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Degradation of Bioplastics in Soil and Their Degradation Effects on Environmental Microorganisms

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2016年第1期5卷 23-34页

作者： Dinesh Adhikari Masaki Mukai kenzo kubota Takamitsu Kai Nobuyuki Kaneko Kiwako S. Araki Motoki Kubo Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Life Sciences Biwako-Kusatsu Campus Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga Japan

Degradation of three kinds of bioplastics and their effects on microbial biomass and microbial diversity in soil environment were analyzed. The degradation rate of bioplastic in soil was closely related to the main components in the bioplastics. Poly (butylene succinate)-starch (PBS-starch) and poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) were degraded by 1% to 7% after 28 days in a soil with an initial bacterial biomass of 1.4 × 109 cells/g-soil, however poly lactic acid (PLA) was not degraded in the soil after 28 days. When the powdered-bioplastics were examined for the degradation in the soil, PBS-starch also showed the highest degradability (24.4% degradation after 28 days), and the similar results were obtained in the case of long-term degradation experiment (2 years). To investigate the effect of bacterial biomass in soil on biodegradability of bioplastics, PBS-starch was buried in three kinds of soils differing in bacterial biomass (7.5 × 106, 7.5 × 107, and 7.5 × 108 cells/g-soil). The rate of bioplastic degradation was enhanced accompanied with an increase of the bacterial biomass in soil. 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE analysis indicated that the bacterial diversity in the soil was not affected by the degradation of bioplastics. Moreover, the degradation of bioplastic did not affect the nitrogen circulation activity in the soil.

关键词： Bioplastics Biodegradation Soil Microorganisms Bacterial Diversity

Characterization of Orchard Fields Based on Soil Fertility Index (SOFIX)

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2020年第3期9卷 159-176页

作者： Pitchayapa Pholkaw Quoc Thinh Tran Takamitsu Kai Taiki Kawagoe kenzo kubota Kiwako S. Araki Motoki Kubo Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Life Sciences Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Japan Kurokawa Field Science Center Meiji University Kawasaki Japan

Soil samples from 139 agricultural orchard fields (apple, grape, tea, and others) were analyzed using the soil fertility index. From these samples, an orchard field database was constructed and the soil properties between orchard, upland, and paddy fields were compared. The average value of bacterial biomass in the orchard fields was 7.4 × 108 cells/g-soil, ranging from not detected (lower than 6.6 × 106 cells/g-soil) to 7.7 × 109 cells/g-soil. The average values of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK), were 24,000 mg/kg (2670 to 128,100 mg/kg), 1460 mg/kg (133 to 6400 mg/kg), 1030 mg/kg (142 to 5362 mg/kg), and 5370 mg/kg (1214 to 18,155 mg/kg), respectively. The C/N and C/P ratios were 19 (3 to 85) and 27 (2 to 101), respectively. Soil properties of the orchard fields were compared with those of the upland and the paddy fields. The average value of bacterial biomass in the orchard fields was almost the same as that in the upland fields (8.0 × 108 cells/g-soil), but the number was lower than that in the paddy fields (12.9 × 108 cells/g-soil). The average values of TC and TN in the orchard fields fell between those in the upland fields (TC: 33,120 mg/kg, TN: 2010 mg/kg) and the paddy fields (TC: 15,420 mg/kg, TN: 1080

关键词： Orchard Field Soil Fertility Index (SOFIX) Bacterial Biomass

Suitable Soil Conditions for Tomato Cultivation under an Organic Farming System

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2018年第3期7卷 117-132页

作者： Dinesh Adhikari Yuya Kobashi Takamitsu Kai Taiki Kawagoe kenzo kubota Kiwako S. Araki Motoki Kubo Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Life Sciences Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Japan

This study was conducted to determine the suitable soil conditions for tomato cultivation under an organic farming system. Tomatoes were cultivated in chemically and organically fertilized experimental fields from 2013 to 2015 in Moriyama City, Shiga prefecture, Japan. Organically and chemically fertilized soils had different total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents, and different carbon-to-nitrogen ratios (C/N ratios). The tomato yields varied from 1290 to 5960 kg/0.1ha in the organically fertilized fields. The organic soil conditions for the highest tomato yield showed a TC content of ~33,000 mg/kg, TN content of ~1600 mg/kg, and a C/N ratio of ~21. The yield was reproducible in the organic fields under similar values of TC, TN, and C/N ratio in the soil. Significantly higher nitrogen and phosphorus circulation activities were observed in the high-yielding fields. Appropriate control of TC, TN, and C/N ratio is necessary for the enhancement of both microbial activity and tomato yield. Values of the important tomato quality parameters (lycopene, glutamic acid, and acid content) were also increased in the high- yielding tomato fields. We therefore suggest that a suitable soil condition for improving both the yield and quality of tomatoes in an organic farming system is TC of 30,000 - 36,000 mg/kg, TN of 1600 - 1900 mg/kg, and a C/N ratio of 18 - 21.

