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Tropical Cyclone Research and Review 2022年第2期11卷 61-75页

作者： Michael T.Montgomery Roger k.smith Department of Meteorology Naval Postgraduate SchoolMontereyCAUSA Meteorological Institute Ludwig-Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany

We examine a hierarchy of minimal conceptual models for tropical cyclone *** models are framed mostly in terms of axisymmetric balance *** the first set of models,the heating rate is prescribed in such a way to mimic a deep overturning circulation with convergence in the lower troposphere and divergence in the upper troposphere,characteristic of a region of deep moist *** the second set,the heating rate is related explicitly to the latent heat release of ascending air *** release of latent heat markedly reduces the local static stability of ascending air,raising two possibilities in the balance *** first possibility is that the effective static stability and the related discriminant in the Eliassen equation for the overturning circulation in saturated air,although small,remains positive so the Eliassen equation is globally *** second possibility,the more likely one during vortex intensification,is that the effective static stability in saturated air is negative and the Eliassen equation becomes locally *** models help to understand the differences between the early Ooyama models of 1968 and 1969,the Emanuel,1989 model,and the later Emanuel models of 1995,1997 and *** provide insight also into the popular explanation of the WISHE feedback mechanism for tropical cyclone *** implications for recent work are discussed.

关键词： Tropical cyclone intensification Conventional spin-up mechanism Minimal models Nonlinear boundary layer spin-up mechanism WISHE feedback Mechanism

Application of the rotating-convection paradigm for tropical cyclones to interpreting medicanes:An example

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Tropical Cyclone Research and Review 2022年第3期11卷 131-145页

作者： Gerard kilroy Hongyan Zhu Minhee Chang Roger k.smith Meteorological Institute Ludwig-Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany Research Science and InnovationBureau of MeteorologyMelbourneAustralia School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Seoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea

The rotating-convection paradigm for tropical cyclone behaviour is shown to provide an attractive and consistent framework for interpreting the dynamics of formation and intensification of at least some *** ideas are illustrated by a case study of the medicane that formed over the eastern Mediterranean in mid-December *** case study is based on analyses of data from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF),imagery from the European geostationary meteorological satellite,Meteosat Second Generation,and output from a convection permitting numerical simulation of the event using the United kingdom(Uk)Met Office regional model with the RAL2 physics *** of the currently widely accepted interpretation of medicanes in terms of the so-called Wind-Induced Surface Heat Exchange(WISHE)intensification mechanism are discussed.

关键词： Tropical cyclone Hurricane Typhoon Deep convection Medicane

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校园欺凌的跨文化差异问题:特征与干预

心理发展与教育 2023年第4期39卷 599-608页

作者： Peter k.smith 山东师范大学心理学院济南250014 英国伦敦大学金史密斯学院心理学系英国伦敦SE146NW

校园欺凌是全世界关注的重要公共健康问题,会给所有的卷入者造成消极影响。早期校园欺凌研究主要集中在欧洲,此后逐步拓展到北美和日本。进入21世纪,校园欺凌研究遍布世界各国,尤其是中国校园欺凌研究的增速非常快。许多大型调查项目,如... 详细信息

校园欺凌是全世界关注的重要公共健康问题,会给所有的卷入者造成消极影响。早期校园欺凌研究主要集中在欧洲,此后逐步拓展到北美和日本。进入21世纪,校园欺凌研究遍布世界各国,尤其是中国校园欺凌研究的增速非常快。许多大型调查项目,如HBSC、GSHS、TIMSS、PISA和EUkO等先后报告了不同国家校园欺凌的发生率、严重程度与基本特征。不同的文化中,“欺凌”内涵与特征存在许多相似之处,同时也存在一些值得关注的差异。本文依据Bronfenbrenner的社会生态模型和EU kids Online的五因素模型作为框架,总结了校园欺凌在不同国家的异同之处,梳理了跨国比较研究和比较不同国家欺凌发生率时所面临的挑战,如何解释跨国比较时出现的差异,以及对于欺凌干预的启示。

关键词：欺凌跨文化差异特征干预

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Preliminary age-based life history characteristics of the dogtooth tuna,Gymnosarda unicolor(Ruppell,1838),in the southwest Pacific Ocean

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Aquaculture and Fisheries 2023年第3期8卷 323-331页

