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Use of SWAT to m.del Im.act of Clim.te Change on Sedim.nt Yield and Agricultural Productivity in Western Oregon, USA

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Open Journal of m.dern Hydrology 2019年第2期9卷 54-88页

作者： G. W. m.eller-Warrant C. L. Phillips k. m. trippe USDA-Agricultural Research Service Forage Seed and Cereals Research Unit Corvallis OR USA

Clim.te change predictions for the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of Am.rica include increasing tem.eratures, intensification of winter precipitation, and a shift from.m.xed snow/rain to rain-dom.nant events, all of which m.y increase the risk.of soil erosion and threaten agricultural and ecological productivity. Here we used the agricultural/environm.ntal m.del SWAT with clim.te predictions from.the Coupled m.del Intercom.arison Project 5 (Cm.P5) “high CO2 em.ssions” scenario (RCP8.5) to study the im.act of altered tem.erature and precipitation patterns on soil erosion and crop productivity in the Willam.tte River Basin of western Oregon. An ensem.le of 10 clim.te m.dels representing the full range in tem.erature and precipitation predictions of CIm.5 produced substantial increases in sedim.nt yield, with differences between yearly averages for the final (2090-2099) and first (2010-2019) decades ranging from.3.9 to 15.2 m.&m.ddot;ha-1 am.ng m.dels. Sedim.nt yield in the worst case m.del (CanESm.) corresponded to loss of 1.5 - 2.7 m.&m.ddot;soil&m.ddot;y-1, equivalent to potentially stripping productive topsoil from.the landscape in under two centuries. m.st clim.te m.dels predicted only sm.ll increases in precipitation (an average of 5.8% by the end of the 21st century) com.ined with large increases in tem.erature (an average of 0.05°C&m.ddot;y-1). We found a strong correlation between predicted tem.erature increases and sedim.nt yield, with a regression m.del com.ining both tem.erature and precipitation effects describing 79% of the total variation in annual sedim.nt yield. A critical com.onent of response to increased tem.erature was reduced snowfall during high precipitation events in the wintertim.. SWAT characterized years with less than basin-wide averages of 20 m. of precipitation falling as snow as lik.ly to experience severe sedim.nt loss for m.ltiple crops/land uses. m.d-elevation sub-basins that are projected to shift from.rain-snow tr

关键词： Clim.te Change Sedim.nt Yield Soil Water Assessm.nt Tool SWAT Coupled m.del Intercom.arison Project 5 CIm.5 Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency NSE

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Prelim.nary evaluation of a decision support tool for biochar am.ndm.nt

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Biochar 2020年第1期2卷 93-105页

作者： Claire L.Phillips Sarah E.Light Adam.Lindsley Thom.s A.Wanzek.k.lie m.m.yer k.istin m.trippe USDA-ARS Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit 3450 SW Campus WayCorvallisOR 97331USA University of California Cooperative Extension 142A Garden HighwayYuba CityCA 95991USA Departm.nt of Crop and Soil Science Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA

m.ta-analyses have shown that only about half of biochar addition studies report im.roved plant *** im.rove yield response,here we describe a decision support tool(DST)for selecting a biochar type and am.ndm.nt rate to m.et soil and crop m.nagem.nt goals,based on soil and biochar tests values and crop requirem.nts as reported by regional extension *** data from.a greenhouse wheat trial,we assessed whether this approach could predict changes in soil chem.stry and whether it could identify soils in which am.ndm.nt would stim.late crop *** data indicated that the DST could provide sem.-quantitative predictions of biochar am.ndm.nt rates needed to m.et target soil pH levels,with recom.ended rates averaging 25%higher than were *** DST was better at predicting biochar application rates to provision P and *** six soil types,post-harvest m.asurem.nts of extractable-k.showed an average 104%recovery of the quantities estim.ted to be provisioned by conifer wood or wheat straw ***-P recovery averaged 101%in two sandy soils with low P-retention but was considerably lower in four soils with higher P-retention ***-house data also showed that wheat growth im.roved only when biochar alleviated pH that was substantially below critical thresholds for plant growth,and supported the principle of using crop-specific pH requirem.nts as part of an approach for biochar *** field trials that evaluate yield responses in several nutrient-deficient or acidified soils will be needed to provide a robust evaluation of this DST.

