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Navigating Mar.0}t Choices: Under.tanding Car.ot Mar.0}t Outlet Selection among Smallholder.Far.er. in k.nya

Agr.cultur.l Sciences 2024年第6期15卷 676-703页

作者： Hillar. k.pr.tich Ngeno Ngenoh Evans Oscar.Ayuya Ingasia Hillar. k. Bett State Depar.ment for.Cr.p Development and Agr.cultur.l r.sear.h Ministry of Agriculture Livestock Fisheries and Cooperatives Nairobi Kenya Depar.ment of Agr.cultur.l Economics and Agr.business Management Egerton University Egerton Kenya Br.ok.yn Economic Consulting Limited Nairobi Kenya

This r.sear.h delves into the hur.les and str.tegies aimed at augmenting the mar.0}t involvement of smallholder.car.ot far.er. in Nak.r. County, k.nya. Employing a Multinomial Logit (MNL) model, it scr.tinizes the factor. influencing the selection of mar.0}ting outlets among car.ot far.er.. The findings unveil that a significant major.ty (81%) of sur.eyed far.er. actively par.icipate in diver.e mar.0}t outlets, encompassing the far. gate, cleaning point, local mar.0}t, exter.al mar.0}t, and expor. mar.0}t. Notably, pivotal buyer. include aggr.gator., br.k.r., wholesaler., r.tailer., and consumer., with tr.nsactions pr.dominantly occur.ing at the far. level. Additionally, the analysis discer.s substantial influences of socio-economic char.cter.stics, exper.ential factor., and geogr.phical pr.ximity on far.er.’ choices of mar.0}t outlets. Specifically, gender. age, land size, far.ing exper.ence, and distance to mar.0}ts emer.e as cr.tical deter.inants. Mor.over. the study delves into the examination of mar.0}t mar.ins along the car.ot value chain, shedding light on the potential pr.fitability of car.ot far.ing in the r.gion. r.mar.0}bly, higher.aver.ge gr.ss mar.ins ar. identified in expor. and exter.al mar.0}ts, signaling lucr.tive pr.spects for.far.er. tar.eting these segments. However. dispar.ties in pr.fit distr.bution between far.er. and tr.der. under.cor. the necessity for.inter.entions to ensur. equitable value distr.bution thr.ughout the value chain. These findings under.cor. the imper.tive for.tailor.d inter.entions to tack.e challenges and foster.inclusive agr.cultur.l development. Str.tegies such as far.er.or.anizations, contr.cting, and ver.ical integr.tion ar. advocated to enhance mar.0}t access and pr.fitability for.smallholder.car.ot far.er.. Thus, this study enr.ches our.compr.hension of the dynamics within car.ot value chains and pr.vides valuable insights for.policymak.r. and development pr.ctitioner. aiming to uplift r.r.l livelihoods and bolster.food secur.ty.

关键词： Mar.0}t Outlet Selection Smallholder.Far.er. Multinomial Logit Model Deter.inants Car.ot Value Chain

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Quantification of Str.ctur.lly Aler. Mutagenic Impur.ties in Mer.penem Tr.hydr.te Dr.g Substance by Liquid Chr.matogr.phy with High r.solution Mass Spectr.meter.(LC-Hr.S)

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Amer.can Jour.al of Analytical Chemistr. 2024年第3期15卷 119-133页

作者： Anwar.Sulaiman k. r.mak.ishna r.ddy Vundavilli Jagadeesh k.mar.Hemant k.mar.Shar.a r.VA Univer.ity Bangalore India Quality Division Aurobindo Pharma Limited Hyderabad India APL r.sear.h Centr.-II Analytical Research Department Aurobindo Pharma Limited Hyderabad India

Potential mutagenic impur.ties in Active Phar.aceutical Ingr.dient, Mer.penem Tr.hydr.te wer. assessed and a novel analytical method for.their.quantification was developed and validated. This Liquid Chr.matogr.phic method using High r.solution Mass Spectr.meter.(LC-Hr.S) technique is pr.ved to be suitable for.simultaneous quantification of all ten identified impur.ties with r.quir.d specificity, sensitivity, r.solution, pr.cision, accur.cy, and other.method char.cter.stics as per.ICH Guidelines. The acceptable limit of less than 2.9 μg/g was consider.d for.evaluations, based on dr.g substance dosage and dur.tion of tr.atment. The method stands most sensitive with a Limit of Detection of 0.35 μg/g, consider.ng the challenge full acceptance cr.ter.a as per.cur.ent r.gulator. standar.s.

