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A Framework for Disaster Vulnerability in a Small Island in the Southwest Pacific: A Case Study of Emae Island, Vanuatu

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2017年第4期8卷 358-373页

作者： Guy Jackson karen McNamara Bradd Witt School of Earth and Environmental Science The University of Queensland

The societal costs of disasters around the world are continuing to increase and Pacific Island countries are considered some of the most vulnerable. This is primarily due to a combination of high hazard exposure coupled with a range of social, economic, physical, and political vulnerabilities. This article contributes to the growing body of work that aims to understand the causal factors of disaster vulnerability, but with a specific focus on small island developing states. The article first develops a framework for understanding disaster vulnerability, drawing on extensive literature and the well-established Methods for the Improvement of Vulnerability in Europe(MOVE)framework, and second, applies this adapted framework using empirically-derived data from fieldwork on Emae Island, Vanuatu to provide a working understanding of the causal elements of disaster vulnerability. Drawn from a significant body of scholarship at the time, the MOVE framework was primarily developed as a heuristic tool in which disaster vulnerability is considered to be a function of exposure, susceptibility(socially, economically, physically, culturally, environmentally, institutionally), and a lack of resilience. We posit that this adapted framework for small islands should also include historical susceptibility,and we prefer livelihood resilience(as capabilities, social capital, knowledge, participation, and human rights) over lack of resilience. We maintain that understanding disaster vulnerability holistically, which is inclusive of both strengths and drawbacks, is crucial to ensure that limited resources can target the causal factors that produce vulnerability and help safeguard and improve livelihoods in both the short and long term.

关键词： Disaster risk reduction Disaster vulnerability Livelihood resilience Small islands Vanuatu

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Role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in acute pancreatitis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第47期13卷 6314-6320页

作者： karen R Canlas Malcolm S Branch Division of Gastro- enterology and Hepatology Duke University Medical Center Durham North Carolina 27710 United States

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a useful tool in the evaluation and management of acute pancreatitis. This review will focus on the role of ERCP in specific causes of acute pancreatitis, including microlithiasis and gallstone disease, pancreas divisum, Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, tumors of the pancreaticobiliary tract, pancreatic pseudocysts, and pancreatic duct injury. Indications for endoscopic techniques such as biliary and pancreatic sphincterotomy, stenting, stricture dilation, treatment of duct leaks, drainage of fluid collections and stone extraction will also be discussed in this review. With the advent of less invasive and safer diagnostic modalities including endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and magnetic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), ERCP is appropriately becoming a therapeutic rather than diagnostic tool in the management of acute pancreatitis and its complications.

关键词： Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogr aphy Acute pancreatitis

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Taking up the reins of power:metabolic functions of p53

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Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 2019年第7期11卷 610-614页

作者： Timothy Humpton karen H.Vousden The CRUK Beatson Institute Glasgow G61 1BDUK The Francis Crick Institute London NW1 1ATUK

The clear importance of p53 as a tumour suppressor protein has propelled decades of in tense research focused on understanding the functions of p53 and attempting to harness this knowledge for patient benefit.p53 plays a pivotal role in the ability of cells to sense and respond to stress-functions that contribute not only to limitation of cancer development,but also to modulating numerous other aspects of health and *** the can on ical activities of p53 relate to the elimination of damaged cells through cell death or senescenee,more recent work has highlighted a role for p53 as a guardian of cell survival and facilitator of adaptation during metabolic *** emerging metabolic features of p53 activity are proving to be crucial for many of its essential functions.

关键词： importance protein functions

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Regulation ofβ2-adrenoceptors in brain glia:implications for neuroinflammatory and degenerative disorders

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第11期15卷 2035-2036页

作者： karen M.Ryan Andrew Harkin Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience Trinity College Dublin Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences&Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublinIreland

Noradrenaline:Within the central nervous system(CNS),the primary source of the catecholamine neurotransmitter noradrenaline is the locus coeruleus(LC)in the pontine tegmentum,with LC neurons projecting to almost all regions of the brain and spinal *** its release from LC neurons,noradrenaline has wide ranging *** example,noradrenaline is the endogenous agonist for G-coupledα-andβ-adrenoceptors that are expressed on many cell types,including neurons and glia,in both the peripheral nervous system and *** is via these receptors that noradrenaline exerts its anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic effects in the *** additionally has adrenoceptor-independent neuroprotective actions,and as such plays a role in free radical scavenging and reducing oxidative stress(Feinstein et al.,2016).