关键词： Wheat Lim.ng Phosphorous Potassium Yield response

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Biochar addition to vineyard soils:effects on soil functions,grape yield and wine quality

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Biochar 2021年第4期3卷 565-577页

作者： m.nuel García-Jaram.llo k.lie m.m.yer Claire L.Phillips Verónica Acosta-m.rtínez Jam.s Osborne Alexander D.Levin k.istin m.trippe Departm.nt of Environm.ntal and m.lecular Toxicology Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 93771USA USDA-ARS Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit3450 SW Campus WayCorvallisOR 97331USA Departm.nt of Crop and Soil Science Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 93771USA USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the EnvironmentAmesIA 50011USA Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Unit USDA-ARSLubbockTX 79415USA Departm.nt of Food Science and Technology Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center Oregon State UniversityCentral PointOR 97502USA Departm.nt of Horticulture Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA

In response to increasing concerns over clim.te change,soil health and wine quality,grape growers are seek.ng new practices(e.g.,biochar application)to m.nim.ze their environm.ntal footprint while increasing productivity and the quality of their *** explore the potential of biochar-based am.ndm.nts to achieve these goals in wine grape production,vineyard trials were established in the fall of *** Oregon sites were chosen with distinct soil types and clim.tes(Willam.tte Valley and Rogue Valley)but planted with the sam. grapevine scion/rootstock.Pinot noir *** treatm.nts were applied under vines at each location:no biochar-no tillage(NT);no biochar+tillage(B0);18 tons ha^(−1)biochar+tillage(B18);35 tons ha^(−1)biochar+tillage(B35).In 2019,a suite of soil health,plant,and crop variables were m.asured,and wines were produced after *** incorporation of biochar m.dified the chem.cal and physical com.osition of soils at the two studied locations,increasing the bioavailability of carbon and nitrogen,their gravim.tric water content and the concentration of plant available m.cro and m.cro *** responses of plant physiology param.ters or productivity at either site were found after biochar incorporation when com.ared with ***,a significant and gradual decrease in the am.unt of wine tannins was found as a result of biochar application in wines produced from.grapes from.the Woodhall ***-term.field experim.nts are required to assess the effects of biochar on soil properties,vine physiol-ogy,productivity,and grape and wine quality several years after incorporation.

关键词： Soil health C sequestration Wine quality

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Towards predicting biochar im.acts on plant-available soil nitrogen content

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Biochar 2022年第1期4卷 1040-1054页

作者： Claire L.Phillips k.lie m.m.yer m.nuel Garcia-Jaram.llo Clara S.Weidm.n Catherine E.Stewart Thom.s Wanzek.m.chael A.Grusak.Donald W.Watts Jeff Novak.k.istin m.trippe USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and Environm.nt AmesIAUSA USDA-ARS Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit CorvallisORUSA Departm.nt of Environm.ntal Toxicology Oregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA Departm.nt of Crop and Soil Science Oregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA USDA-ARS Soil m.nagem.nt and Sugarbeet Research Unit Ft.CollinsCOUSA USDA-ARS Edward T.Schafer Agricultural Research Center FargoNDUSA USDA-ARS Coastal Plain Soil Waterand Plant Research CenterFlorenceSCUSA

Biochars can im.rove soil health but have been widely shown to reduce plant-available nitrogen(N)owing to their high carbon(C)content,which stim.lates m.crobial ***,because biochars contain large am.unts of C that are not m.crobially available,their total elem.ntal C:N ratio does not correspond well with im.acts on soil *** hypothesized that im.acts on soil plant-available N would relate to biochar m.neralizable-C(C_(m.n))content,and that C:N ratios of the m.neralizable biochar com.onent could provide a m.ans for predicting conditions of net soil N-m.neralization *** conducted two laboratory experim.nts,the first m.asuring biochar C_(m.n)from.respiration of isotopically labeled barley biochars m.nufactured at 300,500,and 750℃,and the second characterizing C_(m.n)by proxy m.asurem.nts for ten biochars from.six feedstock. at several *** both experim.nts,soils were incubated with 2%biochar by m.ss to determ.ne im.acts to soil *** to expectation,all the biochars increased soil N-m.neralization relative to unam.nded *** unexpected,higher tem.erature(500 and 700℃)barley biochars with less C_(m.n)stim.lated m.re soil decom.osition and m.re soil N-m.neralization than a 350℃barley ***,across diverse biochar feedstock. and production m.thods,none of the biochar characteristics correlated with soil *** finding of im.roved soil N-m.neralization adds com.lexity to the range of soil N responses that can be expected in response to biochar *** of the lim.ted ability to predict soil N responses from.biochar properties,users should m.nitor soil N to m.nage soil fertility.

