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Case Study of a Cyber-Physical Attack Affecting Port and Ship Operational Safety

Journal of Transportation Technologies 2022年第1期12卷 1-27页

作者： Kimberly Tam Rory Hopcraft kemedi moara-nkwe Juan Palbar Misas Wesley Andrews Avanthika Vineetha Harish Pablo Giménez Tom Crichton Kevin Jones Maritime Cyber Threats Research Group University of Plymouth Plymouth UK Fundacion Valenciaport Valencia Spain

As the maritime sector embraces more technology to increase efficiency, lower carbon emissions, and adapt to meet modern challenges, cyber and cyber-physical safety become a more significant issue. However, unfortunately, much of past research view cyber-security issues in transportation as primarily information technology problems. This paper designs and uses a case study to illustrate how cyber-security and physical safety should be viewed together, cyber and physical (i.e. cyber-physical), when considering ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore interactions. While there is some scenario designing, this case study is built with real port data and ship systems to demonstrate a real-world cyber-attack on a ship. It shows plausible physical effects that affect the safety of those involved. This case study is also made realistic with a novel hybrid cyber range and hardware testbed environment, designed to examine the different effects a ship-based cyber-attack could potentially have on a port. This informs several solutions, technical and social, that could enhance cyber-physical safety in marine transportation.

关键词： Cyber-Physical Security Safety Port Cyber Range Cybersecurity

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Bite force and masticatory efficiency in individuals with different oral rehabilitations

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Open Journal of Stomatology 2012年第1期2卷 21-26页

作者： Laner B.Rosa Cesar Bataglion Selma Siéssere Marcelo Palinkas Wilson Mestriner Júnior Osvaldo de Freitas moara de Rossi Lígia Franco de Oliveira Simone C.H.Regalo Department of Morphology Stomatologyand PhysiologySchool of DentistryUniversity of Sao PauloRibeirao PretoBrazil Department of Dentistry School of DentistryUniversity of Sao PauloRibeirao PretoBrazil Department of Pediatric Clinics Preventive and Community DentistryRibeirao Preto Dental SchoolUniversity of Sao PauloRibeirao PretoBrazil Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ribeirao Preto School of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Sao PauloRibeirao PretoBrazil

Objective: This study was analyzed adult individuals rehabilitated with different types of dentures, with the purpose of verifying the effect that different types of denture rehabilitation have on maximal bite force and masticatory efficiency. The aim of this study is to facilitate diagnosis and prognosis, bringing contributions to the quality and stability of treatments Materials and Methods: Fifty individuals were divided into five groups: one control group with ten dentate individuals and another four groups formed according to the type of rehabilitation treatment. Maximal bite force was recorded on the first molar regions, and masticatory efficiency rates were recorded on the right, left and habitual sides. Results: Data related to the maximal bite force recordings were statistically significant across the analyzed groups [ANOVA for p ≤ 0.01]. The data related to masticatory efficiency rates also showed statistical significance across all groups [ANOVA for p ≤ 0.05] in the three tested conditions [mastication on the right, left and habitual sides]. Conclusion: The group of individuals rehabilitated with implants and single crowns showed greater bite force values and masticatory efficiency rates compared to the other groups, and the treatment with implantsupported mandibular overdenture improved the function compared to conventional complete dentures, thus evincing that the stomatognathic system has different functional behaviors depending on the type of oral rehabilitation.

关键词： Bite Force Masticatory Performance Oral Rehabilitation

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