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Approaches to antiretroviral therapy in China

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Cell Research 2005年第Z1期15卷 895-902页

作者： Bruce l GIllIAM Robert R REDFIElD Division of Clinical Care and Research Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21201 USA

China has recognized the threat of HIV to its population and responded with a national antiretroviral treatment (ART) program. However, high ART failure rates and the spread of resistance within populations are important realities to consider when developing and managing ART programs in China and worldwide. Concepts which will define treatment success and local and national programmatic goals are 1) access to ART, 2) durability of ART at the patient level, 3) scalability of treatment modalities, and the 4) sustainability of the program at the community or national level. In the face of limited resources, China must also consider when to start ARV therapy, which agents to use, when to switch them, and how to treat highly experienced patients with drug resistance. The optimal ARV regimen to start with is changing frequently with the introduction of new agents and the presentation of new data. Currently, a regimen including tenofovir, emtricitabine or lamivudine and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor appears to have optimal characteristics to treat HIV/AIDS in China. However, critical to all of these choices is the evaluation of programs implemented to insure wide scale success. China has wisely begun this process of evaluating the perfor- mance of local programs through systematic monitoring and evaluation of treatment outcomes. This will allow regi- mens and programs that work to be expanded, and programs with high failure rates to be eliminated. In the end, evidence based data supporting treatment strategies will allow China to successfully confront its AIDS epidemic early and prevent its tragic consequences

关键词： antiretroviral therapy scalability HIV/AIDS.

Male mate choice as differential investment in contest competition is affected by female ornament expression

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Current Zoology 2018年第3期64卷 335-344页

作者： Stacey l. WEISS Matthew DUBIN Department of Biology University of Puget Sound 1500 N. Warner Street No. 1088 Tacoma WA 98418-1088 USA

High male mating effort and high variation in female quality select for male mate choice, which may be expressed as differential investment of reproductive effort based on female value. Male reproductive effort includes investment in direct contest competition with rival males for access to females, yet variation in male-male contest behavior is rarely examined in the context of male mate choice. We examine such male response to variation in female body size, reproductive state, and female-specific ornamentation in the striped plateau lizard, Sceloporus virgatus. We housed lizards in trios of 2 size-matched males and one female for 5 days, such that all 3 lizards were physi- cally isolated and the males could see the female but not each other. We then placed males simultaneously into the female＇s cage and scored the interaction. Male-male aggression was not significantly affected by female body size, reproductive state, nor ornament color, but was influenced by ornament size which reliably signals the phenotypic quality of the female and her off- spring. In the presence of larger-ornamented females, males engaged in more male-male aggressive display behavior more quickly, and performed fewer high-intensity contact behaviors but were equally likely to escalate to this riskier level of fighting. Our data suggest that males adjust their energetic investment during intrasexual competitive interactions in response to variation in the contested female which, assuming males gain direct or indirect benefits from their strategic allocation of reproductive effort, fits the modern understanding of male mate choice.

关键词： aggression female-specific ornaments intrasexual competition lizards resource quality sexual selection

Beyond dichotomies in species and speciation

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National Science Review 2022年第12期9卷 15-17页

作者： Jeffrey l.Feder Patrik Nosil Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive University MontpellierCNRS EPHE IRD

Speciation is not as mysterious as D arwin once described it [1].Nevertheless,important questions *** discussed by Wu[2] and highlighted in a series of papers in National Science Review (NSR),these issues equate with imposing dichotomous perspectives on speciation,when the nature of species and the processes creating them can complicate discrete categorization.

关键词： DIVERGENCE EVOlUTION ADAPTATION INVERSIONS CONTINUUM RACE

Assessing the reproductive health of men with occupational exposures

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第1期16卷 23-30页

作者： Steven M Schrader katherine l Marlow Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Division of Applied Research and Technology Cincinnati OH USA.

The earliest report linking environmental （occupational） exposure to adverse human male reproductive effects dates back to1775 when an English physician, Percival Pott, reported a high incidence of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps. This observation led to safety regulations in the form of bathing requirements for these workers. The fact that male-mediated reproductive harm in humans may be a result of toxicant exposures did not become firmly established until relatively recently, when lancranjan studied lead-exposed workers in Romania in 1975, and later in 1977, when Whorton examined the effects of dibromochloropropane （DBCP） on male workers in California. Since these discoveries, several additional human reproductive toxicants have been identified through the convergence of laboratory and observational findings. Many research gaps remain, as the pool of potential human exposures with undetermined effects on male reproduction is vast. This review provides an overview of methods used to study the effects of exposures on male reproduction and their reproductive health, with a primary emphasis on the implementation and interpretation of human studies. Emphasis will be on occupational exposures, although much of the information is also useful in assessing environmental studies, occupational exposures are usually much higher and better defined.

关键词： accessory glands endocrine epidemiology semen sexual function sperm testis toxicology

X-ray scattering from liquid interfaces

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2006年第6期17卷 322-333页

作者： lI Ming Mark l. SCHlOSSMAN Beijing National laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080 China Departments of Physics and Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor St Chicago IL 60607 USA

Synchrotron radiation X-ray scattering is a useful tool for structural characterization of liquid interfaces. Specular reflectivity provides precise measurement of the interfacial widths and of the ordering of surfactants adsorbed to these interfaces. Diffuse scattering gives information on phase transitions and domain formation in surfactant monolayers and on interfacial fluctuations confined by and coupled across fluidic films.