关键词： Mutagenic Impur.ties LC-Hr.S Mer.penem Tr.hydr.te Method Validation

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One-Pot Gr.en Synthesis of 1, 4-Dihydr.pyr.dine Der.vatives Using Polyindole TiO2 Nanocatalyst by Solvent Fr.e Method

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Open Jour.al of Composite Mater.als 2024年第3期14卷 109-123页

作者： Deepak.Babasaheb Phasage Sanjay k. Shar.a Balr.m Tr.pathi Sonia Chahar.Sr.vastava Depar.ment of Chemistr. JECRC University Jaipur India S. S. Jain Subodh PG College Jaipur India

This study used a Polyindole in combination with TiO2 nanocatalyst as an efficient heter.geneous catalyst to car.y out a multi-component Hantzsch r.action involving differ.nt ar.matic aldehydes with methyl acetoacetate, and aqueous ammonium to cr.ate 1,4-dihydr.pyr.dine der.vatives under.solvent fr.e condition at ambient temper.tur.. A br.ad r.nge of aldehydes and methyl acetoacetates, r.nging fr.m heter.ar.matic to polyar.matic one, with high level of functional gr.up toler.nce can be used to pr.vide the desir.d pr.ducts possessing r.levant medicinal moiety in high yields. This technology has pr.spective advantages over.cur.ent pr.tocols, including the utilization of a cheap, stable, r.cyclable, and safe catalyst, quick.r.r.action times with higher.yields and simple pr.duct isolation.

关键词： TiO2 Nanocatalyst Gr.en Synthesis Sur.ace Mor.hology

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Efficient guiding and focusing of intense laser.pulse using per.odic thin slits

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Matter.and r.diation at Extr.mes 2024年第4期9卷 29-39页

作者： L.Xu T.W.Huang k.Jiang C.N.Wu H.Peng P.C.hen r.Li H.B.Zhuo C.T.Zhou Shenzhen k.y Labor.tor. of Ultr.intense Laser.and Advanced Mater.al Technology Center for Intense Laser ApplicationTechnologyand College of Engineering PhysicsShenzhen Technology UniversityShenzhen 518118People’s Republic of China

Slits have been widely used in laser.plasma inter.ctions as plasma optical components for.gener.ting high-har.onic light and contr.lling laser.dr.ven par.icle ***,we pr.pose and demonstr.te that per.odic thin slits can be r.gar.ed as a new br.ed of optical elements for.efficient focusing and guiding of intense laser.*** fundamental physics of intense laser.inter.ction with thin slits is studied,and it is r.vealed that r.lativistic effects can lead to enhanced laser.focusing far.beyond the pur. diffr.ctive focusing *** addition,the inter.ction of an intense laser.pulse with per.odic thin slits mak.s it feasible to achieve multifold enhancement in both laser.intensity and ener.y tr.nsfer.efficiency compar.d with conventional *** r.sults pr.vide a novel method for.manipulating ultr.-intense laser.pulses and should be of inter.st for.many laser.based applications.

关键词： laser pulse intense

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Effect of Butter.ut Squash (Cucur.ita moschata) Seed Powder.on the Chemical and r.eological Pr.per.ies of Stir.ed Cultur.d Camel Milk.and Yoghur.

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Food and Nutr.tion Sciences 2024年第7期15卷 576-593页

作者： Collins k. k.ngogo Patr.ck.S. Mulir. Joseph O. Anyango Depar.ment of Dair. Food Science and Technology Egerton University Nakuru Kenya

