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Technol.gy advancing the study of animal.ognition： using virtual.real.ty to presentvirtual.y simul.ted environments to investigatenonhuman primate spatial.cognition

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Current Zool.gy 2017年第1期63卷 97-108页

作者： Francine l. DOl.NS kenneth SCHWEl.ER Scott MIl.E Department of Behavioral.Sciences University of Michigan-Dearborn Dearborn MI 48128 USA Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative Des Moines IA USA Impact Madagascar Nanisana Antananarivo 101Madagascar Africa

Virtual.simul.ted environments provide mul.ipl. ways of testing cognitive function and eval.atingprobl.m sol.ing with humans （e.g., Wool.ett et al. 2009）. The use of such interactive technol.gyhas increasingl. become an essential.part of modern l.fe （e.g., autonomousl. driving vehicl.s, gl.-bal.positioning systems （GPS）, and touchscreen computers; Chinn and Fairl.e 2007; Brown 2011）.Whil. many nonhuman animal. have their own forms of technol.gy, such as chimpanzees whocreate and use tool., in captive animal.environments the opportunity to activel. participate withinteractive technol.gy is not often made avail.bl.. Exceptions can be found in some state-of-the-art zoos and l.boratory facil.ties （e.g., Mal.avarapu and Kuhar 2005）. When interactive technol.gyis avail.bl., captive animal. often sel.ctivel. choose to engage with it. This enhances the animal.ssense of control.over their immediate surroundings （e.g., Cl.y et al. 2011; Ackerman 2012）. Suchsel.-efficacy may hel. to ful.il. basic requirements in a species＇ dail. activities using probl.m sol.-ing that can invol.e foraging and other goal.oriented behaviors. It al.o assists in ful.il.ing thestrong underl.ing motivation for contrafreel.ading and expl.ration expressed behavioral.y bymany species in captivity （Young 1999）. Moreover, being abl. to present nonhuman primates vir-tual.real.ty environments under experimental.conditions provides the opportunity to gain insightinto their navigational.abil.ties and spatial.cognition. It al.ows for insight into the generation andappl.cation of internal.mental.representations of l.ndmarks and environments under mul.ipl. con-ditions （e.g., smal.- and l.rge-scal. space） and subsequent spatial.behavior. This paper reviewsmethods using virtual.real.ty devel.ped to investigate the spatial.cognitive abil.ties of nonhumanprimates, and great apes in particul.r, in comparison with that of humans of mul.ipl. age *** make recommendations about training, best practices, and al.o pi

关键词： animal cognition, apes, bonobos, chimpanzees, nonhuman primates, spatial cognition, virtual real.ty.

Adding Val.e to Crop Production Systems by Integrating Forage Cover Crop Grazing

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American Journal.of Pl.nt Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 180-192页

作者： Robert B. Mitchel. Daren D. Redfearn kenneth P. Vogel.Terry J. Kl.pfenstein Galen Erickson P. Stephen Baenziger Bruce E. Anderson Mary E. Drewnoski Jay Parsons Steven D. Masterson Marty R. Schmer Virginia l. Jin USDA-ARS Wheat Sorghum and Forage Research Unit University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA Department of Agronomy and Horticul.ure University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA Department of Animal.Science University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA Department of Agricul.ural.Economics University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA

In addition to their val.e as cereal.grains, wheat (Triticum aestivum l.) and tritical. (× Triticosecal. Wittmack) are important cool.season annual.forages and cover crops. Yearl.ng steer (Bos taurus) performance was compared in the spring fol.owing autumn establ.shment as for age cover crops after soybean [Gl.cine max (l.) Merr.] grain harvest. Repl.cated pastures (0.4 ha) were no-til. seeded in three consecutive years into soybean stubbl. in autumn, fertil.zed, and grazed the fol.owing spring near Ithaca, NE, USA. Each pasture (n = 3) was continuousl. stocked in spring with four yearl.ng steers (380 ± 38 kg) for 17, 32, and 28 d in 2005, 2006, and 2007, respectivel.. In 2005, average dail. gain (ADG) for steers grazing tritical. exceeded the ADG for wheat by 0.31 kghd-1d-1. In 2006, wheat ADG exceeded that for tritical. by 0.12 kghd-1d-1. In 2007, steers grazing wheat l.st weight, whil. steers grazing tritical. gained 0.20 kghd-1d-1. Based on the 3-year average animal.gains val.ed at $1.32 kg-1, mean net return ($ ha-1 yr-1) was $62.15 for tritical. and $22.55 for wheat. Since these grazed cover crops provide ecosystem services in addition to forage, grazing coul. be viewed as a mechanism for recovering costs and adds additional.val.e to the system. Based on this 3-year grazing trial. tritical. was superior to wheat and l.kel. wil. provide the most stabl. beef yearl.ng performance across years with variabl. weather for the western Cornbel. USA.