关键词： adrenoceptor protective endogenous

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Global Comparative Literature in a World of Pandemics

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Journal of Foreign Languages and Cultures 2022年第1期6卷 66-78,155,156页

作者： karen Thormber Harvard University

Ours isa world of pandemics Intersecting with and frequently exacerbated by responses to the coronavirus pandemic have been numerous pandemics with much longer histories,including pandemics of other communicable diseases,as well as pandemics of non-communicable diseases,mental illness,addiction,systemicracism,socialinjustice,gender-based violence,and misinformation,all of which have been deeply intertwined with environmental degradation and climate *** our era of multiple intensifying pandemics,not to mention often anemic humanities enrollments,it is crucial that comparative literature go more global:engaging more deeply with abroader array of texts,pathways,and processes than ever before with a focus on providing insights into global challenges and crises aswell as possibilities for ameliorationon avast *** focusesontwo examples the connections between disease and stigmaiand the connections between environmental crises and gender-based violence.

关键词： medical humanities health humanities environmental humanities gender-based violence

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Insights into social relationships among female black howler monkeys Alouatta pigra at Palenque National Park, Mexico

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Current Zoology 2011年第1期57卷 1-7页

作者： Sarie VAN BELLE Alejandro ESTRADA karen B. STRIER Department of Zoology University of Wisconsin-Madison USA Estaclon de Blologla Tropical Los Tuxtlas Instituto de Biologfa Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Mexico Department of Anthropology University of Wisconsin-Madison USA

Abstract We investigated the social relationships among adult females in two multimale-multifemale groups of black howler monkeys Alouatta pigra during a 14-month study in Palenque National Park, Mexico. Based on over 900 focal hours and over 5400 scan samples recording neighboring group members, we found that females very rarely engaged in agonistic interactions and no dominance hierarchy could be discerned. Relationships among resident females were primarily affiliative, but females of one study group spent a higher proportion of time in close proximity and engaged in affiliative interactions with one another at higher rates than females in the other study group. The strength of female relationships increased with the birth of an infant. Al- though no females immigrated during the study period, the temporary association of three extragroup females with our study groups implies that the social system of black howler monkeys is more dynamic than previously suggested. These findings sug- gest that female black howler monkeys behave more similarly to female red howler monkeys A. seniculus than to female mantled howler monkeys A. palliata

关键词： Black howler monkey Alouatta pigra Affiliation Agonism Female dispersal

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Meat juice contributes to the stability of ethanol adaptation in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis

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Food Quality and Safety 2021年第3期5卷 291-296页

作者： Shoukui He karen Fong Siyun Wang Xianming Shi MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety School of Agriculture and BiologyState Key Lab of Microbial MetabolismShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina Food Nutrition and HealthFaculty of Land and Food SystemsThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada

Stability assessme nt of observed tolerance phe no types is integral in un dersta nding stress adaptati on in food-borne ***,the current work was carried out to determine whether ethanol adaptation induced by exposure to 5 percent ethanol for 60 min is a stable phenomenon in Salmonella enterica serovar *** capacity of Salmonella Enteritidis(***)to maintain the acquired ethanol adaptation in the absenee of sublethal ethanol stress was investigated at 37℃,25℃ or 4℃ in Luria-Bertani broth and two types of meat *** was found that ethanol adaptation was completely reversed within 40 min at 37℃ or within 60 min at 25℃,but was stable at 4℃ for at least 48 h in the broth *** adaptation was retained in chicken juice during 60-min incubation at 25℃ or 48h incubation at 4℃.Moreover,exposure to pork juice stored at either 25℃ or 4℃ sigrdficantly(P<0.05)increased the ethanol toleranee of ethanol-adapted ***,these fin dings suggest that ethanol adaptation stability in *** teritidis under cold conditi ons and in meat juices should be take n into acco unt whe n con ducting a comprehensive risk analysis during food processing.

关键词： Salmonella Enteritidis ethanol adaptation stability temperature meat juice.