关键词： Tomato Bacterial Biomass Nitrogen Circulation Activity Phosphorus Circulation Activity SOFIX

Utilization of Wood Biomass for Organic Soil Based on the Soil Fertility Index (SOFIX)

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2019年第4期8卷 224-236页

作者： Pitchayapa Pholkaw Ayaka Muraji Kazuyoshi Maeda Taiki Kawagoe kenzo kubota Sirilak Sanpa Quoc Thinh Tran Motoki Kubo Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Life Sciences Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga Japan Division of Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Science University of Phayao Phayao Thailand

Possibility of wood biomass for preparing organic soil was examined to construct reproducible and stable organic standard soil. Seven organic soils were constructed from base soils and additive materials based on the recommended values of the soil fertility index (SOFIX) (total carbon ≥ 25,000 mg/kg, total nitrogen ≥ 1500 mg/kg, total phosphorus ≥ 1100, and total potassium of 2500 to 10,000 mg/kg). Base soils were prepared from two types of wood biomass (big- and small-sized wood chips) at 50%, 60%, and 70% (v/v) and other organic materials such as peat moss, black soil, and mountain soil. Additive materials (soybean meal, oil cake, cow manure, and bone meal) were amended into all organic soils at the same amount. Incubation experiment showed that bacterial biomass in all organic soil was greater than 6 × 108 cells/g-soil after addition of 30% of water content for 1 week. In addition, polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis resulted in a stable bacterial diversity of the organic soil prepared from the small size wood chip at 70%. Chemical properties of all organic soils were within the recommended values of SOFIX. The plant cultivation experiment showed that fresh Brassica rapa var. peruviridis weights in the organic soils with 50%, 60%, and 70% of small-sized wood chip were 5%, 16%, and 27% higher than that of the chemical fertilizer-amended soil. The organic soil with 70% of small wood chip was the best in the seven organic soils in this study.

关键词： Wood Biomass Organic Soil Soil Fertility Index (SOFIX)

Recent Advances in Imaging of Light Propagation with Light-in-Flight Recording by Holography

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Ultrafast Science 2023年第6期3卷 47-67页

作者： Tomoyoshi Inoue Takashi Kakue kenzo Nishio Toshihiro kubota Osamu Matoba Yasuhiro Awatsuji Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of TechnologyMatsugasaki GoshokaidochoSakyo-kuKyoto 606-8585Japan Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Kojimachi Business Center Building5-3-1 KojimachiChiyoda-kuTokyo 102-0083Japan Graduate School of Engineering Chiba University1-33Yayoi-choInage-kuChiba 263-8522Japan Advanced Technology Center Kyoto Institute of TechnologyMatsugasakiSakyo-kuKyoto 606-8585Japan kubota Holography Laboratory Corporation Nishihata 34-1-609Ogura-choUjKyoto 611-0042Japan Graduate School of System Informatics Department of Systems ScienceKobe UniversityRokkodai 1-1NadaKobe 657-8501Japan Center of Optical Scattering Image Science Kobe UniversityRokkodai 1-1NadaKobe 657-8501Japan Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Electronics Kyoto Institute of TechnologyMatsugasaki Goshokaido-choSakyo-kuKyoto 606-8585Japan

In the last few decades,there have been several advances in ultrafast imaging of light propagation with light-in-flight recording by holography(LIF holography),which can capture light propagation as a motion picture with a single shot in ***,we review the recent advances in LIF holography by considering the perspectives of various development of functional imaging techniques and evaluation of LIF holography with numerical simulation *** methods for recording multiple motion pictures such as a space-division multiplexing,a pixel-by-pixel-based space-division multiplexing,and an angular multiplexing technique are added extend the capability of LIF *** numerical simulation models used for investigating the image characteristics of LIF hologram are ***,a summary and conclusion of recent advances in LIF holography is presented.

关键词： recording Holography principle.