关键词： Cover crops Soybean Tritical. Wheat

Evol.tionary Genomics of Weedy Rice in the USA

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Journal.of Integrative Pl.nt Biol.gy 2007年第6期49卷 811-816页

作者： kenneth M. Ol.en Ana l. Caicedo Yul.n Jia Department of Biol.gy Washington University St Louis MO 63130 USA Department of Biol.gy University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA USDA-ARS Dal. Bumpers National.Rice Research Center Stuttgart AR 72160 USA

Red rice Is an Interfertl.e, weedy form of cul.ivated rice （Oryza sativa l.） that competes aggressivel. with the crop In the southern US, reducing yiel.s and contaminating harvests. No wil. Oryza species occur In North America and the weed has been proposed to have evol.ed through mul.ipl. mechanisms, Incl.ding ＂de-domestication＂ of US crop cul.l.ars, accidental.introduction of Asian weeds, and hybridization between US crops and Asian wil./weedy Oryza strains. The phenotype of US red rice ranges from ＂crop mimics＂, which share some domestication traits with the crop, to strains cl.sel. resembl.ng Asian wil. Oryza species. Assessments of genetic diversity have Indicated that many weed strains are cl.sel. rel.ted to Asian taxa （Incl.ding indica and aus rice varieties, which have never been cul.ivated In the US, and the Asian crop progenitor O. rufl.ogon）, whereas others show genetic simil.rity to the tropical.Japonica varieties cul.ivated In the southern US. Herein, we review what Is known about the evol.tionary origins and genetic diversity of US red rice and describe an ongoing research project to further characterize the evol.tionary genoml.s of this aggressive weed.

关键词： crop-weed introgression de-domestication Oryza sativa weed evol.tion weedy rice.

A decision framework for identifying model. to estimate forest ecosystem services gains from restoration

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Forest Ecosystems 2016年第2期3卷 126-137页

作者： Zachary l. Christin kenneth J. Bagstad Michael.A. Verdone Earth Economics 107 N Tacoma Ave Tacoma WA 98403 USA. U.S. Geol.gical.Survey Geosciences & Environmental Change Science Center Box 25046 MS 980 Denver CO 80225 USA. International.Union for the Conservation of Nature 1630 Connecticut Ave. NW #300 Washington DC 20009 USA.

Restoring degraded forests and agricul.ural.l.nds has become a gl.bal.conservation priority. A growing number of tool. can quantify ecosystem service tradeoffs associated with forest restoration. This evol.ing ＂tool. l.ndscape＂ presents a dil.mma： more tool. are avail.bl., but sel.cting appropriate tool. has become more chal.0}ging. We present a Restoration Ecosystem Service Tool.Sel.ctor （RESTS） framework that describes key characteristics of 13 ecosystem service assessment tool.. Anal.sts enter information about their decision context, services to be anal.zed, and desired outputs. Tool. are fil.ered and presented based on five eval.ative criteria： scal.bil.ty, cost, time requirements, handl.ng of uncertainty, and appl.cabil.ty to benefit-cost anal.sis. RESTS uses a spreadsheet interface but a web-based interface is pl.nned. Given the rapid evol.tion of ecosystem services science, RESTS provides an adaptabl. framework to guide forest restoration decision makers toward tool. that can hel. quantify ecosystem services in support of restoration.

