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High Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis and Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureusAre a Threat to Dairy Cattle Production in Kiboga District (Uganda)

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2014年第4期4卷 35-43页

作者： keneth iceland kasozi John Bosco Tingiira Patrick Vudriko Central Diagnostic Laboratory Department of Pharmacy Clinics and Comparative Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity Makerere University Kampala Uganda Kiboga District Regional Veterinary Laboratory Department of Production and Marketing Kiboga District Local Government Kiboga Uganda

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is one of the major factors affecting the productivity of dairy cattle all over the world. This study established the burden of SCM and determined the potent antibacterial formulation for control of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) related SCM in selected dairy cattle farms in Kiboga district. A total of 124 dairy cattle from 12 farms were screened for SCM using California Mastitis Test (CMT) from Kiboga Town-Council, Kapeke and Lwamata sub-counties. The offending bacteria were cultured and the antibiogram of SA was carried out using antibacterial susceptibility by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Additional qualitative data on the factors that predispose cows to SCM was obtained through questionnaires and observation of milking Practice. The prevalence of SCM in the three sub-counties was 87.9%. Over 70% of the dairy cattle screened for SCM had more than 2 udder quarters affected. The majority (90%) of SCM was caused by mixed bacterial infections: Coagulase negative staphylococci (64.4%) and SA (16.6%) being the most prevalent. All the farmers (100%) lacked knowledge on SCM, udder towels, teat dipping and drug cow therapy. Overall, 71.4% of SA isolated was multi-drug resistant. There was a high level of resistance against penicillin (100%), neomycin (85.7%) and tetracycline (71.4%). In contrast, all the above isolates were susceptible to Trimethoprim-Sulphamethazole. In conclusion, the high burden of SCM and emergence of multidrug resistant SA are one of the constraints to dairy production in Kiboga district. Therefore, sensitization of dairy farmers in Kiboga district on proper hygienic, appropriate milking techniques and dry cow therapy using potentiated sulfonamide intra-mammary preparations are highly recommended in SA associated SCM.

关键词： Antibacterial Susceptibility Dairy Cattle Subclinical Mastitis Staphylococcus aureus

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Newcastle Disease Virus Isolation and Its Prevalence in Uganda Poultry Farms

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2014年第1期4卷 1-5页

作者： keneth iceland kasozi Paul Ssuna Dickson Stuart Tayebwa Mohd Alyas Central Diagnostic Laboratory Department of Pharmacy Clinics and Comparative Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity Makerere University Kampala Uganda entral Diagnostic Laboratory Department of Pharmacy Clinics and Comparative Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity Makerere University Kampala Uganda Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Central Avian Research Institute (CARI) Izatnagar India

The present research work was carried out to isolate and identify Newcastle disease virus (NDV) by using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and HA-HI virus isolation, embryonated eggs (EE) and chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). A total of 95 clinical (blood, tracheal and cloacal swabs) and post-mortem (brain, lung, colon and spleen) samples were collected from chickens of field outbreaks of suspected Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The HI and HA-HI were employed to detect NDV in tissue homogenates of all the clinical and post-mortem samples as well as laboratory samples (AF and ICF). Among the four different types of post-mortem samples, virus isolation rate was found to be low in body organs. In CEF cell culture system, the rate of virus isolation from all the aforesaid samples was found to be at 100% with the exception of serum samples;while in tracheal and cloacal swabs, it was at 90%;while in serum, it was at 10%, in all clinical cases. The isolation rate of NDV was higher in CEF culture system (66.7%) compared to that of avian embryos (33.3%). Samples were inoculated and the allantoic fluid (AF) of the dead embryos and the infected culture fluid (ICF) of the CEF were harvested at 24 to 96 hours of the post-infection, respectively, which revealed that the virulent strain of NDV is highly prevalent in the region. The prevalence of NDV was established at 1.1%, 2.1% and 4.2% using HA-HI, EE, and CEF methods. Rapid detection and identification of the virus are crucial for the effective control of the disease as conventional diagnostic methods such as virus isolation on embryonated eggs followed by serological identification in haemagglutination-inhibition test are laborious and time-consuming. The speed of the diagnosis can be considerably increased by using methods based on molecular biology, e.g. reverse transcription—polymerase chain reaction. However, the genetic variability of APMV-1 isolates should be considered carefully as the potential cause for false neg