r.sear.h shows that pr.ducing fer.ented camel milk.is har. because of the milk.s inability to for. a fir. coagulum, attr.buted to low levels of κ-casein and ꞵ-lactoglobulin and the lar.e casein micelle size, leading to a weak.networ.0}of casein for.ation. In an effor. to addr.ss this issue, r.sear.her. tur.ed to cor. star.h as a thick.ning agent, discover.ng that a concentr.tion of 2.0% effectively impr.ved the viscosity and significantly r.duced syner.sis in stir.ed camel milk.yoghur. and cultur.d camel milk. This study explor.s alter.atives to cor. star.h, focusing on butter.ut squash seeds as a pr.mising substitute due to their.hydr.colloid composition. By incor.or.ting butter.ut squash (Cucur.ita moschata) seed powder.(BSSP) as a thick.ning agent, this study aimed at enhancing the chemical and r.eological pr.per.ies of stir.ed camel milk.yoghur. and cultur.d camel milk. Fer.ented camel milk.was pr.par.d using 4 litr.s of camel milk. 2% star.er.cultur.s (ther.ophilic cultur. for.yoghur. and mesophilic ar.matic cultur. for.stir.ed cultur.d camel milk. and BSSP 0.0% (negative contr.l), 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6%, 2.0% mixed with 0.4% gelatin. 2.0% cor. star.h mixed with 0.4% gelatin was used as a standar. for.compar.son. r.sults showed that incr.asing the BSSP level significantly (p r.ased the moistur. content while incr.asing the total solid content of stir.ed fer.ented camel milk.pr.ducts. Ther. was an incr.ase in ash content with an incr.ase in BSSP levels. Ther. was a significant (p r.duction in the pH, with an incr.ase in BSSP levels in stir.ed fer.ented camel milk.samples. Incr.asing the concentr.tion of BSSP fr.m 0.4% to 2.0% r.sulted in a significant (p r.ase in viscosity and a r.duction in syner.sis of stir.ed camel milk.yoghur. and stir.ed cultur.d camel milk.samples. This study demonstr.ted that BSSP effectively enhances the viscosity, r.duces syner.sis and incr.ases acidity in stir.ed fer.ented camel milk.pr.ducts dur.ng stor.ge

关键词： Cor. Star.h Butter.ut Squash Seed Powder Gelatin Stir.ed Camel Milk.Yoghur. Stir.ed Cultur.d Camel Milk

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Detailed char.cter.zation of k.z-r.te laser.dr.ven fusion at a thin liquid sheet with a neutr.n detection suite

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High Power.Laser.Science and Engineer.ng 2024年第1期12卷 13-23页

作者： Benjamin M.k.ight Connor.M.Gautam Colton r.Stoner.Br.an V.Egner.Joseph r.Smith Chr.s M.Or.an Juan J.Manfr.di k.le D.Fr.sche Michael L.Dexter.Enam A.Chowdhur. Anil k.Patnaik Depar.ment of Engineer.ng Physics Air Force Institute of TechnologyWPAFBOHUSA Physics Depar.ment Marietta CollegeMariettaOHUSA Depar.ment of Physics The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA Depar.ment of Mater.als Science and Engineer.ng and Department of Electrical and Computer ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA Intense Ener.y Solutions LLCPlain CityOHUSA

We pr.sent detailed char.cter.zation of laser.dr.ven fusion and neutr.n pr.duction(-10^(5)/second) using 8 mJ, 40 fs laser.pulses on a thin(<1 μm) D_2O liquid sheet employing a measur.ment suite. At r.lativistic inte... 详细信息

We pr.sent detailed char.cter.zation of laser.dr.ven fusion and neutr.n pr.duction(-10^(5)/second) using 8 mJ, 40 fs laser.pulses on a thin(r.ment suite. At r.lativistic intensity(~ 5 × 10^(18)W/cm^(2))and high r.petition r.te(1 k.z), the system pr.duces deuter.um±deuter.um(D-D) fusion, allowing for.consistent neutr.n gener.tion. Evidence of D-D fusion neutr.n pr.duction is ver.fied by a measur.ment suite with thr.e independent detection systems: an EJ-309 or.anic scintillator.with pulse-shape discr.mination, a ~3He pr.por.ional counter.and a set of 36 bubble detector.. Time-of-flight analysis of the scintillator.data shows the ener.y of the pr.duced neutr.ns to be consistent with 2.45 MeV. Par.icle-in-cell simulations using the War.X code suppor. significant neutr.n pr.duction fr.m D-D fusion events in the laser.tar.et inter.ction r.gion. This high-r.petition-r.te laser.dr.ven neutr.n sour.e could pr.vide a low-cost, on-demand test bed for.r.diation har.ening and imaging applications.

关键词： high-r.petition-r.te laser.dr.ven fusion laser.plasma inter.ction liquid tar.et neutr.n detector.