作者： David J.Welch Adam k.smith kyne krusic-Golub Sandra Erdmann Stephen J.Newman C_(2)O Fisheries PO Box 3041CairnsQueensland4870Australia Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsville4811Australia Reef Ecologic TownsvilleQueensland4811Australia Fish Ageing Services Pty.Ltd. QueenscliffVictoria3225Australia Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories Department of Primary Industries and Regional DevelopmentGovernment of Western AustraliaNorth BeachWestern Australia6020Australia

Dogtooth tuna,Gymnosarda unicolor were sampled off the east coast of Australia(southwest Pacific Ocean)from 2007 to *** were determined by examining thin transverse sections of their sagittal otoliths and were based on counts of alternating opaque and translucent zones(annual growth increments).Growth was rapid during the first year of life,after which growth in length was much *** of the constrained von Bertalanffy growth function(fork length-at-age)were L∞=1164.77(mm,FL)and k=0.44 year^(-1).Preliminary estimates of longevity indicate a maximum observed age of at least 20 *** was a high degree of variation in the observed length and age of sexual maturity for *** this variation,the size at 50%maturity for female *** estimated in this study was 713 mm FL(<2 years of age).The diet of *** is very broad and covers a range of fish *** life history characteristics of *** overall,indicate that this species may be somewhat resilient to ***,reports of localised depletions,in association with heavy targeting by sports fishers,low effective population sizes and patchy recruitment indicate that this species is particularly vulnerable to overfishing.

关键词： Otoliths Age Life history Pacific ocean Diet Fisheries management

Geometry of screw compressor rotors and their tools

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2011年第4期12卷 310-326页

作者： Nikola STOSIC Ian k.smith Ahmed kOVACEVIC Elvedin MUJIC Centre for Positive Displacement Compressors City University London

This paper presents a method of general geometrical definitions of screw machine rotors and their manufacturing *** describes the details of lobe shape specification,and focuses on a new lobe profile,which yields a larger cross-sectional area and shorter sealing lines resulting in higher delivery rates for the same tip speed.A well proven mathematical model was used to determine the optimum profile,compressor housing size,and compressor ports to achieve the superior compressors.

关键词： Geometry of screw compressors Rotor lobe profile Cutting tools

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Exploring ancestral phenotypes and evolutionary development of the mammalian middle ear based on Early Cretaceous Jehol mammals

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National Science Review 2021年第5期8卷 57-66页

作者： Fangyuan Mao Cunyu Liu Morgan Hill Chase Andrew k.smith Jin Meng key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of Sciences CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History Beipiao Pterosaur Museum of China 5. Microscopy and Imaging Facility American Museum of Natural History Earth and Environmental Sciences Graduate CenterCity University of New York

We report a new Cretaceous multituberculate mammal with 3 D auditory bones preserved. Along with other fossil and extant mammals, the unequivocal auditory bones display features potentially representing ancestral phenotypes of the mammalian middle ear. These phenotypes show that the ectotympanic and the malleus-incus complex changed notably during their retreating from the dentary at various evolutionary stages and suggest convergent evolution of some features to extant mammals. In contrast, the incudomalleolar joint was conservative in having a braced hinge configuration, which narrows the morphological gap between the quadroarticular jaw joint of non-mammalian cynodonts and the incudomalleolar articulations of extant mammals. The saddle-shaped and abutting malleus-incus complexes in therians and monotremes, respectively, could have evolved from the braced hinge joint *** evolutionary changes recorded in the Mesozoic mammals are largely consistent with the middle ear morphogenesis during the ontogeny of extant mammals, supporting the relation between evolution and development.

关键词： Cretaceous Jehol Biota malleus-incus ectotympanic mammal evolution

Leaf/shoot level ecophysiology in two broadleaf and two needle-leaf species under representative cloud regimes at alpine treeline

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2016年第6期9卷 762-772页

作者： Adriana Sanchez Nicole M.Hughes William k.smith Programa de Biología Universidad del RosarioCarrera 24 No.63C-69BogotáDC 110011Colombia Department of Biology Wake Forest University136 Winston HallWinston-SalemNC 27106USA Department of Biology High Point UniversityUniversity Station 3591High PointNC 27262USA