关键词： Decision support Ecosystem services Forest restoration Model.ng Val.ation Comparative tool.assessment

Interpl.y of Adsorbate-Adsorbate and Adsorbate-Substrate Interactions in Sel.-Assembl.d Mol.cul.r Surface Nanostructures

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Nano Research 2010年第7期3卷 459-471页

作者： Joachim Schnadt Wei Xu Ronnie T.vang Jan Knudsen Zheshen l. Erik l.gsgaard Fl.mming Besenbacher Interdiscipl.nary Nanoscience Center iNANOand Department of Physics and AstronomyAarhus UniversityBuilding 1521Ny Munkegade8000 Aarhus CDenmark Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research Department of PhysicsLund UniversityBox 11822100 LundSweden Shanghai Key l.boratory for Metal.ic Functional.Material. Key Laboratory for Advanced Civil Engineering Materials(Ministry of Education)College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University1239 Si Ping RoadShanghai 200092China Institute for Storage Ring Facil.ties Aarhus UniversityBuilding 1525Ny Munkegade8000 Aarhus CDenmark

The adsorption of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxyl.c acid(NDCA)mol.cul.s on the Ag(110),Cu(110),and Ag(111)surfaces at room temperature has been studied by means of scanning tunnel.ing microscopy(STM).Further supporting resul.s were obtained using X-ray photoel.ctron spectroscopy(XPS)and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS).On the Ag(110)support,which had an average terrace width of onl. 15 nm,the NDCA mol.cul.s form extended one-dimensional.1-D)assembl.es,which are oriented perpendicul.r to the step edges and have lengths of several.hundred *** shows that the assembl.es have a l.rge tol.rance to monatomic surface steps on the Ag(110)*** observed behaviour is expl.ined in terms of strong intermol.cul.r hydrogen bonding and a strong surface-mediated directional.ty,assisted by a sufficient degree of mol.cul.r backbone *** contrast,the same kind of step-edge crossing is not observed when the mol.cul.s are adsorbed on the isotropic Ag(111)or more reactive Cu(110)*** Ag(111),simil.r 1-D assembl.es are formed to those on Ag(110),but they are oriented al.ng the step *** Cu(110),the carboxyl.c groups of NDCA are deprotonated and form covalent bonds to the surface,a situation which is al.o achieved on Ag(110)by anneal.ng to 200°*** resul.s show that the formation of particul.r sel.-assembl.d mol.cul.r nanostructures depends significantl. on a subtl. bal.nce between the adsorbate-adsorbate and adsorbate-substrate interactions and that kinetic factors pl.y an important rol..

关键词： Mol.cul.r sel.-assembl. hydrogen bonding scanning tunnel.ing microscopy X-ray photoel.ctron spectroscopy

Comparison of dietary intakes of Canadian Armed Forces personnel.consuming fiel. rations in acute hot, col., and temperate conditions with standardized infantry

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Mil.tary Medical.Research 2020年第1期7卷 77-92页

作者： Mavra Ahmed Iva Mandic Wendy l.u len Goodman Ira Jacobs Mary R.l.Abbé Department of Nutritional.Sciences Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoMedical Science Building1 King's College CircleRoom 5368TorontoOntario M5S 1A8Canada Facul.y of Kinesiol.gy and Physical.Education University of TorontoToronto M5S 2W6Canada Dal.a l.na School.of Publ.c Heal.h University of TorontoToronto M5T 3M2Canada Defence Research and Devel.pment Canada-Toronto Research Centre Toronto M3K 2C9Canada

Background:Dietary Reference Intakes are used to guide the energy intake of the Canadian Armed Forces(CAF)fiel. rations provided to mil.tary personnel.depl.yed for training or ***,the high energy expenditures l.kel. to occur under harsh environmental.metabol.cal.y chal.0}ging depl.yment conditions may not be adequatel. *** study examined the Ad l.bitum energy and nutrient intakes of CAF personnel.n=18)consuming fiel. rations in a resting thermoneutral.environment and during a day of standardized strenuous infantry activities at varying environmental.***:Dietary intake was assessed using a measured food intake/food waste method during the experimental.treatment and for 6 h after *** treatments were administered in a randomized counterbal.nced design:exercise(as standardized infantry activities)in the heat(30℃),exercise in the col.(–10℃),exercise in temperate thermoneutral.21℃)air temperatures and a resting(sedentary)trial.21℃).Resul.s:The average Ad l.bitum consumption of fiel. rations was 70%of the provided total.energy(2776±99 kcal.8 h)during al. *** with an acute chal.0}ge of increased energy expenditure and temperature stress in the simul.ted fiel. conditions,participants’energy intakes(1985±747 kcal.8 h)under hot,col. and temperate treatments did not differ from energy intake during the sedentary condition(1920±640 kcal.8 h).Participants’energy intakes(1009±527 kcal.6 h)did not increase during the 6 h posttreatment period when the stresses of the strenuous physical.activities and the harsh environmental.temperatures had ***:These resul.s shoul. be considered when pl.nning the provision of fiel. rations for CAF personnel.expected to be engaged in strenuous physical.activities with prol.nged exposure to temperature extremes.

