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Lightning in a Forest (Wild) Fire: Mechanism at the Molecular Level

作者： (加)卡尔·施罗德(karl schroeder)

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2024年第1期14卷 128-135页

作者： See Leang Chin Xueliang Guo Harmut schroeder Huanbin Xu Tie-Jun Wang Ruxin Li Weiwei Liu Department of Physics and Center for Optics Photonics and Lasers (COPL) Laval University Quebec Canada Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Garching Germany State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China Institute of Modern Optics Nankai University Tianjin China

The mechanism of lightning that ignites a forest fire and the lightning that occurs above a forest fire are explained at the molecular level. It is based on two phenomena, namely, internal charge separation inside the atmospheric cloud particles and the existence of a layer of positively charged hydrogen atoms sticking out of the surface of the liquid layer of water on the surface of rimers. Strong turbulence-driven collisions of the ice particles and water droplets with the rimers give rise to breakups of the ice particles and water droplets into positively and negatively charged fragments leading to charge separation. Hot weather in a forest contributes to the updraft of hot and humid air, which follows the same physical/chemical processes of normal lightning proposed and explained recently[1]. Lightning would have a high probability of lighting up and burning the dry biological materials in the ground of the forest, leading to a forest (wild) fire. The burning of trees and other plants would release a lot of heat and moisture together with a lot of smoke particles (aerosols) becoming a strong updraft. The condition for creating lightning is again satisfied which would result in further lightning high above the forest wild fire.

关键词： Forest Wild Fire Lightning Molecular Level

Increase in efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells by porous TiO_2 layer modification with gadolinium-containing thin layer

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Journal of Rare Earths 2011年第8期29卷 783-786页

作者： Maciej Zalas Mariusz Walkowiak Grzegorz schroeder Faculty of Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals Branch in Poznań Central Laboratory of Batteries and Cells

Modified with gadolinium-containing layer, nanoporous titania electrode and its application in dye-sensitized solar cells were reported. The electrode prepared was characterized with UV-Vis and X-ray diffraction （XRD） techniques. The amount of gadolinium was measured with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry （ICP-OES） experiments. The modified electrode showed reduced N3 dye adsorption ability, but increased light conversion efficiency in comparison with the non-modified electrode. The overall conversion efficiencies, determined under 400 W/m2 irradiation with tungsten-halogen lamp at room temperature, were 0.55% for non-modified and 0.74% for modified electrodes.

关键词： dye-sensitized solar cell surface modification of TiO2 Gd-doped TiO2 rare earths

Fight them or feed them:how the intestinal mucus layer manages the gut microbiota

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Gastroenterology Report 2019年第1期7卷 3-12,I0001页

作者： Bjoern O.schroeder Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of MedicineBruna Stra°ket 16University of GothenburgSE 41345 GothenburgSweden

The intestinal tract is inhabited by a tremendous number of microorganisms,termed the gut *** microorganisms live in a mutualistic relationship with their host and assist in the degradation of complex *** the gut microbiota is generally considered beneficial,the vast number of microbial cells also form a permanent threat to the ***,the intestinal epithelium is covered with a dense layer of mucus to prevent translocation of the gut microbiota into underlying *** mucus is an organized glycoprotein network with a host-specific glycan *** the mucus layer has long been considered a passive,host-designed barrier,recent studies showed that maturation and function of the mucus layer are strongly influenced by the gut *** return,the glycan repertoire of mucins can select for distinct mucosa-associated bacteria that are able to bind or degrade specific mucin glycans as a nutrient *** the intestinal mucus layer is at the crucial interface between host and microbes,its breakdown leads to gut bacterial encroachment that can eventually cause inflammation and ***,a dysfunctional mucus layer has been observed in colitis in mice and ***,the increased consumption of a low-fiber Western-style diet in our modern society has recently been demonstrated to cause bacteria-mediated defects of the intestinal mucus ***,I will review current knowledge on the interaction between gut bacteria and the intestinal mucus layer in health and *** the molecular details of this host–microbe interaction may contribute to the development of novel treatment options for diseases involving a dysfunctional mucus layer,such as ulcerative colitis.

关键词： Dietary fiber gut microbiota host-microbe interaction inflammatory bowel disease mucus mucin mucosal barrier metabolic disease probiotics ulcerative colitis

FerryBox: Using Automated Water Measurement Systems to Monitor Water Quality: Perspectives for the Yangtze River and Three Gorges Dam

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Journal of Earth Science 2010年第6期21卷 861-869页

作者： Carsten Frank Friedhelm schroeder Wilhelm Petersen Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH Institute for Coastal Research

The building of the Three Gorges Dam （Hubei （湖北） Province, China） has transformed a region with an economy based on sustainable agriculture for millennia into an entirely different environment within an exceptionally short time. This disrupts the natural biogeochemieal cycles of carbon, nutrients, and metals and possibly will affect the whole catchment including downstream ecosystems, such as wetlands, estuaries, deltas, and adjacent sea areas. Starting from changes that have already been documented, this article concentrates on the possible use of a ＂FerryBox＂, which is an automated water quality measurement system on board a ship or on shore, to monitor the short and long term development of the quality of the river water in the backwater area and downstream of the dam. While there are already research programmes running to monitor the water quality of the river and the backwater area, these programs are limited to ship campaigns with sampling and laboratory analysis. The spatial and temporal resolution of such measurements is not sufficient for an overall assessment of the water quality and for prognoses in the context of anthropogenic and climate change. Therefore, a concept of applying regular automated observations by a FerryBox is presented. It is shown that such systems are very well suited to give feedback for the assessment of measures to improve the water quality.