关键词： Newcastle Disease Virus Chicken Embryo Virus Isolation Poultry Farmers in Uganda Avain Viruses in Africa Animal Production Challenges

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A Study to Investigate Major Community Health Challenges and Their Predisposing Factors in Bushenyi District of South Western Uganda

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2015年第2期5卷 81-88页

作者： Isaac Echoru keneth iceland kasozi Emmanuel Tiyo Ayikobua Simon Peter Emorut Department of Anatomy Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Kampala International University Western Campus Bushenyi Uganda Department of Physiology Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Kampala International University Western Campus Bushenyi Uganda Department of Public Health Faculty of Allied Health sciences Kampala International University Western Campus Bushenyi Uganda

Poor health care systems have contributed to poor standard of living in Uganda. The aim of the study was to assess major health challenges to community health and identify major predisposing factors. This was a cross sectional study in Kyakagina Village of Bushenyi of South Western Uganda. A total of 39 households which included 102 children (19 years) were included in the study and a semi structured questionnaire was used. It was shown that there were 39 homes and 182 members with more males than females. Age and gender were shown not to be associated (P = 0.157). The majority of participants who boiled water in the community were showed to be of both primary and secondary level of education at 48.7% and 51.3%, respectively, while a significant proportion was found to drink only filtered and sedimented water without treatment at levels of 87.2% and 82.1% who were of only secondary level of education. The adoption of modern contraceptive pills, tube ligation and injections especially amongst the secondary educated level was found to be high, i.e. 94.9%, 87.2%, 82.1%, respectively. Inferential analysis showed that there existed marked differences (P < 0.001) in the health practices between persons of different education levels. Major health challenges identified included malaria, cough and cold, diarrhea which were most prevalent amongst children at 19.6%, 13.7%, and 10.8%, respectively. In conclusion, failure to clear bushes, boil drinking water and cover pit latrines (P = 0.213) were the major risk factors identified independent of age and education status in the various homesteads.

关键词： Community Health Challenges in Uganda Community Health in Western Uganda Public Health Uganda

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Staff Absenteeism in Public Health Facilities of Uganda: A Study in Bushenyi District on Contributing Factors

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Open Journal of Nursing 2017年第10期7卷 1115-1130页

作者： Nancy Nyasuguta Nyamweya Peter Yekka Ronny Drasi Mubutu keneth iceland kasozi Jane Muhindo Department of Public Health School of Health Sciences Nursing and Midwifery Mountains of the Moon University Fort Portal Uganda Kyeizooba Health Center III Kyeizooba Sub-county-Igara East Constituency Bushenyi District Local Government Bushenyi Uganda Department of Public Health School of Allied Health and Medicine Kampala International University Western Campus Bushenyi Uganda Department of Physiology Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Kampala International University Western Campus Bushenyi Uganda

Background: Staff absenteeism is a global challenge in health care service delivery that has not spared any country. Aim: This was to assess the factors contributing to staff absenteeism in public health facilities in Bushenyi District of Uganda. Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted for a period of 3 months in which data were collected using a questionnaire and interviews. Results: Majority of participants were females (66.4%) which 50% in the age of 31 - 45 years. The study showed that residing outside the health facility (42.1%) i.e. walking distances over 10 km to get to work was a challenge. Family conflicts, overstay in one workstation without rotations to other major health facilities and drug abuse as well as inadequate supervision were major contributing factors to absenteeism (P Conclusion: Staff absenteeism in rural communities is a major challenge that needs a multi-sectorial approach for its effective management, thus showing a need to revise policy in the health sector.

关键词： Staff absenteeism in Uganda Uganda Health Care Nurses in Africa

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Epidemiology of Increasing Hemo-Parasite Burden in Ugandan Cattle

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2014年第10期4卷 220-231页

作者： keneth iceland kasozi Enoch Matovu Dickson Stuart Tayebwa Jemimah Natuhwera Israel Mugezi Michael Mahero Central Diagnostic Laboratory Department of Pharmacy Clinics and Comparative Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity Makerere University Kampala Uganda Kiboga District Regional Veterinary Laboratory Department of Production and Marketing Local Government Kiboga Uganda Department of Bio-Molecular Resources and Bio-Laboratory Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity Makerere University Kampala Uganda Mbarara District Regional Veterinary Laboratory Department of Production and Marketing Local Government Mbarara Uganda Department of Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA