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Prognostic role of selection criteria for liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma:Review and bibliometric

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iLIVER 2024年第1期3卷 52-61页

作者： Pamela Scarlett Espinoza Loyola Diana Laura Muratalla Bautista karen Adela Hernández Bautista Elizabeth Gil White JoséAntonio González Moreno Daniel Angel Torres del Real Víctor Manuel Páez Zayas Carla Escorza-Molina Fernando Mondragón Rodríguez Omar Vásquez Gómez Luis Jorge Fernández López Paul Santiago Mogrovejo Vázquez Isidoro Aczel Sánchez-Cedillo Víctor Jose Visag Castillo Social Service Internship Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City 04510Mexico Social Service Internship Universidad AnahuacMexico City 04510Mexico Department of Surgery Division of Transplantation Surgery Hospital General de MéxicoMexico City 06720Mexico Departament of Gastroenterology Division of HepatologyHospital General de MéxicoMexico City 06720Mexico Departmanet of Anesthesiology Hospital General de MéxicoMexico City 06720Mexico

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common cancers in the world and is one of the leading indications for liver transplantation,liver transplantation is the gold standard treatment for end stage liver *** is based up on radiological characteristics and rarely biopsy *** treatment must be individualized to each patient to improve recurrences and *** this article,we focus on the different selection criteria for liver *** study aimed to investigate the distribution laws and research frontiers of international literature,so as to present holistic bibliometric evaluation of the studies on 5-year survival and disease-free recurrence in 5 years,according to hepatocarcinoma criteria for liver *** paper aims to review and analyze 5-year survival and disease-free recurrence based on hepatocarcinoma criteria for liver *** systematically examines and summarizes distribution characteristics and research frontiers through bibliometric analysis.A bibliographic search was implemented in PubMed/Medline,Clinical Key,Science Direct and Index Medicus with MESH terms,from the year 1996–*** selected for transplantation using the Metroticket 2.0(MT2)criteria had the highest overall survival along with patients selected for transplantation using the Milan Criteria had the best 5-year disease-free *** Metroticket 2.0 criteria(MT2)and Milan Criteria(MC)have shown the most favorable post-transplant outcomes for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,MC demonstrated the best 5-year disease-free recurrence rate,underscoring the significance of taking into account tumor morphology and biology when determining the eligibility of HCC patients for liver *** distribution characteristics and research frontiers by bibliometrics concerning prognostic role of selection criteria for liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma the collaboration

关键词： Hepatocellular carcinoma Liver transplantation Survival Criteria Recurrence Bibliometrics

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Distinct toll-like receptor expression in monocytes and T cells in chronic HCV infection

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第8期12卷 1198-1204页

作者： Angela Dolganiuc Catherine Garcia karen Kodys Gyongyi Szabo Department of Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School364 Plantation StreetWorcesterMA 01605-2324United States

AIM： Hepatitis C virus often establishes chronic infections. Recent studies suggest that viral and bacterial infections are more common in HCV-infected patients compared to controls. Pathogens are recognized by Toll-like receptors （TLRs） to shape adaptive and innate immune responses. METHODS： In this study, to infected host to recognize assess the ability of HCV-infected host to recognize invading pathogens, we investigated Toll-like receptor expression in innate （monocytes） and adaptive （T cells） immune cells by realtime PCR. RESULTS： We determined that RNA levels for TLRs 2, 6. 7, 8, 9 and 10 mRNA levels were upregulated in both monocytes and T cells in HCV-infected patients compared to controls. TLR4 was only upregulated in T lymphocytes, while TLR5 was selectively increased in monocytes of HCV-infected patients. MD-2, a TLR4 coreceptor, was increased in patients＇ monocytes and T cells while CD14 and MyD88 were increased only in monocytes. CONCLUSION： Our data reveal novel details on TLR expression that likely relates to innate recognition of pathogens and immune defense in HCV-infected individuals.

关键词： Hepatitis C virus Toll-like receptors T cells Monocytes

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Reviewing guppy color vision： integrating the molecular and physiological variation in visual tuning of a classic system for sensory drive

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Current Zoology 2018年第4期64卷 535-545页

作者： Benjamin SANDKAM Brian DALTON Felix BREDEN karen CARLETON Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park College Park MD 20742 USA Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC VSA 1S6 Canada

Sensory drive predicts coevolution of mate choice signals with the sensory systems detecting those sig nals. Guppies are a classic model for sensory drive as mate preferences based on coloration differ across individuals and populations. A large body of work has identified variation in color vision, yet we lack a dir ect tie between how such variation in color vision influences variation in color preference. Here we bring together studies that have investigated guppy vision over the past 40years to：（1） highlight our current understanding of where variation occurs in the guppy color vision pathway and （2） suggest future ave nues of research into sources of visual system variation that could influence guppy color preference. This will allow researchers to design careful studies that couple measures of color preference with measures of visual system variation from the same individual or population. Such studies will finally provide im portant answers as to what sets the direction and speed of mate preference evolution via sensory drive.

关键词： colour vision mate choice opsin Poecilia reticulata sensory bias visual ecology

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