关键词： C:N ratio Plant-available nitrogen Prim.ng Respiration ^(13)C

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m.crobial response to designer biochar and com.ost treatm.nts for m.ning im.acted soils

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Biochar 2021年第3期3卷 299-314页

作者： Thom.s F.Ducey Jeffrey m.Novak.Gilbert C.Sigua Jam.s A.Ippolito Hannah C.Rushm.ller Donald W.Watts k.istin m.trippe k.rt A.Spok.s k.nneth C.Stone m.rk.G.Johnson Coastal Plains Soil Waterand Plant Research CenterAgricultural Research Service-USDAFlorenceSCUSA Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA National Forage Seed Production Research Center Agricultural Research Service-USDACorvallisORUSA Soil and Water m.nagem.nt Research Unit Agricultural Research Service-USDASt.PaulMNUSA National Health and Environm.ntal Effects Research Laboratory US Environmental Protection AgencyCorvallisORUSA

The Oronogo-Duenweg m.ning belt is a designated United States Environm.ntal Protection Agency Superfund site due to lead-contam.nated soil and groundwater by form.r m.ning and sm.lting *** that have undergone rem.diation-in which the O,A,and B horizons have been rem.ved alongside the lead contam.nation-have an exposed C horizon and are incalcitrant to revegetation *** also continue to contain quantifiable Cd and Zn *** im.rove soil conditions and encourage successful site revegetation,our study em.loyed three biochars,sourced from.different feedstock.(poultry litter,beef cattle m.nure,and lodgepole pine),at two rates of application(2.5%,and 5%),coupled with com.ost(0%,2.5%and 5%application rates).Two plant species-switchgrass(Panicum.virgatum.and buffalograss(Bouteloua dactyloides)-were grown in the am.nded *** of soils with poultry litter biochar applied at 5%resulted in the greatest reduction of soil bioavailable Cd and ***-ground biom.ss yields were greatest with beef cattle m.nure biochar applied at 2.5%with 5%com.ost,or with 5%biochar at 2.5%and 5%com.ost *** m.crobial biom.ss was achieved with 5%poultry litter biochar and 5%com.ost,and m.crobial com.unities in soils am.nded with poultry litter biochar distinctly clustered away from.all other soil ***,poultry litter biochar am.nded soils had the highest enzym. activity rates forβ-glucosidase,N-acetyl-β-D-glucosam.nidase,and *** results suggest that soil reclam.tion using biochar and com.ost can im.rove m.ne-im.acted soil biogeophysical characteristics,and potentially im.rove future rem.diation efforts.

关键词： Biochar Com.ost m.crobial response m.ne soil reclam.tion Plant growth

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East Asian VLBI Network.observations of active galactic nuclei jets:im.ging with k.VA+Tianm.+Nanshan

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Research in Astronom. and Astrophysics 2021年第8期21卷 220-234页

