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Opening the black box of donor influence on Digital Earth in Africa

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2013年第S02期6卷 1-21页

作者： kate T.Lance Yola P.Georgiadou Arnold K.Bregt Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation University of TwentePO Box 2177500 AEEnschedeThe Netherlands Centre for Geo-Information Wageningen University and Research CentrePO Box 476700 AAWageningenThe Netherlands

Africa’s participation in Digital Earth is *** is a tendency to ascribe this state to prevailing governance and cultural challenges in ***,foreign actors such as donors have an apparent role in shaping geospatial policies and *** far,the complex linkages between external aid and improved social and environmental monitoring and decision-making have been handled as a kind of‘black box’.To better understand the situation,we open the box and focus on the interaction between donors and *** use a heuristic from political science,as well as empirical evidence,to describe the policyinfluencing tools that donors employ based on four basic resources donors possess:organization,authority,treasure,and *** show an evolution of tool usage as donors shift from‘old aid’to‘new aid’*** new tools include:technical assistance for geospatial curriculum development,inscription of standards and data access requirements in contracts and grants,cross-agency project design,best-practice analysis,portfolio management,and the use of language to promote participation and *** these tools reflect donor intent to partner in the realization of Digital Earth,the tools stem from a persisting asymmetric power dynamic between donors and policy-makers.

关键词： foreign aid donors policy outcomes tools geospatial technologies

The Relationship between China and Ecowas

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The Relationship between China and Ecowas

作者： SAMBO BUNMWAKAT kate（凯特）山东大学

学位级别：硕士

历史上,经贸关系在西非经济共同体建立的前后曾经影响着历史上法语系和英语系国家的分割以及他们曾在欧洲历史上附属的殖民力量。相比于非洲的其他子区域,中国人对西非经济共同体很少有所了解或影响。由于历史和意识形态的缘故,中国对... 详细信息

历史上,经贸关系在西非经济共同体建立的前后曾经影响着历史上法语系和英语系国家的分割以及他们曾在欧洲历史上附属的殖民力量。相比于非洲的其他子区域,中国人对西非经济共同体很少有所了解或影响。由于历史和意识形态的缘故,中国对大多数的其他子区域的了解最早可以追溯到公元前6到10世纪。然后,当几内亚湾发现蕴藏着世界上重大的约占据7%的藏量,中国对西非经济共同体的兴趣已经开始唤醒。西非经济共同体地区石油储量突出的国家有：尼日利亚,科威特,几内亚以及加纳。然后,西非经济共同体开放它的门户也是想影响该地区特别是经济缺乏必要的基础设施的地区,让经济的增长跟随着该区域的发展轨道快速增长。由于中国外交政策的本意是倾向非洲的内陆国家,中国也的确倾向了大多数非洲国家及西非经济共同体地区。2008年,西非经济共同体和中国开始着手商业论坛。有证据表明,中国-西非经济共同体的关系也激励着这些地区基础设施发展的愿望和人的能力建设。根据相互利互惠原则,在21世纪,中国作为一个正在崛起的力量依赖非洲对其工业化、现代化以及西非经济共同体可以供应的许多资源维持其经济发展的,另一方面,西非经济共同体需要中国提供的基础设施建设以及技术能力。现在中国在石油和原材料进口及制成品的市场上得到了补偿,而西非经济共同体也获得技术诀窍,经济管理思想,以及道路、大坝和许多其他的大规模建设。西非经济共同体作为一个公认的非盟次区域,借助如同均衡的Kahler和Keohane一样的多边论坛平台,西非经济共同体通过像中非合作论坛这样的机构从中国受益。中国在西非经济共同体发展舞台的出现,使得欧美之间关于谁控制这个区域的斗争更为激烈,这也为西非经济共同体的领导人选择一个更适合21世纪发展的合作伙伴（中国）创造机会。中国通过对子区域分类开始着手于重组自己与非盟的战略并且建立起新的合作领域。2006年,在一次历史性中非首脑（西非经济共同体在内）会议上,中国成为非洲掌控其丰富资源;以及发展其工业、基础设施和经济的战略伙伴。这便形成了一个三边的战略竞争,引起了西方领导人的强烈反响。在深入检验了中国在西非经济共同体的竞争力后,欧洲和美国两者,已经重新考虑他们与非洲泛大陆之间的关系。像大多数伙伴关系一样,西非经济共同体与中国之间的关系被西方的宣传、文化以及意识形态的差异所束缚着。过度依赖于其他国家无益于西非经济共同体像中国一样建立起自身的模式和策略进行发展。西非经济共同体地区已经成为中国、欧洲和美国利用各种方法和策略维持关系的竞争地。针对中国人所拥有的传统的自由和信念,西非经济共同体地区无法更好的转变自身经济以致大多数摆脱贫困以及也带动经济飞速发展,中国已经处于转变西非经济共同体地区的进程中。在处理中国人参与到西非经济共同体地区的问题上,中国政府及其跨国公司一直努力工作力求给西非经济共同体人民一个中国作为新来者的良好形象。针对资源获取,经济、外交及政治合作,双边和多边策略是中国在西非经济共同体地区极其重要的战略。通过深入研究,中国评论家们关注于中国这样一个第二超级大国借助于其对西非经济共同体的“无附加条件”政策,如何制造一个对于民主和鼓励贪污腐败潜在的全球威胁。此研究发现,借助中非合作论坛,西非经济共同体从中国受益。在西非经济共同体经济地区由于深化经济集成产生的结果说服了该地区的政策制定者执行更进一步的经济合作,增加投资和贸易。深信中非合作论坛已经成为中非之间总体对话和实际合作有效机制的一个重要平台,双方决定大力实施后续行动,在中非合作论坛的框架内积极探索强化建立后续机制以及加强对话和合作的道路。对于全球聚焦西非经济共同体地区最重要的解释是或许意识到他的资源的供应（包括人力和自然资源）。