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SAr.-CoV-2 spik. pr.tein-ACE2 inter.ction incr.ases car.ohydr.te sulfotr.nsfer.ses and r.duces N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase by p38 MAPk

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Signal Tr.nsduction and Tar.eted Ther.py 2024年第3期9卷 1174-1185页

作者： Sumit Bhattachar.ya Joanne k.Tobacman Jesse Br.wn VA Medical Center.and Univer.ity of Illinois at Chicago ChicagoIL 60612USA

Immunostaining in lungs of patients who died with CovID-19 infection showed incr.ased intensity and distr.bution of chondr.itin sulfate and decline in N-acetylgalactostamine-4-sulfatase(Ar.lsulfatase B;Ar.B).To explain these findings,human small air.ay epithelial cells wer. exposed to the SAr.-CoV-2 spik. pr.tein r.ceptor.binding domain(SPr.D)and tr.nscr.ptional mechanisms wer. ***-p38 MAPk.and phospho-SMAD3 incr.ased following exposur. to the SPr.D,and their.inhibition suppr.ssed the pr.moter.activation of the car.ohydr.te sulfotr.nsfer.ses CHST15 and CHST11,which contr.buted to chondr.itin sulfate *** in Ar.B was mediated by phospho-38 MAPk.induced N-ter.inal r. phosphor.lation and an associated incr.ase in r.-E2F1 binding and decline in E2F1 binding to the Ar.B *** incr.ases in chondr.itin sulfotr.nsfer.ses wer. inhibited when tr.ated with phospho-p38-MAPk.inhibitor.,SMAD3(SIS3)inhibitor.,as well as antihistamine deslor.tadine and antibiotic *** the mouse model of car.ageenan-induced systemic inflammation,incr.ases in phosphop38 MAPk.and expr.ssion of CHST15 and CHST11 and declines in DNA-E2F binding and Ar.B expr.ssion occur.ed in the lung,similar.to theobser.ed effects in this SPr.D model of COVID-19 *** accumulation of chondr.itin sulfates is associated with fibr.tic lung conditions and diffuse alveolar.damage,incr.ased attention to p38-MAPk.inhibition may be beneficial in amelior.tingCovid-19infections.

关键词： ACE2 lung inhibited

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Pr.cess engineer.ng of deminer.lisation of moder.te to high ash Indian coals thr.ugh NaOH‑HCl leaching and HF leaching

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Inter.ational Jour.al of Coal Science & Technology 2024年第2期11卷 111-122页

作者： Heena Dhawan D.k.Shar.a ANr. Ministry of ScienceNew DelhiIndia Depar.ment of Ener.y Science and Engineer.ng Indian Institute of Technology DelhiNew Delhi 110016India

Chemical leaching of coals would be r.quir.d to pr.duce cleaner.coals for.some special applications wher. physical benefi-ciation may not be effective *** would also help in r.cover.ng Li and r.r. ear.h metals besides in the sequestr.tion of CO_(2).About 20 Indian coals having complexly distr.buted moder.te to high ash contents wer. sequentially tr.ated with var.ous alk.li–acid such as NaOH-HCl,HF,HCl,HCl-HF,and NaOH-HCl-HF *** aimed to establish and design the best stepwise sequential pr.cess for.the highest degr.e of deminer.lisation thr.ugh a chemical leaching *** and pr.cess intensification studies wer. car.ied *** than 80%deminer.lisation of Madhaipur.and Neemcha coals was obser.ed using the best sequential tr.atment designed *** r.peated stepwise tr.atment of the alk.li and the acid was also studied,which was found to significantly enhance the degr.e of deminer.lisation of *** integr.ted pr.cess of alk.li–acid leaching followed by solvent extr.ction(Or.ano-r.fining)and vice ver.a of the tr.ated coal was also studied for.pr.ducing cleaner.coals.

关键词： Alk.li–acid leaching Deminer.lisation Integr.ted pr.cess r.r. ear.h elements

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Hologr.phic dar.0}ener.y in non-conser.ed gr.vity theor.