关键词： X-射线散射液体界面同步加速器反射率

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A robust composite wide area control of a DFIG wind energy system for damping inter-area oscillations

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Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems 2020年第1期5卷 280-289页

作者： Ayyarao S.l.V.Tummala Department of EEE GMR Institute of TechnologyRajam 532127India

This paper presents a novel composite wide area control of a DFIG wind energy system which combines the Robust Exact Differentiator(RED)and Discontinuous Integral(DI)control to damp out inter-area *** generates the real-time differentiation of a relative speed signal in a noisy environment while DI control,an extension to a twisting algorithm and PID control,develops a continuous control signal and hence reduces *** proposed control is robust to disturbances and can enhance the overall stability of the *** proposed composite sliding mode control is evaluated using a modified benchmark two-area power system model with wind energy *** results under various operating scenarios show the efficacy of the proposed approach.

关键词： DFIG Wide area control Wind energy system Sliding mode control

A review of the sentinel prey method as a way of quantifying invertebrate predation under field conditions

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Insect Science 2017年第4期24卷 528-542页

作者： Gabor l. lovei Marco Ferrante Department of Agroecology Flakkebjerg Research Centre Aarhus University Forsgsvej 1 DK-4200 Slagelse Denmark

Sentinel prey can provide a direct, quantitative measure of predation under field conditions. live sentinel prey provides more realistic data but rarely allows the partitioning of the total predation pressure; artificial prey is less natural but traces left by different predators are identifiable, making it suitable for comparative studies. We reviewed the available evidence of the use of both types of invertebrate sentinel prey. Fifty- seven papers used real prey, usually measuring predation on a focal （often pest） species, with studies overwhelmingly from North America. The median predation was 25.8% d-1. Artificial sentinel prey （45 papers） were used in both temperate and tropical areas, placed more above ground than at ground level. The most commonly used artificial prey imitated a caterpillar. Up to 14 predator groups were identified, registering a median of 8.8% d J predation; half the studies reported only bird predation. Predation on real prey was higher than on artificial ones, but invertebrate predation was not higher than vertebrate predation. Invertertebrate but not vertebrate predation was negatively related to prey size. Predation near the Equator was not higher than at higher latitudes, nor in cultivated than noncultivated habitats. The use of sentinel prey is not yet standardised in terms of prey size, arrangement, exposure period or data reporting. Due to the simplicity and ease of use of the method, such standardisation may increase the usefulness of comparative studies, contributing to the understanding of the importance and level of predation in various habitats worldwide.

关键词： arthropods artificial caterpillar biological control ecosystem service mortality top-down effects

Altered expression of m^(1)A regulatory genes is associated with oncogenic pathways,overall survival,and infiltration of immune cells in diverse human cancers

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Genes & Diseases 2023年第3期10卷 739-742页

作者： Renhua Song Justin J-l Wong Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute The University of SydneyCamperdown 2050Australia Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of SydneyCamperdown 2050Australia

Of over 170 types of RNA modifications discovered,N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)is the most actively studied.m6A confers oncogenic potential,maintains cancer stem cells,and is associated with cancer-related outcomes.^(... 详细信息

关键词： cancer maintain immune

QTl Analysis for Grain Iron and Zinc Concentrations in Two O. nivara Derived Backcross Populations

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Rice science 2018年第4期25卷 197-207页

作者： B. P. M. SWAMY k. kAlADHAR1, k. ANURADHA Anil k. BATCHU T. lONGVAH N. SARlA Indian Institute of Rice Research Rajendranagar Hyderabad 500030 India Plant Breeding Division International Rice Research Institute DAPO Box 7777 Metro Manila the Philippines International Crops Research Institute on Semi Arid Tropics Patancheru Hyderabad 502324 India National Institute of Nutrition Hyderabad 500007 India

Identification of quantitative trait loci （QTls） for grain mineral elements can assist in faster and more precise development of micronutrient dense rice varieties through marker-assisted breeding. In the present study, QTls were mapped for Fe and Zn concentrations in two BC2F3 mapping populations derived from the crosses of O. sativa cv Swarna with two different accessions of O. nivara. In all, 10 and 8 QTls were identified for grain Fe and Zn concentrations in population 1, and 7 and 5 QTls were identified in population 2, respectively. Eighty percent of the QTls detected in both populations were derived from O. nivara. Five QTls for Fe and three QTls for Zn explained more than 15% phenotypic variance either in interval or composite interval mapping. The locations of O. nivara derived QTls such as qFe2.1, qFe3.1, qFe8.2 and qZn12.1 were consistently identified in both the populations. Epistatic interaction was observed only between RM106 and RM6 on chromosome 2 and between RM22 and RM7 on chromosome 3 for Fe concentration in population 1. Sixteen candidate genes for metal homeostasis were found to co-locate with 10 QTls for Fe and Zn concentrations in both the populations. Most of the Fe and Zn QTls were found to co-locate with QTls for grain yield and grain quality traits. Some of the major effect QTls identified can be used to improve rice grain Fe and Zn concentrations.

关键词： biofortification micronutrient Fe concentration Zn concentration rice wild rice quantitative trait locus gene marker assisted breeding

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