Hemo-parasites (HP) are one of the major constraints to the economic development of the livestock industry in Uganda. Generally, the occurrence and importance of HP is a reflection of complex interactions involving the causative organisms, tick vectors, the vertebrate hosts and the environment. We carried out a cross sectional study to identify and determine the prevalence of the major HPs in Central and Western Uganda, to form a baseline for appropriate interventions. A total of 295 bovine samples were analyzed from 15 districts of Uganda;56.3% being from the Central and 43.7% from the Western region of the country for a period of six months, and a questionnaire was administered to the farmers. Thin peripheral blood smears stained with Giemsa were used during the laboratory identification of the parasites. The disease prevalence was established at 47.4%, 6.7%, 1.9% and 14.4% for Theleria parva, Babesia spp., Trypanasoma brucei, Anaplasma spp. with a corresponding disease risk ratio (DRR) of 67.4%, 9.5%, 2.6%, 20.5% respectively in Uganda. The odds of having an infection from the Central region were 1.7 times greater (P < 0.05) than those from the Western region with a corresponding risk ratio of 1.2 (CI.1.1, 2.84, 95%), which showed that there exist marked differences between the two regions. Mean PCV was at 29.8%, and majority (59%) of infected animals had low PCV which varied across the months. These showed that generally, cattle in the West are more severely affected by HP than those from the Central region. The questionnaire revealed that 100% of the farmer treatments are based on clinical sign presentation, with occasional reliance on veterinarians. In conclusion, the burden of hemo-parasites is steadily increasing across the regions, and the current policies are not helping farmers who are hit the hardest by the development of antibiotic and acaricide resistance. These findings, along with previous studies, suggest that eradication HP is not feasible unless t

关键词： Hemo-Protozoan Parasites Farming Practices Uganda Food Security

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Hypoglycemic and High Dosage Effects of Bidens pilosain Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus

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Journal of Diabetes Mellitus 2015年第3期5卷 146-154页

作者： Mulkah O. Ajagun-Ogunleye Michael Tirwomwe Ruth Nyaboke Mitaki John Nnamdi Ejekwumadu keneth iceland kasozi Julia Pantoglou Elvis Ngala Mbiydzenyuy Nancy Bonareri Mitaki Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Kampala International University Western Campus Bushenyi Uganda Institute of Biomedical Research Kampala International University Western Campus Bushenyi Uganda Department of Physiology Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Kampala International University Western Campus Bushenyi Uganda Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

Ethno-pharmaceutical products have received a lot of international attention in the scientific community in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study we determined the anti-diabetic and high dosage effects of Bidens pliosa in type 1 DM (T1DM). Methodology: Thirty rats were divided into six groups and subgrouped into the extract and non extract treatment groups. The extract treated group was subdivided into three groups which received 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/ kg and 800 mg/kg dosage treatments respectively. The blood glucose levels were monitored using a standard glucometer for one month, and biochemical analysis of the two liver function enzymes;Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were carried out at the Institute of Biomedical Research (IBR-KIU-WC) at the end of week IV. The study revealed that Bidens pilosa maintained hypoglycemia for a period of two weeks and this status was lost in subsequent weeks. T1DM rats treated with a dosage of 200 mg/kg showed a better recovery (355.25 - 164.5 mg/dl) of the glucose levels, followed by those that were being treated at 400 mg/kg. The AST and ALT enzymes in blood varied with a mean ± SEM (33.72 ± 32.32 to -7.23 ± 12.61 IU and 22.98 ± 11.12 to 42 ± 38.2 IU, respectively) in both the glibencimide? and in the 800 mg/ kg treatment groups in the study. High dosages of extract were associated (P = 0.049) with increased systemic enzyme leakage. In conclusion, tissue degeneration caused by high levels of the extract was accompanied by leakage of various enzymes (AST and ALT) into the blood, which could be a major etiological factor for the development of secondary systemic pathologies, thus potentially worsening the effects of an existing T1DM prognosis in human patients. The preliminary results indicate that a dose of Bidens pilosa has an anti-diabetic effect for a limited initial duration before starting to cause systemic toxicological effects. It is highly recommended that further investiga

关键词： Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Bidens pilosa and Diabetes Ethno-Pharmaceutical Medicine in Uganda Sub-Saharan Africa and Diabetes

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Community Education Challenges in Young Adults of South Western Uganda

