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Increased diversity and environmental threat of harmful algal blooms in the Southern Yellow Sea,China

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2022年第6期40卷 2107-2119页

作者： Minjie SONG Tian YAN fanzhou kong Yunfeng WANG Mingjiang ZHOU CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China

Harmful algal blooms(HABs)in the Southern Yellow Sea(SYS)have shown a trend of increasing diversity and detrimental ef *** the Bohai Sea,East China Sea,and South China Sea have experienced a high incidence of HABs since the 1980s,the Yellow Sea provides a relatively healthy ecological environment in which fewer HABs have been documented before the 21s t *** largescale blooms of the green macroalga Ulva prolifera(so-called“green tides”)have occurred annually since 2007 in the Yellow *** people were poisoned and one person died in Lianyungang in 2008 due to ingestion of algal ***,the Yellow Sea experienced co-occurrence of harmful red tides,green tides,and golden tides in *** combination of events,rare worldwide,indicates the potential for further deterioration of the marine environment in the Yellow Sea,which may be related to climate change,aquaculture,and other human *** the SYS as an example,we collected data of the frequency and scale of HABs over the years,as well as that of marine algal toxins,and analyzed the trend in the diversity of HABs in the SYS,to explore the causes and impacts of HABs,as well as the interrelationships among dif ferent types of HABs,including harmful red tides,green tides,and golden *** also attempted to improve our understanding of HAB evolution under the influence of global climate change and intensified human activities.

关键词： marine algal toxins harmful algal blooms red tides green tides golden tides Southern Yellow Sea

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The green tide in Yingkou,China in summer 2021 was caused by a subtropical alga——Ulva meridionalis(Ulvophyceae,Chlorophyta)

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2022年第6期40卷 2354-2363页

作者： Xiaoqian LÜ Hao XU Sheng ZHAO fanzhou kong Tian YAN Peng JIANG CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology Center for Ocean Mega-ScienceInstitute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center State Oceanic AdministrationQingdao 266033China CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China

The large-scale green tide caused by Ulva has occurred successively in the Yellow Sea since 2007,and new events of green tide also continued to appear in nearby sea areas,indicating an undergoing rapid development of occurrence patterns for harmful macroalgal blooms(HMBs)along coastal *** August 2021,a green tide occurred for the first time in Bayuquan sea area of Yingkou city,Liaoning Province in the Bohai *** this study,morphological and molecular approaches were used to identify the causative species as ***,an alien subtropical alga previously found to dominate green tides in the South China *** to the hydrological data of Bayuquan in summer 2021,combined with morphological and developmental observations for this alga,we hypothesized that the disturbance caused by the typhoon In-Fa might have detached the local *** from substrates,especially for those thalli with poorly developed holdfasts,and the ensuing wave-free period with unusually high temperature,which fell in the reported optimum growth temperature for ***,might have provided the favorable conditions for the final bloom of the floating *** is the first report on the bloom of subtropical *** in the north temperate sea zone,indicating that the ecological risk of causing green tides in the future by this rapidly spreading species deserves high attention.

关键词： Bohai Sea green tide holdfast alien species Ulva meridionalis Yingkou

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Tracing the settlement region of massive floating green algae in the Yellow Sea

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2019年第5期37卷 1555-1565页

作者： GENG Huixia YU Rencheng ZHANG Qingchun YAN Tian kong fanzhou ZHOU Mingjiang Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China

Outbreaks of large-scale green tides formed by Ulva prolifera in the Yellow Sea (YS) cause heavy ecological damages and huge economic losses. However, the ecological consequences of green tides remain poorly understood due to the lack of knowledge on the settlement region of massive green algae floating in the YS. In this study, we established a method to trace the settlement region of floating green algae, using 28-isofucosterol preserved in sediment as the specific biomarker for green algae. Sterols including 28-isofucosterol in surface sediment samples collected during an investigation in the YS and the Bohai Sea (BS) in August 2015 were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Based on the content of 28-isofucosterol in sediment samples, the potential settlement region of fl oating green algae was identifi ed in the sea area southeast to the Shandong Peninsula around the sampling site H06 (122.66°E, 36.00°N). This paper presents a first result on the settlement region of floating green algae in the YS for providing a solid basis to elucidate the ecological consequences of green tides in the area.

关键词： green tide biomarker sterol Ulva prolifera

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Tempo-spatial distribution of Ulva ***-propagules in the Yellow Sea during and after green tide in 2019

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2022年第6期40卷 2462-2472页

作者： Jin ZHAO fanzhou kong Qianchun LIU Fengjie LI Xiu WEI Tian YAN Peng JIANG CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology Center for Ocean Mega-ScienceInstitute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China College of Life Science Qingdao UniversityQingdao 266071China