关键词：基础设施发展合作相互关系

Neonatal seizures and disruption to neurotransmitter systems

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第2期12卷 216-217页

作者： Stephanie M.Miller kate Goasdoue S.Tracey Bjorkman The University of Queensland UQ Centre for Clinical ResearchHerston QLD Australia

Seizure disorders and epilepsies are well documented to be associated with long-term neurological and cognitive deficits in the adult and pediatric patients,but what about seizures in the newborn？The neonatal brain i... 详细信息

关键词： AEDs Neonatal seizures and disruption to neurotransmitter systems GABAA Cl NMDA

Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第22期20卷 6918-6923页

作者： Ravinder Naik Noonavath Chandrasekharan Padma Lakshmi Tarun Kumar Dutta Vikram kate Department of Surgery Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPondicherry 605006India Department of Medical Gastroenterology Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPondicherry 605006India Department of Clinical Hematology Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPondicherry 605006India Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPondicherry 605006India

AIM: To assess the effect of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication on platelet counts in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (cITP).

关键词： Helicobacter pylori Immune thrombocytopenic purpura Platelet counts

Immunobiology of congenital cytomegalovirus infection of the central nervous system--the murine cytomegalovirus model

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2015年第2期12卷 180-191页

作者： Irena Slavuljica Daria Kvestak Peter Csaba Huszthy kate Kosmac William J Britt Stipan Jonjic Department of Histology and Embryology School of Medicine University of Rijeka Rijeka Croatia Department of Infectious Diseases School of Medicine University of Rijeka Rijeka Croatia Department of Immunology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway Department of Microbiology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA

Congenital human cytomegalovirus infection is a leading infectious cause of long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae, including mental retardation and hearing defects. Strict species specificity of cytomegaloviruses has restricted the scope of studies of cytomegalovirus infection in animal models. To investigate the pathogenesis of congenital human cytomegalovirus infection, we developed a mouse cytomegalovirus model that recapitulates the major characteristics of central nervous system infection in human infants, including the route of neuroinvasion and neuropathological findings. Following intraperitoneal inoculation of newborn animals with mouse cytomegalovirus, the virus disseminates to the central nervous system during high-level viremia and replicates in the brain parenchyma, resulting in a focal but widespread, non-necrotizing encephalitis. Central nervous system infection is coupled with the recruitment of resident and peripheral immune cells as well as the expression of a large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Although infiltration of cellular constituents of the innate immune response characterizes the early immune response in the central nervous system, resolution of productive infection requires virus-specific CD8＋ T cells. Perinatal mouse cytomegalovirus infection results in profoundly altered postnatal development of the mouse central nervous system and long-term motor and sensory disabilities. Based on an enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of this infection, prospects for novel intervention strategies aimed to improve the outcome of congenital human cytomegalovirus infection are proposed.