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2015年第1期5卷 65-70页

作者： keneth iceland kasozi Isaac Echoru Elvis Ngala Mbiydzenyuy Aaron Kimwise Miriam Nansunga Ibrahim Semuyaba Muhamudu Kalange Herbert Izo Ninsiima Kintu Muggaga Simon Peter Emorut Department of Medical Physiology Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Kampala International University Western Campus Bushenyi Uganda Department of Medical Anatomy Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Kampala International University Western Campus Bushenyi Uganda Department of Computing Faculty of Science and Technology Kampala International University Western Campus Bushenyi Uganda Department of Public Health Faculty of Allied Health Kampala International University Western Campus Bushenyi Uganda

The aim of this study was to identify the major challenges to community education and any health problem in Bushenyi district of South Western Uganda. Data collection was done through questionnaire and participants were randomly selected. This was a cross-sectional study carried out for a period of three months in 2012. A questionnaire was used to collect data and using onsite observations the responses were validated. A total of 260 participants from 65 homesteads were included in the study from 52 households. 144 were females and 116 males, of which 52.4% of the children were female and the rest male. The mean ± SEM age of females and males was 36 ± 8.6 and 29 ± 8.6 years respectively. In all the homesteads, 71% were headed by an adult male and only 29% were found to be headed by an adult female while none was headed by children. Inferential analysis showed (P = 0.02) that there are more females than male in the homesteads. Majority of the homesteads are being taken care of by women instead of men probably as a result of the high mortalities due to HIV/AIDS in the past decade and above all the movement of most men to urban centers in search of better sources of employment to support their families. Among school going age participant’s i.e. children and adolescents, only 59.6% were found to be attending school. There was no statistical significance (P = 0.16) between school attendance and age. Family responsibilities such as cooking for younger siblings by female participants, obligations on open market days are thought to be secondary limiting factors for community development and livelihood amongst young persons;thus a follow up study would be conducted to assess their associations in this community as this would raise major child abuse concerns which would need to be reported to the legal authorities for follow up.

关键词： Community Education in Uganda Children Education in Sub-Saharan Uganda Medical Students Rural Education Rural Public Health

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In vitro Antibacterial Efficacy of Bidens pilosa, Ageratum conyzoidesand Ocimum suaveExtracts against HIV/AIDS Patients’ Oral Bacteria in South-Western Uganda

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2017年第9期8卷 306-323页

作者： Joseph Obiezu Chukwujekwu Ezeonwumelu Muhammad Ntale Steve Okwudili Ogbonnia Ezera Agwu Julius Kihdze Tanayen keneth iceland kasozi Chukwudi Onyeka Okonkwo Anthonia Shodunke Ambrose Amamchukwu Akunne Onokiojare Ephraim Dafiewhare Jennifer Chibuogwu Ebosie Frederick Byarugaba Department of Pharmacy Faculty of MedicineMbarara University of Science and TechnologyMbararaUganda Department of Clinical and Biopharmacy School of PharmacyKampala International University Western CampusIshakaUganda Kampala International University Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research(KIUCAMRES)Group IshakaUganda Department of Chemistry Makerere UniversityKampalaUganda Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LagosLagosNigeria Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biomedical SciencesKampala International University Western CampusIshakaUganda Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Faculty of MedicineMbarara University of Science and TechnologyMbararaUganda Department of Physiology Faculty of Biomedical SciencesKampala International University Western CampusIshakaUganda Department of Human Physiology Faculty of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of MedicineNnewi CampusNnamdi Azikiwe UniversityNnewiNigeria Department of Public Health Faculty of Applied SciencesBishop Stuart UniversityMbararaUganda Department of Microbiology Faculty of MedicineMbarara University of Science and TechnologyMbararaUganda Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of KabaleKabaleUganda

The objective of the study was to determine the antibacterial efficacy of Bidens pilosa Aqueous (BPA), Bidens pilosa Ethanolic (BPE), Ageratum conyzoides Aqueous (ACA), Ageratum conyzoides Ethanolic (ACE), Ocimum suave Aqueous (OSA) and Ocimum suave Ethanolic (OSE) extracts on HIV/AIDS patients’ oral bacteria. Healthy green leaves of the plants were collected in Ishaka Uganda, processed and portions separately extracted with hot distilled water and cold ethanol. The susceptibility, MIC and MBC of each extract were determined using standard protocols. The bacteria had significant (p Bidens pilosa, Ageratum conyzoides and Ocimum suave on oral lesions of HIV/AIDS patients made by traditional healers and local people in South-Western Uganda. We recommend a detailed study of structural identities and activities of the active antibacterial principle(s) in these plants for possible new drug entities and verification of the interactive effects of the principle(s) with ARVs and cotrimoxazole used daily by HIV/AIDS patients.