Aims The effects of clouds are now recognized as critically important to the understanding of climate change impacts on ***,few studies have focused specifically on the ecophysiological responses of plants to *** continental mountain ranges are characterized by common convective cloud formation in the afternoons,yet little is known regarding this influence on plant water and carbon *** we compare the ecophysiology of two contrasting,yet ubiquitous growth forms,needle-leaf and broadleaf,under representative cloud regimes of the Snowy Range,Medicine Bow Mountains,southeastern Wyoming,*** Photosynthetic gas exchange,water use efficiency,xylem water potentials and micrometeorological data were measured on representative clear,overcast and partly cloudy days during the summers of 2012 and 2013 for two indigenous broadleaf(Caltha leptosepala and Arnica parryi)and two needle-leaf species(Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa)that co-occur *** Findings Reductions in sunlight with cloud cover resulted in more dramatic declines in photosynthesis for the two broadleaf species(ca.50-70%reduction)versus the two conifers(no significant difference).In addition,the presence of clouds corresponded with lower leaf conductance,transpiration and plant water status in all ***,the more constant photosynthesis in conifers under all cloud conditions,coupled with reduced transpiration,resulted in greater water use efficiency(ca.25%higher)than the broadleaf *** differences appear to implicate the potential importance of natural cloud patterns in the adaptive ecophysiology of these two contrasting,but common,plant growth forms.

关键词： gas exchange light response curves water use efficiency xylem water potential

Vegetated treatment area (VTAs) efficiencies for E. coli and nutrient removal on small-scale swine operations

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2018年第2期6卷 153-164页

作者： R.Daren Harmel Rehanon Pampell Terry Gentry Doug R.smith Chad Hajda kevin Wagner Patti k.smith Rick L.Haney kori D.Higgs USDA-ARS 2150Centre Ave.Bldg.DSuite340Fort CollinsCO80526USA Texas A&M AgriLife Research 720E.Blackland RoadTempleTX76502USA Soil and Crop Sciences Dept. Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA USDA-ARS 808E.Blackland RoadTempleTX76502USA Oklahoma State University 139Ag HallStillwaterOK74078USA Biological and Agricultural Engineering Dept. Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA

As small-scale animal feeding operations work to manage their byproducts and avoid regulation, they need practical, cost-effective methods to reduce environmental impact. One such option is using vege-tative treatment areas (VTAs) with perennial grasses to treat runoff;however, research is limited on VTA effectiveness as a waste management alternative for smaller operations. This study evaluated the effi-ciencies of VTAs in reducing bacteria and nutrient runoff from small-scale swine operations in three counties in Central Texas. Based on 4 yr of runoff data, the Bell and Brazos VTAs significantly reduced loads and concentrations of E. coli and nutrients (except NO3-N) and had treatment efficiencies of 73–94%. Most notably, the Bell VTA reduced loads of E. coli, NH4-N, PO4-P, total N, and total P similar to that of the background (control). In spite of significant reductions, runoff from the Brazos VTA had higher concentrations and loads than the control site, especially following installation of concrete pens and increased pen washing, which produced standing water and increased E. coli and nutrient influx. The Robertson VTA produced fewer significant reductions and had lower treatment efficiencies (29–69%);however, E. coli and nutrient concentrations and loads leaving this VTA were much lower than observed at the Bell and Brazos County sites due to alternative solids management and enclosed pens. Based on these results and previous research, VTAs can be practical, effective waste management alternatives for reducing nutrient and bacteria losses from small-scale animal operations, but only if properly designed and managed.

关键词： Bacteria Nutrients Swine manure Waste management Water quality

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饲料中霉菌毒素对家禽免疫机能的危害

中国家禽 2008年第16期30卷 35-37页

作者： Trevor k.smith 加拿大圭尔夫大学

霉菌毒素是由真菌（霉菌）产生的一系列化学性质各异的化合物，是家禽饲料中常见的污染物。对家禽生产造成经济损失的霉菌毒素有：黄曲霉毒素，赭曲霉毒素，单端孢菌毒素，玉米赤霉烯酮和烟曲霉毒素。霉菌毒素的有害影响主要通过四个机... 详细信息

霉菌毒素是由真菌（霉菌）产生的一系列化学性质各异的化合物，是家禽饲料中常见的污染物。对家禽生产造成经济损失的霉菌毒素有：黄曲霉毒素，赭曲霉毒素，单端孢菌毒素，玉米赤霉烯酮和烟曲霉毒素。霉菌毒素的有害影响主要通过四个机制：①降低采食量；②减少营养吸收；③内分泌影响以及；④抑制免疫机能。在这些不同的机制中，霉菌毒素抑制免疫机能对家禽生产造成的经济损失最大。

关键词：霉菌毒素免疫机能家禽饲料危害玉米赤霉烯酮经济损失家禽生产黄曲霉毒素

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