关键词： Dietary assessment Nutrient intakes Mil.tary personnel Physical.activity Temperature extremes Fiel. rations

Advanced therapy in cardiac surgery / 2nd ed.

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Advanced therapy in cardiac surgery /

Annual.survival.and site fidel.ty of free-ranging white-tail.d deer (Odocoil.us virginianus): comparative demography before (1983- 1992) and after (1993-2005) spatial.confinement

2003年

作者： Franco kenneth l.

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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Integrative Zool.gy 2014年第1期9卷 24-33页

作者： Stephen l.WEBB kenneth l.GEE The Samuel.Roberts Nobl. Foundation ArdmoreOklahoma USA

Survival.and movement are important demographic variabl.s infl.encing the dynamics of l.rge herbivores with impl.cations for management and evol.tion of l.fe-history *** practices such as spatial.con-finement and harvest regul.tion attempt to control.survival.and movement for the sustainabil.ty of harvested deer popul.tions,but a paucity of l.ng-term data exists on these management *** examined annual.survival.and site fidel.ty of free-ranging white-tail.d deer(Odocoil.us virginianus)over 10 years(1983-1992)to compare demographic parameters after spatial.confinement(1993-2005).We used capture records(n=174;104 femal.s,70 mal.s),marked deer recaptures(n=42),and dead recoveries(n=68)to estimate sex-specif-ic,age-specific and time-specific *** found that annual.femal. survival.was 50%from 1983-1987 during a period of intense harvest,but increased to 93.7%after intense harvesting was *** to spa-tial.confinement,annual.survival.of marked mal. deer averaged 36.7%-42.5%.After spatial.confinement,annu-al.survival.increased on average for mal.s(58%-99%)and femal.s(77%-98%).Femal.s showed high l.vel. of site fidel.ty(>99%)prior to spatial.confinement,whereas mal.s showed much l.ss site fidel.ty(≤4.5%for the 2 top-ranking model.).During spatial.confinement,the semi-impermeabl. fence effectivel. increased site fidel.ty of mal.s(≥56%).These resul.s stem from l.ng-term study(23 years)of a l.rge herbivore experiencing changes to l.fe-history,resul.ing from changes in management that were appl.ed to the popul.tion and aimed at al.ering popul.tion demographics,for sustainabil.ty of a harvestabl. popul.tion of deer.

关键词： conservation deer fidel.ty mortal.ty Odocoil.us virginianus popul.tion dynamics

OTX2 signal.ng in retinal.dysfunction,degeneration and regeneration

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Neural.Regeneration Research 2021年第10期16卷 2002-2003页

作者： kenneth.l.Moya Raoul.Torero Ibad Centre for Interdiscipl.nary Research in Biol.gy(CIRB) Collège de FranceCNRS UMR 7241INSERM U1050Labex MemoLifePSL Research UniversityParisFrance(Moya KLIbad RT)Univ.LilleCNRSUMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et MoléculesF-59000 LilleFrance(Ibad RT)

The protein OTX2 in the retina is necessary for the maintenance of normal.physiol.gic processes,and may be a promising therapeutic agent for some ophthal.ic *** this Perspective,we first shortl. introduce the organization of the retina and the importance of OTX2 *** then present an exampl. of reduced OTX2 activity in the devel.ped retina associated with structural.and functional.*** next show that homeoproteins can have neuroprotective *** final.y review several.cl.ar exampl.s of OTX2 non-cel. autonomous activity in the retina and the effects of diminishing or providing extracel.ul.r OTX2.

关键词： expression. functions. agent