Large-scale green tides occur frequently in summer in the Yellow Sea in recent ***,providing“seeds”for the seaweeds,play an important role in the formation of green *** studied the distribution pattern and genetic composition of the Ulva micro-propagules in the Yellow Sea during and after the green tide in *** April,a great amount of Ulva micro-propagules was detected in the Subei Shoal,with the average density of 908 inds./L,being similar to that of previous *** was found out at a low percentage(4%),and 25%of them were positive when tested by the specific marker for the floating *** percentage of *** was obviously lower than that in the same season from 2009 to ***,the quantity of *** micro-propagules sharply *** variation in composition of the micro-propagules in Subei radial sand ridges was revealed in the background of the alternation of macroalgal tides in the Yellow Sea in the latest *** the green tide in June and July,Ulva micro-propagules were detected from some nearshore sites where the floating seaweeds distributed,and *** was the dominate *** September,when the green tide ended,no Ulva micro-propagule was detected from the open sea area of the Yellow *** is indicated that the green algae micro-propagules were unlikely to exist in the open water of the Yellow Sea for a long time according to the large-scale *** mechanism of preserving micro-propagules in Subei radial sand ridges,and the destination of *** micro-propagules in the open sea area of the Yellow Sea after green tide deserves further study.

关键词： green tide Ulva prolifera micro-propagule Yellow Sea

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Screening for lipophilic marine toxins and their potential producers in coastal waters of Weihai in autumn,2020

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2022年第6期40卷 2218-2230页

作者： Huixia GENG Hongxiao SUN Chao LIU fanzhou kong Qingchun ZHANG Tian YAN Rencheng YU CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China

Lipophilic marine toxins(LMTs)produced by some microalgae in the sea could accumulate in shellfish and pose potential threats to the health of seafood *** and shellfish samples were collected from coastal waters of Weihai in Shandong Peninsula,China in autumn,2020,and screened for lipophilic marine toxins and their potential producers using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)analysis and high throughput sequencing of partial DNA(V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene)extracted from ***-2(PTX2),trace amounts of azaspiracid(AZA1 or AZA40),and 13-desmethyl spirolide C(13-DesMe-C)were detected in phytoplankton samples,while PTX2 and gymnodimine(GYM)were detected in shellfish *** toxin content in shellfish samples was much lower than the regulatory limit or values reported *** suggest that lipophilic marine toxins should have low risk in coastal waters of Weihai in *** on the data of high throughput sequencing,the OTUs were assigned to 5 identified species of Alexandrium,including *** capable of producing 13-DesMe-C and *** OTUs were found closely related to the toxic species in genus Dinophysis,but it is impossible to assign them to any identified species due to the low resolving power of the V4 region for *** OTUs could not be assigned to any identified species in the genus Azadinium,suggesting the existence of unidentified species in this region.

关键词： harmful algal blooms phytoplankton shellfish lipophilic marine toxins(LMTs) Yellow Sea liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

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Development of high-resolution chloroplast markers for intraspecific phylogeographic studies of Phaeocystis globosa

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2021年第2期39卷 508-524页

作者： Qingchun ZHANG Zhuang NIU Jinxiu WANG Chao LIU fanzhou kong Xiaokun HU Jiayu ZHAO Rencheng YU CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China Center of Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Phaeocystis globosa is an important harmful algal bloom causative species distributing widely in temperate and tropical coastal waters in the *** morphological,physiological,and biochemical characteristics are different among geographic strains,which can not be distinguished with nuclear ribosomal DNA markers at ***,the genetic distance and phylogeographic relationships of nuclear 28S rDNA D1–D2 and ITS regions,and three chloroplast intergenic spacers(petN-trnS1,trnM1-psbA,and rbcS-rpl27)were analyzed and compared among 13 strains of *** isolated from the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean in this *** addition,the nucleotide polymorphisms of 28S rDNA D1–D2,ITS,and rbcS-rpl27 regions were evaluated in two *** *** various levels of nucleotide polymorphism were in the nuclear 28S rDNA D1–D2 region and ITS region,but no polymorphism was in the chloroplast rbcS-rpl27 intergenic spacer.A reasonable intraspecific phylogeographic relationship was presented by rbcS-rpl27 intergenic spacer,which had the strongest distinction to geographic strains compared to those of 28S rDNA D1–D2 and ITS *** the phylogenetic tree of rbcS-rpl27 intergenic spacer,the two strains from the North Sea of the Atlantic Ocean were divided firstly from the species of ***,and then formed an independent clade,while the other Atlantic strains and all of Pacific strains joined up to build the other *** was implied that at least two genetically distant populations of *** existed in the Atlantic coastal *** study provided a high-resolution chloroplast marker to analyze intraspecific phylogeographic populations of ***,and preliminarily clarified the genetic relationships of the Pacific and Atlantic strains of ***.

