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Surrogate atmospheric dust particles generated from dune soils in laboratory: Comparison with field measurement

Particuology 2023年第1期72卷 29-36页

作者： Feng Wu Na Song Tafeng Hu Steven Sai Hang Ho junji cao Daizhou Zhang State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi’an710061China Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi’an710061China CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change Xi’an710061China Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences Prefectural University of KumamotoKumamoto 862-8502Japan Division of Atmospheric Sciences Desert Research InstituteRenoNV 89512United States

Desert dust strongly influences the climate and the environment by altering the radiation budget, participating in atmospheric chemical reactions, and engaging the biogeochemical cycle. Studying its impacts requires knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of the original particles from the source origin. Unfortunately, the field collection of atmospheric samples in the desert is impractical. Fine surface soil is thus considered an alternative material from which to obtain the information applicable to dust particles from the desert soil. In this study, a laboratory system was set up to generate dust particles with simulated natural wind erosion processes from surface soils or directly from desert surfaces. Surface soils and field dust were simultaneously collected during a local blowing dust event. The comparison between the laboratory-generated dust and the field dust showed a consistent trend in particle size distribution and chemical composition. The chemical compositions were found to have explainable differences with the Certified Reference Materials for Asian dust (CJ-2). The laboratory-generated dust particles with the system could be applied as surrogates for soil-emitted dust in desert areas.

关键词： Laboratory dust simulation system Asian dust Source profiles Particle sizes Chemical compositions

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Light attenuation cross-section of black carbon in an urban atmosphere in northern China

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Particuology 2015年第1期13卷 89-95页

作者： junji cao Chongshu Zhu Kinfai Ho Yongming Han Zhenxing Shen Changlin Zhan Jiaquan Zhang Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary GeologyInstitute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Global Environmental Change Xi'an Jiaotong University The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care The Chinese University of Hong Kong Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Environmental Science and Engineering Hubei Polytechnic UniversityHubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation

Fine particulate matter （PM2.5） samples were collected over two years in Xi＇an, China to investigate the relationships between the aerosol composition and the light absorption efficiency of black carbon （BC）. Real-time light attenuation of BC at 880 nm was measured with an aethalometer. The mass concentrations and elemental carbon （EC） contents of PM2.5 were obtained, and light attenuation cross-sections （σATN） of PM2.5 BC were derived. The mass of EC contributed -5% to PM2.5 on average. BC σATN exhibited pronounced seasonal variability with values averaging 18.6, 24.2,16.4, and 26.0 m^2/g for the spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, while averaging 23.0 m^2/g overall. σATN varied inversely with the ratios of EC/PM2.5, EC/[SO4^2- ], and EC/[NO3-]. This study of the variability in σATN illustrates the complexity of the interactions among the aerosol constituents in northern China and documents certain effects of the high EC, dust, sulfate and nitrate loadings on light attenuation.

关键词： Light attenuation cross-section Elemental carbon Dust Xi'an

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Mineralogical characteristics of soil dust from source regions in northern China

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Particuology 2009年第6期7卷 507-512页

作者： Zhenxing Shen Sandrine Caquineau junji cao Xiaoye Zhang Yuemei Han Annie Gaudichet Laurent Gomes Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China SKLLQG Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi'an China Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement 32 av. H. Varagnat 93143 Bondy cedex France LISA UMR-CNRS-7583 61 av. de Gal de Gaulle. 94010 Creteil France Meteo-France/CNRM URA I357 42 av. G. Coriolis 31057 Toulouse cedex France

Mineral compositions of aerosol particles were investigated at four sites （Aksu, Dunhuang, Zhenbeitai, and Tongliao） in desert regions of northern China from March to May in 2001 and 2002 during the intensive field campaign period of ACE-Asia （Aerosol Characterization Experiments-Asia）. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） results show the main minerals for Asian dust are illite, chlorite, kaolinite, quartz, feldspar, calcite, and dolomite. Gypsum, hornblende, and halite are also detected in several samples. Semi-quantitative mineralogical data of aerosol samples show that carbonate content decreases from western to eastern source areas; that is, soil dust collected at western source area sites of Dunhuang and Aksu are enriched with carbonate, while northeastern source area site of Tongliao is associated with low carbonate content. But the spatial distribution of feldspar exhibits a different pattern as compared to carbonate, increasing from the western to the eastern sources. The total clay content is significantly higher （73% in average） at the deposition site of Changwu than those at source areas. Air-mass back trajectory studies for the three dust storm events observed at Changwu, showed that soil dust transport pathways were as expected from carbonate content for the source identification, further demonstrating that carbonate was a useful tracer for eolian dust on regional scale in northern China.