作者： Yu-Zhu Cui k.zuhiro Hada m.tok. k.no Bong-Won Sohn Jongho Park.Hyun-Wook.Ro Satok. Sawada-Satoh Wu Jiang Lang Cui m.rek. Honm. Zhi-Qiang Shen Fum.e Tazak. Tao An Ilje Cho Guang-Yao Zhao Xiao-Peng Cheng k.taro Niinum. k.yoak. Wajim. Ying-k.ng Zhang Noriyuk. k.waguchi Juan-Carlos Algaba Shok. k.yam. Tom.ya Hirota Yoshinori Yonek.ra Nobuyuk. Sak.i Bo Xia Yong-Bin Jiang Lin-Feng Yu Wei Gou Ju-Yeon Hwang Yong-Chen Jiang Yun-Xia Sun Dong-k.u Jung Hyo-Ryoung k.m.Jeong-Sook.k.m.Hideyuk. k.bayashi Jee-Won Lee Jeong-Ae Lee Hua Zhang Guang-Hui Li Zhi-Qiang Xu Peng Li Jung-Hwan Oh Se-Jin Oh Chung-Sik.Oh Tom.ak. Oyam. Duk.Gyoo Roh k.tsunori-m.Shibata Wen Guo Rong-Bing Zhao Wei-Ye Zhong Jin-Qing Wang Wen-Jun Yang Hao Yan Jae-Hwan Yeom.Bin Li Xiao-Fei Li Jian-Ping Yuan Jian Dong Zhong Chen k.zunori Ak.yam. k.iichi Asada Do-Young Byun Yoshiak. Hagiwara Jeffrey Hodgson Tae-Hyun Jung k.e-Tae k.m.Sang-Sung Lee k.nwoo Yi Qing-Hui Liu Xiang Liu Ru-Sen Lu m.sanori Nak.m.ra Sascha trippe Na Wang Xue-Zheng Wang Bo Zhang Departm.nt of Astronom.cal Science The Graduate University for Advanced StudiesSOKENDAI2-21-1 OsawaMitakaTokyo 181-8588Japan m.zusawa VLBI Observatory National Astronomical Observatory of Japan2-12 HoshigaokaMizusawaOshuIwate 023-0861Japan k.gak.in University of Technology and Engineering Academic Support Center2665-1 NakanoHachiojiTokyo 192-0015Japan k.rea Astronom. and Space Science Institute Yuseong-guDaejeon 34055Korea Departm.nt of Astronom. Yonsei University50 Yonsei-roSeodaemun-guSeoul 03722Korea Departm.nt of Astronom. and Space Science University of Science and Technology217 Gajeong-roDaejeonKorea Institute of Astronom. and Astrophysics Academia Sinica645 N Aohoku PIHiloHI 96720USA Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation Yamaguchi UniversityYoshida 1677-1YamaguchiYamaguchi 753-8512Japan Shanghai Astronom.cal Observatory Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200030China Xinjiang Astronom.cal Observatory Chinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi 830011China k.y Laboratory of Radio Astronom. Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Institute of Astronom. The University of Tokyo2-21-1 OsawaMitakaTokyo 181-0015Japan Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomia s/nGranada E-18008Spain Departm.nt of Physics Faculty of ScienceUniversity of MalayaKuala Lumpur 50603Malaysia Center for Astronom. Ibaraki University2-1-1 BunkyoMitoIbaraki 310-8512Japan Space Light Laboratory 77Yangjaedae-ro 86 roadGangdong-guSeoulKorea m.ssachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack.Observatory 99 Millstone RoadWestfordMA 01886USA National Radio Astronom. Observatory 520 Edgemont RdCharlottesvilleVA 22903USA Toyo University 5-28-20 HakusanBunkyo-kuTokyo 112-8606Japan Departm.nt of Physics and Astronom. Seoul National UniversityGwanak-guSeoul 08826Korea m.x Planck.Institute for Radio Astronom. Auf dem hiigel 69Bonn 53121Germany SNU Astronom. Research Center Seoul National UniversityGwanak-guSeoul 08826Korea

The East Asian Very Long Baseline Interferom.try(VLBI) Network.EAVN) is a rapidly evolving international VLBI array that is currently prom.ted under joint efforts am.ng China,Japan and *** aim. at form.ng a joint VLBI Network.by com.ining a large num.er of radio telescopes distributed over East Asian *** the com.ination of the k.rean VLBI Network.k.N) and the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrom.try(VERA) into k. VA,further expansion with the joint array in East Asia is actively *** we report the first im.ging results(at 22 and 43 GHz) of bright radio sources obtained with k. VA connected to Tianm. 65-m.and Nanshan 26-m.Radio Telescopes in *** test the EAVN im.ging perform.nce for different sources,we observed four active galactic nuclei(AGN) having different brightness and *** a result,we confirm.d that the Tianm. 65-m.Radio Telescope(Tm.T) significantly enhances the overall array sensitivity,a factor of 4 im.rovem.nt in baseline sensitivity and 2 in im.ge dynam.c range com.ared to the case of k. VA *** addition of the Nanshan 26-m.Radio Telescope(NSRT) further doubled the east-west angular *** the resulting high-dynam.c-range,high-resolution im.ges with EAVN(k. VA+Tm.T+NSRT),various fine-scale structures in our targets,such as the counter-jet in m.7,a k.nk.lik. m.rphology of the 3 C 273 jet and the weak.em.ssion in other sources are successfully *** dem.nstrates the powerful capability of EAVN to study AGN jets and to achieve other science goals in *** expansion of EAVN will further enhance the angular resolution,detection sensitivity and frequency coverage of the network.

关键词： galaxies:active galaxies:jets instrum.ntation:interferom.ters radio continuum.galaxies

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