关键词： Phaeocystis globosa chloroplast DNA marker phylogeny

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Dynamics of Phaeocystis globosa bloom and implications for its seed sources in the Beibu Gulf,China

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2022年第6期40卷 2385-2400页

作者： Zhuang NIU Weibing GUAN Jinxiu WANG Yongquan YUAN fanzhou kong Chao LIU Qingchun ZHANG Rencheng YU CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics Second Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesHangzhou 310012China School of Oceanography Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200030China Center of Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Algal blooms of haptophyte Phaeocystis globosa have been recorded in the Beibu Gulf,South China Sea(SCS)since *** evidence suggests that TypeⅠand TypeⅣare the two dominant genotypes of *** coexisting in this area,and their marker pigment profiles,colony sizes,and genetic information *** genotype-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)assays were used to clarify the distribution and dynamics of *** bloom in the Beibu Gulffrom November 2018 to February *** show that the patterns of spatial-temporal distribution of TypeⅠand TypeⅣwere similar,the abundance of TypeⅣwas higher than that of TypeⅠduring the algal bloom,and thus TypeⅣcells dominated the *** bloom in winter *** relationships between environmental factors and *** abundance indicated that temperature and nitrate were critical to the distribution and dynamics of *** blooms in this *** distribution of *** cells in different water masses before the bloom revealed that the westward water via the Qiongzhou Strait,the SCS bottom water,and the current in the northwestern waters of Hainan Island could transport *** cells into the Beibu Gulf serving as the seed sources triggering the intense blooms in the Beibu Gulf.

关键词： Phaeocystis globosa harmful algal bloom(HAB) Beibu Gulf environmental factor seed source

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Newly recorded bloom-forming dinoflagellate Gymnodinium impudicum in Haizhou Bay,Yellow Sea,China

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2022年第6期40卷 2430-2445页

作者： Jinxiu WANG fanzhou kong Yunfeng WANG Nanjing JI Minjie SONG Zhangxi HU Zhuang NIU Chao LIU Xin WANG Yuanyuan SUN Rencheng YU Tian YAN CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment Jiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungang 222005China

With the development of industrialization and aquaculture in Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces along the South Yellow Sea coast,China,eutrophication has greatly intensified in the region,resulting in frequent occurrence of diverse harmful algal *** algal bloom formed by a chain-forming dinofl agellate species was recorded in the Haizhou Bay,South Yellow Sea,in September *** causative species was isolated and studied in morphology,molecular phylogeny,pigment profile,presence of paralytic shellfish toxins,and acute *** loop-shaped apical groove running anticlockwise around the apex,the presence of peridinin as characteristic pigment,as well as a single phylogenic clade of 28S ribosomal DNA(100%posterior probability),defined this species as Gymnodinium impudicum,a non-toxic species that exhibited no obvious biotoxicity to the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis,the copepod Artemia salina,and the shrimp Neomysis *** impudicum is typically distributed in coastal waters with high nitrate concentrations,where it reaches a maximum density of 2.6×10~5 cells/*** is the first report of a *** bloom in the Yellow Sea;however,*** blooms may have been misidentified or underreported in Haizhou Bay due to the species morphological similarity with ***.A combination of multiple methods is recommended to accurately identify new algal bloom species.

关键词： Gymnodinium impudicum harmfulalgal bloom Yellow Sea Haizhou Bay species identification eutrophication

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辩护人交叉询问法律方法之考察

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行政与法 2022年第3期 98-109页

作者：孔凡洲上海外国语大学法学院上海200083

辩护人交叉询问的方法是协助法官认定案件事实的法律方法,有别于庭审之外对证人的询问。交叉询问的法律方法具有保障辩护人充分质证、推进庭审实质化和实现有效辩护的功能。基于立法与司法实践,辩护人交叉询问可分为消极模式和积极模式... 详细信息

辩护人交叉询问的方法是协助法官认定案件事实的法律方法,有别于庭审之外对证人的询问。交叉询问的法律方法具有保障辩护人充分质证、推进庭审实质化和实现有效辩护的功能。基于立法与司法实践,辩护人交叉询问可分为消极模式和积极模式,辩护方在庭审中对两种交叉询问模式应当综合运用。我国辩护人交叉询问方法的设计应首先确立交叉询问以服务法官裁判为中心和以争点解决为重点的基本原则,具体应当坚持以问答式询问为主、叙述式询问为辅、反询问允许诱导性发问、询问不得取代证人以及交叉询问与实物证据出示相结合的询问方法。

关键词：交叉询问法律方法有效辩护庭审实质化

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亲属证人出庭特权问题研究

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行政与法 2015年第6期 110-117页

作者：孔凡洲复旦大学上海200438

证人具有不可替代性,证人作证是法律上的义务。证人作证不仅是提供证言,还应当出庭就证言接受控辩双方的质证。基于现代刑事司法活动价值追求的多元化,证人作证义务存在例外情形。我国《刑事诉讼法》确立了亲属证人出庭特权制度,赋予亲... 详细信息

证人具有不可替代性,证人作证是法律上的义务。证人作证不仅是提供证言,还应当出庭就证言接受控辩双方的质证。基于现代刑事司法活动价值追求的多元化,证人作证义务存在例外情形。我国《刑事诉讼法》确立了亲属证人出庭特权制度,赋予亲属证人不被强制出庭的权利,但没有确立在庭外拒绝提供证言的权利。亲属证人出庭特权制度与证人拒证权存在明显的差异。

关键词：亲属证人出庭特权拒证权

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