关键词： Antibacterial Efficacy Bidens Pilosa Ageratum Conyzoides Ocimum Suave Oral Bacteria HIV/AIDS Uganda

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Grain Yield and Protein Content of Brazilian Cowpea Genotypes under Diverse Ugandan Environments

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第13期6卷 2074-2084页

作者： Gabriel Ddamulira Carlos Antonio Fernandes Santos Peter Obuo Mildred Alanyo Charles kasozi Lwanga National Crops Resource Research Institute Kampala Uganda Embrapa Semi-Arid Petrolina Brazil National Semi-Arid Resource Research Institute Serere Uganda

Twenty nine cowpea genotypes, including four Ugandan genotypes, were evaluated for grain yield, protein stability and adaptability under diverse environments in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis showed that cowpea grain yield and protein content were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by genotypes (G), environments (E), and interaction (G x E). Genotypes C2T and C2I had the highest grain yield and protein content respectively, but both were only adapted to specific environments. Genotypes C1J, C1V, C2A, C2O, and C2R were adapted to three environments with high yield which was stable. Similarly, genotypes BRS Pujante, C1J, C2Q and CIT also expressed high protein levels with high stability and wide adaptability. The study further revealed that Namulonge 2014B, Serere 2014A, Serere 2014B and Serere were the most favorable environments for obtaining high yield and protein respectively, because at these four environments, mean yield and protein were higher than the overall mean. All Brazilian genotypes had high protein levels compared to Ugandan genotypes indicating the potential of Brazilian genotypes in improving cowpea seed protein content in Uganda.

关键词： Stability Adaptability AMMI GxE Interaction

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Effects of Inclusion Levels of Sweet Potato Vine Silage on Feed Intake, Milk Production and Profitability of Lactating Crossbred Dairy Cows

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2020年第3期10卷 608-617页

作者： N. A. Galla Z. Nampija V. Lutwama S. Mayanja F. Grant G. Kyalo M. Kiggundu E. Zziwa J. Nambi-kasozi Makerere University Kampala Uganda International Potato Center Kampala Uganda National Livestock Resources Research Institute Kampala Uganda

Feed scarcity is a major challenge in smallholder production systems especially during the dry season. Sweet potato vines (SPV) contribute over 40% of the crop residues fed to dairy cattle but they are highly perishable resulting into losses of about 24% per season. Ensiling SPV mitigates seasonal feed shortages and assists in coping with seasonal feed price fluctuations. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sweet potato vines silage (SPVS) supplementation on the performance of lactating Ankole × Friesian crossbred dairy cattle. Four primiparous cows in early lactation were randomly allotted a basal diet of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay supplemented with dairy pellets and four graded levels of SPVS (0, 100, 200 and 300 g/kg of the daily ration) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The animals were given a one-week adaptation period followed by a two weeks data collection period for each diet. Dry matter intake (DMI), live weight changes, milk yield and composition were determined. Dry matter intake improved with addition of SPVS (P ≤ 0.05), with intake being highest (11.9 kg) in cows that were fed the highest SPVS level and lowest in cows that were not given SPVS (6.8 kg). Although animals on diets with 0, 100, 200 g of SPVS/kg of daily ration lost weight, there were no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in body weight changes across all treatments. Milk yield increased with SPVS supplementation by 1.5 - 1.7 kg per cow per day but there were no significant differences between the different SPVS supplementation levels. Milk fat and solids-non-fat differed (P ≤ 0.05) across the four diets but there was no consistent trend observed. Considering profit margins, supplementing dairy cows with SPVS at a level of 100 g/kg of daily ration was the most profitable at Uganda shillings 1290 (0.344 USD) per cow per day. In conclusion, SPVS supplementation improved DMI and milk yield but supplementation beyond 100 g/kg of the daily feed intake was not cost-effective.

关键词： Dry Matter Intake Milk Composition Rhodes Grass Supplementation

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