关键词： Three Gorges Dam Yangtze River eutrophication FerryBox.

Effect of Continuous Phase Viscosity on Membrane Emulsification

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2000年第2期8卷 108-112页

作者：王志王世昌 Volker schroeder Helmar Schubert Institute of Food Process Engineering Karlsruhe UniversityD-76128 KarlsruheGermany

Oil-in-water(o/w) emulsions were produced with a membrane emulsification system. The effect of the continuous phase viscosity on the emulsification was studied. The theoretical analyses show that the continuous phase viscosity influences not only the flow field of the continuous phase but also the interfacial tension. The droplet size distribution and disperse phase flux for different continuous phase viscosity were investigated experimentally at constant wall shear stress and constant volume flow rate of the continuous phase respectively.

关键词： membrane emulsification viscosity continuous phase

LES of film cooling for different jet fluids

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航空动力学报 2007年第4期22卷 521-530页

作者： P. Renze W. schroeder M. Meinke Aerodynamisches Institut RWTH Aachen 52062 Aachen Germany

The present paper investigates the impact of the velocity and density ratio on the turbulent mixing process in gas turbine blade film cooling.A cooling fluid is injected from an inclined pipe at α=30° into a turbulent boundary layer profile at a freestream Reynolds number of Re∞=*** jet-in-a-crossflow(JICF) problem is investigated using large-eddy simulations(LES).The governing equations comprise the Navier-Stokes equations plus additional transport equations for several species to simulate a non-reacting gas mixture.A variation of the density ratio is simulated by the heat-mass transfer analogy,i.e.,gases of different density are effused into an an air crossflow at a constant *** efficient large-eddy simulation method for low subsonic flows based on an implicit dual time-stepping scheme combined with low Mach number preconditioning is *** numerical results and experimental velocity data measured using two-component particle-image velocimetry (PIV) are in excellent *** results show the dynamics of the flow field in the vicinity of the jet hole,i.e.,the recirculation region and the inclination of the shear layers,to be mainly determined by the velocity ***,evaluating the cooling efficiency downstream of the jet hole the mass flux ratio proves to be the dominant similarity parameter,i.e.,the density ratio between the fluids and the velocity ratio have to be considered

关键词：航空推进系统仿真横向流动式喷气密度比速率冷却效率薄雾冷却

Outlook on the gut microbiota

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Gastroenterology Report 2022年第1期10卷 1-2页

作者： Bjoern O.schroeder Department of Molecular Biology UmeaUniversityUmeaSweden Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden(MIMS) UmeaUniversityUmeaSweden

Despite being a rather young research field that only emerged in the last two decades,it has become clear that the gut microbiota is an essential part of our body that strongly influences the processes that regulate our health and *** this Special Issue of Gastroenterology Report,we have compiled a collection of articles which discuss that microbial signals deriving from our internal bioreactor are by no means restricted to the gut environment,and why it is thus reasonable to consider the gut microbial community as an additional organ to our body.

关键词： Outlook spite restricted

Designing with nature:Advancing threedimensional green spaces in architecture through frameworks for biophilic design and sustainability

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2023年第4期12卷 732-753页

作者： Weijie Zhong Torsten schroeder Juliette Bekkering Architectural Design and Engineering Department of the Built EnvironmentEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven 5600 MBthe Netherlands

In the transition to a more sustainable built environment over the last two decades,the“greening”of architecture as a popular approach has received widespread ***,there are still many open questions and contradictions regarding how to design with“nature”and contribute to *** addition,explorations of built examples are rare,and three-dimensional(3D)green spaces in buildings are often ***,we introduce“green pockets”(3D green spaces)as a typology distinct from two-dimensional green roofs and walls/*** draw on a mixed-method approach to study two cases(Erasmus MC and Hotel Jakarta),comprising 12 semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders,design document analysis,and site *** develop a critical reflection(a framework)on the impacts of“green architecture”on sustainability from unpacked benefits and adopt a biophilic design framework to analyse designing with“nature”in architectural *** findings demonstrate that green pockets contribute to integrating multiple experiences of“nature”into buildings and developing sustainable *** green pockets with visibility,accessibility,and spatial characteristics(e.g.,prospect and refuge,organised complexity,peril,and mystery)of“nature”improves building ***,we provide design recommendations to advance green pocket designs and make suggestions for future research.

关键词： Biophilic design Biophilic architecture Design with nature Green space Sustainability Sustainable architecture