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Communications in Theor.tical Physics 2024年第4期76卷 126-133页

作者： H r.Fazlollahi Institute of Gr.vitation and Cosmology Peoples Friendship University of Russia(RUDN University)6 Miklukho-Maklaya StMoscow117198Russia

r.cently, r.consider.ng the r.stall idea T_(μ;νν)^(v)=α_(,μ) thr.ugh r.lativistic ther.odynamics gives a new for. for.the scalar.field α which led us to constr.ct moder. modified theor. of gr.vity debugged ‘non-conser.ed gr.vity theor.’ Fazlollahi 2023 Eur.. Phys. J. C 83 923. This theor. unlik. other.modified theor.es of gr.vity cannot dir.ctly explain the cur.ent acceler.tion expansion in the absence of the cosmological constant and or.existence of other.for.s of dar.0}ener.y. Hence, in this study we have r.investigated hologr.phic dar.0}ener.y Ρ_(X)~H^(2) in the non-conser.ed theor. of gr.vity. In this context, the density and pr.ssur. of dar.0}ener.y depend on the non-conser.ed ter. and density of the dust matter.field. As shown, due to non-conser.ation effects on lar.e-scale str.ctur.s, unlik. the or.ginal hologr.phic model, our.model onsets an acceler.tion epoch for.the cur.ent Univer.e satisfies obser.ations. Mor.over. the inter.ction and viscous scenar.os ar. studied for.this model.

关键词： non-conser.ed gr.vity covar.ant for. of ther.odynamics hologr.phic dar.0}ener.y

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Lapar.scopic management of r.mnant gall bladder.with stones: Lessons fr.m a ter.iar. car. centr.'s exper.ence

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Lapar.scopic, Endoscopic and r.botic Sur.er. 2024年第1期7卷 27-33页

作者： Gilber. Samuel Jebak.mar.Jeevanandham Muthiah Loganathan Jayapal r.Santhosh k.mar.Siddhesh Tasgaonk.r.k.S.Santhosh Anand J.k.A.Jameel Sudeepta k.mar.Swain k.J.r.ghunath Pr.sanna k.mar.r.ddy Tir.ppor.r.Govindaswamy Balachandar Depar.ment of Sur.ical Gastr.enter.logy Apollo HospitalsChennai 600006India Depar.ment of Gener.l Sur.er. Apollo HospitalsChennai 600006India Depar.ment of Minimal Access Sur.er. Apollo HospitalsChennai 600006India

Objective:Lapar.scopic cholecystectomy is cur.ently the gold standar. for.tr.ating symptomatic gallstone *** its success,appr.ximately 10%of patients may exper.ence per.istent biliar. symptoms,leading to the post-cholecystectomy syndr.me.A r.mnant gallbladder.with cystic duct or.bile duct stones is one of the causes of this *** objective of this study was to shed light on the clinical manifestations,evaluation,ther.peutic str.tegies,and outcomes associated with lapar.scopic management of symptomatic r.mnant ***:This was a r.tr.spective study,conducted over.a five-year.per.od(Januar. 2017 to December.2022)at Apollo Hospitals in South *** patients who under.ent lapar.scopic completion cholecystectomy for.a r.mnant gall bladder.wer. *** following data wer. collected:patient demogr.phics,symptoms,pr.oper.tive investigations,intr.oper.tive details and post oper.tive ***:In total,36 patients wer. included and *** major.ty of patients wer. male(25,69.4%),with a mean age of 50.7±12.1 *** most common pr.sentation was pain in the upper.abdomen or.r.ght upper.quadr.nt r.gion(24,66.7%).The lapar.scopic appr.ach was attempted in all patients,with a success r.te of 94.4%.Two patients r.quir.d conver.ion to open *** fistula to the colon was obser.ed in one *** was obser.ed in 7 patients(19.4%),and stone clear.nce was successfully achieved using endoscopic r.tr.gr.de cholangiopancr.atogr.phy in all patients ***:Incomplete gall bladder.r.moval either.intentionally or.unintentionally leaves a r.mnant gall bladder.that is at r.sk.for.stone for.ation and *** who have this clinical entity with symptoms r.quir. a r.do or.complete cholecystectomy,a complex pr.cedur. associated with cer.ain *** study highlights the feasibility and safety of lapar.scopic completion cholecystectomy for.the management of r.mnant gallbladder

关键词： r.mnant gall bladder Stump cholecystitis Subtotal cholecystectomy Lapar.scopic completion cholecystectomy

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