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Assessment of soil degradation and chemical compositions in Rwandan tea-growing areas

Geoscience Frontiers 2011年第4期2卷 599-607页

作者： Jean de la Paix Mupenzi Lanhai Li Jiwen Ge Achal Varenyam Gabriel Habiyaremye Nzayisenga Theoneste kamanzi emmanuel xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology and Desert Environment 818 Beijing South Road Urumqi Xinjiang 830011 China School of Environmental Studies China University of Geosciences 388 Lumo Road Hongshan Administrative District Wuhan Hubei 430074 China Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution ＆ Eco-Restoration 388 Lumo Road Hongshan Administrative District Wuhan Hubei 430074 China

This study has focused on the processes of soil degradation and chemical element concentration in tea-growing regions of Rwanda,*** degradation accelerated by erosion is caused not only by topography but also by human *** soil degradation involves both the physical loss and reduction in the amount of topsoil associated with nutrient *** samples were collected from eleven tropical zones in Rwanda and from variable depth within each collecting *** these,Samples from three locations in each zone were analyzed in the laboratory,with the result that the pH of all soil samples is shown to be less than 5（pH〈5） with a general average of *** elements such as iron（Fe）, copper（Cu）,manganese（Mn）,and zinc（Zn） are present in high concentration *** contrast calcium （Ca） and sodium（Na） are present at low-level concentrations and carbon（C） was found in minimal *** addition,elements derived from fertilizers,such as nitrogen（N）,phosphorous（P）,and potassium（K） which is also from minerals such as feldspar,are also present in low-level concentrations. The results indicate that the soil in certain Rwandan tea plantations is acidic and that this level of pH may help explain,in addition to natural factors,the deficiency of some elements such as Ca,Mg,P and *** use of chemical fertilizers,land use system and the location of fields relative to household plots are also considered to help explain why tea plantation soils are typically degraded.

关键词： Chemical elements Fertilizer use pH Soil degradation Tea plantations

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The Intersectionality Framework and Its Contribution to Nursing Knowledge Related to the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) Program

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Open Journal of Nursing 2021年第12期11卷 1052-1063页

作者： Joyce kamanzi Solina M. Richter Pauline Paul Kimberly Jarvis Faculty of Nursing University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada College of Nursing University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada Memorial University of Newfoundland Newfoundland Canada

Nurses work within a multidimensional scope of practice, which includes a reactive approach of treating health problems, a proactive stance of health promotion, and disease prevention. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the contribution of the intersectionality framework in building nursing knowledge related to the PMTCT of HIV and show how the intersectionality framework can contribute to the improvement of nursing practice, policy, and research related to PMTCT of HIV. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to be able to discuss the contribution of intersectionality framework in nursing knowledge. Intersectionality is a nice perspective that gives insight into different identities that link and work together to provide inequalities. Intersectionality is a well-suited approach in a nursing profession where we strive to offer efficient and better care to our patients or clients;an excellent tool to explore more on the roots of inequality, oppression, and discrimination.

关键词： Intersectionality Nursing Knowledge PMTCT HIV

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Use of Critical Ethnography to Study the PMTCT Program

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2022年第1期12卷 147-158页

Background: Despite the efforts at establishing Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programs in Rwanda, there are still children who are becoming infected through mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The purpose of our research study was to explore the experiences of HIV positive women using PMTCT program to prevent HIV transmission in Rwanda. Methodology: In this study, a qualitative approach using a critical ethnographic design was used to answer to our research question and with the aim to discover the meaning, process, and context of the studied phenomenon. In this paper, we discussed ethnography, critical ethnography, and its related philosophical assumptions as well as illustrating the rational for the use of critical ethnography to study the PMTCT program. Critical ethnography ultimately will contribute to raising awareness on how we can prevent new infections among children born from HIV positive mothers who are using the PMTCT program. The findings suggested a wide range of challenging factors that are shaped by social, political, cultural, economic, ethnic, and gender values, and that directly and indirectly affect the uptake of the PMTCT program. While using the critical realist ontology, we discovered multiple truths about the challenging factors for HIV+ mothers experience to uptake the PMTCT program. We triangulated their experiences with the findings gathered from healthcare providers, PMTCT leaders and policymakers, field observation, and document analysis. No previous studies on this phenomenon used a critical lens to explore the reality behind a wide range of experiences of mothers using the PMTCT program to prevent HIV transmission in Rwanda. Conclusion: The critical nature of this inquiry contributed to the depth and breadth of knowledge related to the delivery of the PMTCT program to prevent MTCT of HIV.

关键词： Critical Ethnography HIV Nursing Knowledge PMTCT

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