least weekly alcohol consumption was nearly twice as high among men in 2006. No association between HED and the study year was found. Alcohol consumption was lower among respondents in the oldest age group. Weekly alcohol consumption was lower among non-Estonian men in both study years. HED was higher among non-Estonian men and women in 1996 but this difference disappeared in 2006. Weekly alcohol consumption was lower among less educated men in 1996 but not in 2006. No clear tendency in weekly alcohol consumption by education was found among women. HED was higher among less educated men in both study years;however, this association was weaker in 2006. While HED was not associated with education among women in 1996, an inverse relationship was found in 2006. Conclusions: The study confirmed that rapid societal changes had an effect on alcohol consumption patterns in Estonia. Estonia needs the implementation of a comprehensive alcohol policy to decrease harmful alcohol consumption in the whole society.

关键词： Alcohol Consumption Heavy Episodic Drinking Socio-Demographic Factors Adults Estonia

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Study of Biological Methods in Landfill Leachate Treatment

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Open Journal of Ecology 2017年第9期7卷 568-580页

作者： parna Eskandari Payandeh Naser Mehrdadi Parisa Dadgar Graduate Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Tehran Aras International Campus Jolfa Iran Graduate Faculty of Environment University of Tehran Tehran Iran Graduate Department of Environmental Engineering Central Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran

Landfill leachate is mainly the result of precipitation of water into the layers of buried waste, and biochemical reactions of waste that has dangerous substances and pollutants that lead to the contamination of surface and groundwater resources. Therefore, it must be collected and treated properly. The investigation of various biological methods in leachate treatment, their advantages and disadvantages, and their effect on reduction of COD (chemical oxygen demand) are the objectives of this study. Reviewed processes include anaerobic and aerobic sequencing batch reactor, up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket, moving-bed biofilm reactor, membrane bioreactor, and aerated lagoons, lead to reduction of biodegradability pollutants in different circumstances. The present study has indicated that the most and the least reduction of COD has been through aerated lagoon (95%) and moving-bed biofilm reactor (8%), respectively.

关键词： Biological Treatment COD Leachate Landfill Solid Waste

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The Use and Value of Green School Grounds in Developing Countries

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(A) 2018年第2期7卷 92-99页

作者： Arlinda Sheqiri parna Rastgo Department of Architecture and Urban Studies Politecnico di MilanoMilano 20133Italy Fondazione Fratelli Confalonieri Milano 20123Italy Department for Urban and Regional Planning Technical University of BerlinBerlin 10623Germany

There is an extensive attention in developed countries to take full advantages of urban green spaces including green school *** spaces are assessed and established as environmental learning resources,where top-down or bottom-up initiatives encourage or initiate projects with the support of school staffs and *** school grounds are also used for gardening(food growing)that besides environmental education,those spaces provide health benefits and knowledge,also skills and behavioral *** approaches in some developing countries are still vague or inapplicable for several *** paper addresses the use and value of school grounds in developing countries as it lacks the opportunities to make the most of green school *** research elaborated five schools,in the city of Podujevo,*** findings reveal that the potentials of green school grounds in most of the cases studied have not been *** offered by the municipality and environmental NGOs(Non-governmental Organizations)are *** findings suggest the need to rethink the design and use of green school grounds in developing countries.

关键词： School environment school gardening children’s gardens experimental learning

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SLC26A4 mutation testing for hearing loss associated with enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2013年第2期3卷 26-34页

作者： Taku Ito Julie Muskett parna Chattaraj Byung Yoon Choi Kyu Yup Lee Christopher K Zalewski Kelly A King Xiangming Li Philine Wangemann Thomas Shawker Carmen C Brewer Seth L Alper Andrew J Griffith Otolaryngology Branch National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders National Institutes of Health Rockville MD 20850 United States Laboratory of Molecular Genetics National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders National Institutes of Health Rockville MD 20850 United States Anatomy and Physiology Department Kansas State University Manhattan KS 66506 United States Diagnostic Radiology Department Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892 United States Renal Division Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02215 United States

nPendred syndrome （PS） is characterized by autosomal recessive inheritance of goiter associated with a defect of iodide organification, hearing loss, enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct （EVA）, and mutations of the SLC26A4 gene. However, not all EVA patients have PS or SLC26A4 mutations. Two mutant alleles of SLC26A4 are detected in 1/4 of North American or European EVA populations, one mutant allele is detected in another 1/4 of patient populations, and no mutations are de-tected in the other 1/2. The presence of two mutant al-leles of SLC26A4 is associated with abnormal iodide or-ganification, increased thyroid gland volume, increased severity of hearing loss, and bilateral EVA. The pres-ence of a single mutant allele of SLC26A4 is associated with normal iodide organification, normal thyroid gland volume, less severe hearing loss and either bilateral or unilateral EVA. When other underlying correlations are accounted for, the presence of a cochlear malformation or the size of EVA does not have an effect on hearing thresholds. This is consistent with observations of an Slc26a4 mutant mouse model of EVA in which hearing loss is independent of endolymphatic hydrops or in-ner ear malformations. Segregation analyses of EVA in families suggest that the patients carrying one mutant allele of SLC26A4 have a second, undetected mutant allele of SLC26A4, and the probability of a sibling hav-ing EVA is consistent with its segregation as an autoso-mal recessive trait. Patients without any mutations are an etiologically heterogeneous group in which siblings have a lower probability of having EVA. SLC26A4 muta-tion testing can provide prognostic information to guide clinical surveillance and management, as well as the probability of EVA affecting a sibling.

关键词： SLC26A4 Pendred syndrome Genetic test-ing Goiter Hearing loss Vestibular aqueduct Genotype-phenotype correlation

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