关键词： central nervous system congenital infection cytomegalovirus immune response

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Make it new

Make it new

Combined VEGF/PDGF improves olfactory regeneration after unilateral bulbectomy in mice

作者： (author.)kate Barry

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Neural Regeneration Research 2018年第10期13卷 1820-1826页

作者： kate Beecher Louise M.Hafner Jenny Ekberg James A.St.John Fatemeh Chehrehasa School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research Griffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryGriffith University Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University

The olfactory receptor neurons lining the nasal cavity have a remarkable capacity to regenerate throughout life. They are replenished continuously and their axons make new connections within the olfactory bulb. However, some factors such as head trauma and skull base surgery damage the olfactory nerve which lead to olfactory dysfunction. Losing the sense of smell has considerable effects on quality of life and life-expectancy. Therefore, there is a clear need to find a treatment for olfactory dysfunction. One such potential treatment is growth factor therapy which showed promising results in the spinal cord and brain injuries. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether combined delivery of two growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor treatment can improve the olfactory neurons regeneration in mice. The degeneration of the olfactory neurons was induced by unilateral bulbectomy. The treatment group received 1.5 μg of the combined growth factors intranasally, while the control injured group received saline. Growth factor treatment significantly increased the number of immature neurons at 5 and 7 days post injury and also the number of mature olfactory neurons at 10 and 14 days post bulbectomy. Regenerating axons extended over a larger volume in the operated cavity in the treatment group compared to control group at 14 days post bulbectomy. The growth factor treatment also significantly reduced astrocytic glia scar in the operated cavity. The results indicate that the combined delivery of the growth factors has the potential to improve olfactory dysfunction.

关键词： astrocytes olfactory bulb glial scar axon growth factors neuron

A prospective study of time to healing and hypertrophic scarring in paediatric burns:every day counts

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Burns & Trauma 2017年第1期5卷 44-49页

作者： Elizabeth Chipp Lisa Charles Clare Thomas kate Whiting Naiem Moiemen Yvonne Wilson Burns Centre Birmingham Children’s HospitalSteelhouse LaneBirminghamUK

Background: It is commonly accepted that burns taking longer than 3 weeks to heal have a much higher rate of hypertrophic scarring than those which heal more quickly. However, some of our patients develop hypertrophic scars despite healing within this 3-week period. Methods: We performed a prospective study of 383 paediatric burns treated non-operatively at a regional burns centre over a 2-year period from May 2011 to April 2013. Scar assessment was performed by a senior burns therapist using the vancouver Scar Scale. Results: Overall rates of hypertrophic scarring were 17.2%. Time to healing was the strongest predictor of developing hypertrophic scarring, and the earliest hypertrophic scar developed in a patient who was healed after 8 days. The risk of hypertrophic scarring was multiplied by 1.138 for every additional day taken for the burn wound to heal. There was a trend towards higher rates of hypertrophic scarring in non-white skin types but this did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: The risk of hypertrophic scarring increases with every day and, therefore, every effort should be made to get the wound healed as quickly as possible, even within the traditional 3-week period usually allowed for healing. We believe that the traditional dogma of aiming for healing within 3 weeks is overly simplistic and should be abandoned: in paediatric burns, every day counts.

关键词： Scar Hypertrophic Burn Time to healing Paediatric Skin type

Post-operative prevention and monitoring of Crohn’s disease recurrence

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Gastroenterology Report 2022年第1期10卷 217-226页

作者： kate E.Lee Sarah Cantrell Bo Shen Adam S.Faye Department of Medicine Duke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA Duke University Medical Center Library&Archives Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNCUSA Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA Division of Gastroenterology NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA

Crohn’s disease(CD)and ulcerative colitis(UC)are relapsing and remitting chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal *** surgery for UC can provide a cure,surgery for CD is rarely *** the past few decades,research has identified risk factors for postsurgical CD recurrence,enabling patient risk stratification to guide monitoring and prophylactic treatment to prevent CD recurrence.A MEDLINE literature review identified articles regarding post-operative monitoring of CD recurrence after resection *** this review,we discuss the evidence on risk factors for postoperative CD recurrence as well as suggestions on post-operative management.

关键词： post-operative Crohn’s management recurrence biologics