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科学革命的合理性

世界科学译刊 1979年第8期 1-10页

作者： k.r.popper 纪树立

这是卡尔·雷门德·鲍波尔(karl raimund popper)近年来的一篇重要讲演。鲍波尔在这里系统阐述了他的科学史观。在他看来,科学的发展正是马克思所说的'不断革命'。就是说,科学总是经过不断地试探,不断地排除错误、推翻现行理论,也即不... 详细信息

这是卡尔·雷门德·鲍波尔(karl raimund popper)近年来的一篇重要讲演。鲍波尔在这里系统阐述了他的科学史观。在他看来,科学的发展正是马克思所说的'不断革命'。就是说,科学总是经过不断地试探,不断地排除错误、推翻现行理论,也即不断地批判而进步的。这种科学'不断革命'论,当然不能不引起人们极大的关注。这篇讲演运用分子进化论的成就论述了这个问题。鲍波尔认为,科学进步同生物进化(不管是遗传进化还是行为进化)一样,都是依靠内在'指令'和外部'选择'而实现的。个别科学家就象基因变异一样,不断地用假说和理论进行随机的试探,这是来自科学传统内部的新指令。同时,也象一切变异都要经过环境的筛选一样,各种试探性理论也经过经验的检验和科学界的审查,排除错误,保持了科学传统的合理性和稳定性。在这里,如果说科学进步有什么特点的话,也不过是:科学知识通过人类语言而成为一种更富于想象力的客观存在(甚至是他在别的地方所说独立于物质世界和精神世界的'第三世界')。但是,它的这个发展规律又只能限于科学范围以内,一旦超出这个范围,涉及意识形态的问题,就成了'非科学'、'非理性'的,一般就只能象宗教一样成为科学进步的障碍了。马克思主义相信,科学总是通过真理不断战胜错误、更新的真理不断取代更新的错误而发展的。应当说,鲍波尔所说的'不断革命'也从一定侧面反映了这个真理发展的规律。但是,他在这个生物进化的类比中,强调了科学家个人活动的随机性,强调了批判中否定的、'证伪'的一面,又不能不使人感到,对于人类活动区别于基因变异的自觉性,对于否定中的肯定,他似乎估计得太低了。至于把意识形态的作用几乎完全看成是消极的,那就显然出于某种偏见了。鲍波尔在讲演中一再提到纪念斯宾塞,看来他可能确实未能完全摆脱这位十九世纪哲学家的社会进化论:社会进步不过是生物进化的延伸。这位奥地利出生的当代英国哲学家的哲学观点,包括这一套科学观,对今天的科学界影响很大,当代许多著名科学家纷纷以跻身'鲍波尔派'为荣。考虑到这一点,深入研究他的观点,研究他的正确和错误、成功和失败,就显得更加重要了。

关键词：科学革命意识形态革命生物进化爱因斯坦达尔文革命哥白尼革命意识形态

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哲学问题的本质及其科学根源

世界科学译刊 1980年第11期 48-53页

作者： k.r.popper 傅季重

一在我经过一番思索之后,我决定把目前英国哲学的观点作为我的出发点。因为我相信一位科学家或一位哲学家的职责是解决科学或哲学问题,而不是去谈论他或其他哲学家们正在做什么或可能做什么。任何解决科学或哲学问题的企图,如果它是诚

关键词：维特根施坦数学罗素论题哲学家哲学问题

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哲学问题的本质及其科学根源(续)

世界科学译刊 1980年第12期 37-44页

作者： k.r.popper 傅季重

(六)毕达哥拉斯的理论和它的点的图解,无疑含有最原始的原子论的启示。德谟克利特的原子论受到毕达哥拉斯主义的影响有多深,很难断定。看来这似乎是确定的:它主要是受伊利亚学派的影响;是受巴门尼德和兰诺的影响。这个学派和德谟克利特的

关键词：自然科学自然数谋克科学技术学派无理数实数平方根二次方根原子论者利特牛顿理论

Effects of noise on fishes: What we can learn from humans and birds

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Integrative Zoology 2015年第1期10卷 29-37页

作者： robert J.DOOLING Marjorie r.LEEk Arthur N.popper Department of Psychology University of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA National Center for rehabilitative Auditory research PortlandVA Medical CenterPortlandOregonUSA Department of Biology University of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA

In this paper we describe the masking of pure tones in humans and birds by manmade noises and show that similar ideas can be applied when considering the potential effects of noise on fishes,as well as other aquatic *** from many studies on humans and birds,both in the field and in the laboratory,show that published critical ratios can be used to predict the masked thresholds for pure tones when maskers consist of complex manmade and natural *** argue from these data that a single,simple measure,the species critical ratio,can be used to estimate the effect of manmade environmental noises on the perception of communication and other biologically relevant *** also reason that if this principle holds for species as diverse as humans and birds,it probably also applies for all other vertebrates,including fishes.

