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Multi-mode microcavity frequency engineering through a shifted grating in a photonic crystal ring

Photonics Research 2023年第11期11卷 I0009-I0016页

作者： XIYUAN LU YI SUN ASHISH CHANANA USMAN AJAVID MARCELO DAVANCO kartik srinivasan Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division Physical Measurement LaboratoryNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMaryland 20899USA Joint Quantum Institute NIST/University of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland 20742USA

Frequency engineering of whispering-gallery resonances is essential in microcavity nonlinear optics.The key is to control the frequencies of the cavity modes involved in the underlying nonlinear optical process to satisfy its energy conservation criterion.Compared to the conventional method that tailors dispersion by cross-sectional geometry,thereby impacting all cavity mode frequencies,grating-assisted microring cavities,often termed as photonic crystal microrings,provide more enabling capabilities through mode-selective frequency control.For example,a simple single period grating added to a microring has been used for single frequency engineering in Kerr optical parametric oscillation(OPO)and frequency combs.Recently,this approach has been extended to multifrequency engineering by using multi-period grating functions,but at the cost of increasingly complex grating profiles that require challenging fabrication.Here,we demonstrate a simple approach,which we term as shifted grating multiple mode splitting(SGMMS),where spatial displacement of a single period grating imprinted on the inner boundary of the microring creates a rotational asymmetry that frequency splits multiple adjacent cavity modes.This approach is easy to implement and presents no additional fabrication challenges compared to an unshifted grating,and yet is very powerful in providing multi-frequency engineering functionality for nonlinear optics.We showcase an example where SGMMS enables OPO across a wide range of pump wavelengths in a normal-dispersion device that otherwise would not support OPO.

关键词： multifrequency mode shifted

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Universal frequency engineering tool for microcavity nonlinear optics:multiple selective mode splitting of whispering-gallery resonances

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Photonics Research 2020年第11期8卷 1676-1686页

作者： Xiyuan Lu Ashutosh Rao Gregory Moille Daron A.Westly kartik srinivasan Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division Physical Measurement LaboratoryNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgM aryland 20899USA Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and M aryland NanoCenter University of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland 20742USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland 20742USA Joint Quantum Institute NIST/University of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland 20742USA

Whispering-gallery microcavities have been used to realize a variety of efficient parametric nonlinear optical processes through the enhanced light–matter interaction brought about by supporting multiple high quality factor and small modal volume resonances.Critical to such studies is the ability to control the relative frequencies of the cavity modes,so that frequency matching is achieved to satisfy energy conservation.Typically this is done by tailoring the resonator cross section.Doing so modifies the frequencies of all of the cavity modes,that is,the global dispersion profile,which may be undesired,for example,in introducing competing nonlinear processes.Here,we demonstrate a frequency engineering tool,termed multiple selective mode splitting(MSMS),that is independent of the global dispersion and instead allows targeted and independent control of the frequencies of multiple cavity modes.In particular,we show controllable frequency shifts up to 0.8 nm,independent control of the splitting of up to five cavity modes with optical quality factors≳10^5,and strongly suppressed frequency shifts for untargeted modes.The MSMS technique can be broadly applied to a wide variety of nonlinear optical processes across different material platforms and can be used to both selectively enhance processes of interest and suppress competing unwanted processes.

关键词： resonator nonlinear splitting

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Optical Microresonators feature issue introduction

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Photonics Research 2023年第12期11卷 I0001-I0003页

作者： YUN-FENG XIAO kartik srinivasan PASCAL DEL’HAYE MENGJIE YU Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics School of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division Physical Measurement LaboratoryNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMaryland 20899USA Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light 91058 ErlangenGermany Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia 90089USA

Optical microresonators,which confine light in both the spatial and time domains,have advanced various research areas benefiting from significantly enhanced light-matter interactions,including integrated microlasers,nonlinear frequency conversion,Kerr frequency combs,and optomechanics.Over the past five years,the research interests in optical microresonators have rapidly expanded and combined with other disciplines,for example,optical chaos,non-Hermitian physics,and quantum materials.These cutting-edge research works have enabled the creation of optical microresonators with novel properties and capabilities.

