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Melanoma:Molecular genetics,metastasis,targeted therapies,immunotherapies,and therapeutic resistance

Genes & Diseases 2022年第6期9卷 1608-1623页

作者： William Wagstaff Rimel N.Mwamba karina grullon Mikhayla Armstrong Piao Zhao Bryce Hendren-Santiago Kevin H.Qin Alexander J.Li Daniel A.Hu Andrew Youssef Russell R.Reid Hue H.Luu Le Shen Tong-Chuan He Rex C.Haydon The Pritzker School of Medicine and the Medical Scientist Training ProgramThe University of Chicago Medical CenterChicagoIL 60637USA Molecular Oncology Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation MedicineThe University of Chicago Medical CenterChicagoIL 60637USA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016PR China Laboratory of Craniofacial Suture Biology and Development Department of Surgery Section of Plastic SurgeryThe University of Chicago Medical CenterChicagoIL 60637USA Department of Surgery The University of Chicago Medical CenterChicagoIL 60637USA

Cutaneous melanoma is a common cancer and cases have steadily increased since the mid *** some patients,early diagnosis and surgical removal of melanomas is lifesaving,while other patients typically turn to molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapies as treatment *** sampling of melanomas allows the scientific community to identify the most prevalent mutations that initiate melanoma such as the BRAF,NRAS,and TERT genes,some of which can be therapeutically *** initially effective,many tumors acquire resistance to the targeted therapies demonstrating the need to investigate compensatory *** represent an alternative to molecular targeted ***,inter-tumoral immune cell populations dictate initial therapeutic response and even tumors that responded to treatment develop resistance in the long *** the protocol for combination therapies develop,so will our scientific understanding of the many pathways at play in the progression of *** future direction of the field may be to find a molecule that connects all of the ***,noncoding RNAs have been shown to play important roles in melanoma development and *** noncoding RNAs may help us to understand how resistance e both primary and acquired e develops;ultimately allow us to harness the true potential of current *** review will cover the basic structure of the skin,the mutations and pathways responsible for transforming melanocytes into melanomas,the process by which melanomas metastasize,targeted therapeutics,and the potential that noncoding RNAs have as a prognostic and treatment tool.

关键词： BRAF inhibitors Checkpoint inhibitors Drug resistance Immunotherapy Melanoma Melanoma metastasis Skin cancer Targeted therapy Therapeutic resistance

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