关键词： behavior communication manmade noise masking sound

The effects of human-generated sound on fish

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Integrative Zoology 2009年第1期4卷 43-52页

作者： Arthur N.popper Mardi C.HASTINGS Department of Biology University of MarylandCollege ParkUSA Applied research Laboratory The Pennsylvania State UniversityState CollegeUSA

There is growing international concern about the effects of human-generated sound on fish and other aquatic ***,because of a striking paucity of well-designed and controlled experimental data,very little is actually known about the effects of these sounds on *** suggest that human-generated sounds,even from very high intensity sources,might have no effect in some cases or might result in effects that range from small and temporary shifts in behavior all the way to immediate *** this point,however,it is nearly impossible to ex-trapolate from results with one sound source,one fish species,or even fish of one size to other sources,species,or fish *** present paper briefly discusses the potential effects of sound on fish,describes some of the more recent well-controlled experimental studies,and points out areas for future study that will be needed before a real understanding of the effects of sound on fish can be developed.

关键词： anthropogenic sound behavior hearing noise sound.

New perspectives in fish evolution and neurobiology

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Integrative Zoology 2009年第1期4卷 1-2页

作者： Jiakun SONG Arthur N.popper Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neurosciences Shanghai Ocean UniversityShanghaiChina Department of Biology University of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA Division of Fishes National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDCUSA Center for Comparative and Evolutionary Biology of Hearing University of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA

ulogy,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100080,People’s republic of Chin The papers presented in this special issue arose from a symposium that took place from 28 November to 1 December 2007 at the Shanghai Ocean University to celebrate the inauguration of the Institute for Marine Biosystem and *** symposium was attended by 158 people,the majority of whom were from leading universities and institutes across China.

关键词： China. fish evolution

Manipulation of the immune system by non-small cell lung cancer and possible therapeutic interference

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Cancer Drug resistance 2020年第4期3卷 710-725页

作者： Helmut H.popper Medical University of Graz Research Unit Molecular Lung&Pleura PathologyInstitute of PathologyNeue Stiftingtalstrasse 6AGraz 8036Austria

Pulmonary carcinomas have developed mechanisms by which they escape the attack of immune *** checkpoint molecules programmed death 1-programmed death ligand 1(PD1-PDL1)and the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 system have gained *** expression of PDL1 by tumor cells causes immune tolerance,and further influences the microenvironment via orchestration by *** with PDL1 antibodies could restore the cytotoxicity of T-lymphocytes towards tumor *** patients will respond to this ***,resistance mechanisms will counteract this *** investigations have identified additional immune checkpoint inhibitors such as lymphocyte activation gene 3 and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain *** cells also induce tolerance by manipulating cells of the innate immune *** are polarized to tumor-friendly M2,neutrophils into N2 types,and dendritic cells and myeloid suppressor cells are switched to assist tumor *** T cells enter the tumor microenvironment and signal tolerance to cytotoxic cells,inhibiting the influx of Nk *** mediators either released by tumor cells or cells of the tumor stroma induce immune tolerance,examples including tryptophan and indolamine dioxygenases,arginine and *** options to counteract these molecules are currently being *** tumor stroma has been classified as immune-inflamed,immune-excluded,and immune-desert *** latter might be switched to an inflamed type by induction of tertiary lymph *** cells and macrophages normally phagocytose tumor antigens,but inhibitors of phagocytosis can block *** with these molecules is another option for re-establishing the cytotoxic action of the immune system against tumor *** this review we will discuss these aspects with a special emphasis on non-small cell lung cancer.

关键词： Programmed death 1-programmed death ligand 1 lymphocyte subpopulation innate immune cells soluble mediators of immune tolerance phagocytosis inhibitors

The sensory world of fish and fisheries: Impact of human activities–An international conference to evaluate the effects of environmental changes on the sensory world of fish/aquatic animals and fisheries

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Integrative Zoology 2015年第1期10卷 1-3页

作者： Jiakun SONG Shaun P.COLLIN Arthur N.popper Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neuroscience College of Life Sciencesand International Center for Marine Studies Shanghai Ocean UniversityShanghaiChina School of Animal Biology and the Oceans Institute The University of Western Australia CrawleyWAAustralia Department of Biology University of Maryland College ParkMDUSA

This special issue of Integrative Zoology(the official journal of the International Society of Zoological Sciences and the Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences)is dedicated to the sensory world of fish and fisheries and the impacts of human *** papers in this issue are the outcome of an international conference that was held at the Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neurosciences,College of Fisheries and Life Science,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai,China from 29 October to 1 November *** conference was generously sponsored by The Shanghai Ocean University,The University of Maryland and The University of Western Australia.

关键词： fish Impact journal

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Michelangelo