关键词： materials chaos expanded

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Photonic waveguide to free-space Gaussian beam extreme mode converter

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Light(Science & Applications) 2018年第1期7卷 346-358页

作者： Sangsik Kim Daron A.Westly Brian J.Roxworthy Qing Li Alexander Yulaev kartik srinivasan Vladimir A.Aksyuk Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMD 20899USA Maryland Nanocenter University of MarylandCollege ParkMD 20742USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTX 79409USA

Integration of photonic chips with millimeter-scale atomic,micromechanical,chemical,and biological systems can advance science and enable new miniaturized hybrid devices and technology.Optical interaction via small evanescent volumes restricts performance in applications such as gas spectroscopy,and a general ability to photonically access optical fields in large free-space volumes is desired.However,conventional inverse tapers and grating couplers do not directly scale to create wide,high-quality collimated beams for low-loss diffraction-free propagation over many millimeters in free space,necessitating additional bulky collimating optics and expensive alignment.Here,we develop an extreme mode converter,which is a compact planar photonic structure that efficiently couples a 300 nm×250 nm silicon nitride high-index single-mode waveguide to a well-collimated near surface-normal Gaussian beam with an≈160μm waist,which corresponds to an increase in the modal area by a factor of>105.The beam quality is thoroughly characterized,and propagation over 4mm in free space and coupling back into a single-mode photonic waveguide with low loss via a separate identical mode converter is demonstrated.To achieve low phase error over a beam area that is>100×larger than that of a typical grating coupler,our approach separates the two-dimensional mode expansion into two sequential separately optimized stages,which create a fully expanded and well-collimated Gaussian slab mode before out-coupling it into free space.Developed at 780 nm for integration with chip-scale atomic vapor cell cavities,our design can be adapted for visible,telecommunication,or other wavelengths.The technique can be expanded to more arbitrary phase and intensity control of both large-diameter,free-space optical beams and wide photonic slab modes.

关键词： waveguide millimeter mode

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Towards integrated photonic interposers for processing octave-spanning microresonator frequency combs

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Light(Science & Applications) 2021年第6期10卷 1099-1111页

作者： Ashutosh Rao Gregory Moille Xiyuan Lu Daron A.Westly Davide Sacchetto Michael Geiselmann Michael Zervas Scott B.Papp John Bowers kartik srinivasan Physical Measurement Laboratory Microsystems and Nanotechno logy DivisionNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMD 20899USA Maryland NanoCenter University of MarylandCollege Park 20742 MDUSA Joint Quantum Institute NIST/University of MarylandCollege ParkMD 20742USA Ligentec EPFL Innovation ParkBatiment CLausanneSwitzerland Physical Measurement Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyBoulderCO 80305USA Department of Physics University of ColoradoBoulderCO 80309USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCA 93106USA

Microcombs-optical frequency combs generated in microresonators-have advanced tremendously in the past decade,and are advantageous for applications in frequency metrology,navigation,spectroscopy,telecommunications,and microwave photonics.Crucially,microcombs promise fully integrated miniaturized optical systems with unprecedented reductions in cost,size,weight,and power.However,the use of bulk free-space and fiber-optic comp on ents to process microcombs has restricted form factors to the table-top.Taking microcomb-based optical frequency synthesis around 1550 nm as our target application,here,we address this challenge by proposing an integrated photonics interposer architecture to replace discrete components by collecting,routing,and interfacing octave-wide microcomb-based optical signals between photonic chiplets and heterogeneously integrated devices.Experimentally,we con firm the requisite performa nee of the individual passive elements of the proposed interposer一octave-wide dichroics,multimode interferometers,and tunable ring filters,and implement the octave-spanning spectral filteri ng of a microcomb,central to the in terposer,using silicon n itride phot onics.Moreover,we show that the thick silicon nitride needed for bright dissipative Kerr soliton generation can be integrated with the comparatively thin silicon nitride interposer layer through octave-bandwidth adiabatic evanescent coupling,indicating a path towards future system-level consolidation.Fin ally,we numerically confirm the feasibility of operating the proposed in terposer synthesizer as a fully assembled system.Our interposer architecture addresses the immediate need for on-chip microcomb processing to successfully miniaturize microcomb systems and can be readily adapted to other metrology-grade applications based on optical atomic clocks and high-precision navigation and spectroscopy.

关键词： resonator interferometer synthesizer

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