关键词： Soil dust Mineralogical composition Carbonate Tracer

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Seasonal variations and sources of mass and chemical composition for PM_(10) aerosol in Hangzhou,China

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Particuology 2009年第3期7卷 161-168页

作者： junji cao Zhenxing Shen Judith C. Chow Guowei Qi John G. Watson State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology - SKLLQG. Institute of Earth Environment ChineseAcademy of Sciences Xi'an. Shaanxi 710075 China Department of Environmental Science and Engineering. xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an 710049. China Division of Atmospheric Sciences. Desert Research Institute. Reno. USA Hangzhou Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center Hangzhou 310007 China

Aerosol observation was conducted for four seasons from September 2001 to August 2002 at five sampling sites in Hangzhou, South China, on PM10 mass, 22 elements （Na, Mg, AI, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As. Se, Br, Cd, Ba, and Pb）, 5 major ions （F^-, Cl^ , NO3^-, SO4^2- , and NH4^＋）, and organic and elemental carbon （OC and EC）, showing that PM10 mass ranged from 46.7 to 270.8 μg/m^3, with an annual average of 119.2 μg/m^3. Na, AI, Si, S, K, Ca, and Fe were the most abundant elements in PM10, most of S being in the form of SO4^2- . SO4^2-, NO3^-, and NH4^＋ were the major ions, which contributed to about 20% of the PM10 mass. The mean seasonal concentrations for SO4^2- , averaged over all sites, were found to be 18.0, 18.5, 24,Z and 21.4 μg/m^3, for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, while the corresponding loadings for NO3^- were 7.2, 4.7, 7.1, and 11.2 μg/m^3, and for NH4^＋ were 6.0, 5.9, 8.2, and 9.3 μg/m^3, in the form mostly of NH4NO3 in spring, autumn, and winter, and mostly of （NH4）2SO4 in summer. The low NO3^-/SO4^2- ratio found indicates coal combustion as the major source throughout the year. The mean annual concentrations of OC and EC in PM10 were found to be 21.4, and 4.1 μg/m^3, respectively. Material balance calculation indicated that fugitive dust, the secondary aerosol, and carbonaceous matter were the most abundant species in PM10 for the four seasons, as is characteristic for cities in South China.

关键词： PM10 Elements lons Carbon Material balance

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Preface to the Special Issue on Carbon Neutrality: Important Roles of Renewable Energies, Carbon Sinks, NETs, and non-CO_(2) GHGs

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2022年第8期39卷 1207-1208页

作者： junji cao Ning ZENG Yi LIU Bengang LI Pengfei HAN Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary CenterUniversity of MarylandCollege Park 20742MarylandUSA State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Carbon Neutrality Research Center Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science Laboratory for Earth Surface ProcessesCollege of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China

The year 2020 witnessed milestone commitments to carbon neutrality with the EU,China,USA,Japan,South Korea,Canada,and South Africa,each pledging to reach net-zero carbon *** that have adopted or have considered net-zero targets now represent 63%of the total contributions to global greenhouse gas(GHG)*** the efforts of all parties,the 26th Conference of the Parties(COP26)achieved a package of outcomes in the Glasgow Climate ***,a breakthrough consensus was reached on reducing coal,controlling methane,and halting deforestation(Wang et al.,2022,Page 1209).To achieve net-zero carbon,we need to take action to implement the Paris Agreement and the Glasgow Climate Pact Since the global temperature slowdown of the nationally determined contributions(NDC)scenario is only 0.6°C,all countries need to pursue stricter carbon reduction policies for a more sustainable world.(Fu et al,2022,Page 1209).

关键词： breakthrough neutral methane

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Aerosol composition,sources,and secondary processing during autumn at a regional site in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

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Particuology 2023年第4期75卷 177-184页

作者： Yichen Wang Qiyuan Wang Jie Tian Yong Zhang Yunfei Wu Weikang Ran Renjian Zhang junji cao School of Public Policy and Administration Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710129China Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi'an710061China CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change Xi'an710061China Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China Xianghe Observatoryof Whole Atmosphere Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesXianghe CountyHebei Province065400China

Air pollution is serious during autumn in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region,but there are few studies that have utilized real-time observations and source apportionment of the autumn submicron aerosols in this *** this study,a quadrupole aerosol chemical speciation monitor(Q-ACSM)was deployed for the real-time measurement of the non-refractory compositions of submicron aerosols(NR-PM1)at a regional site(Xianghe)from October 3 to November 14,*** results showed that nitrate was the largest inorganic aerosol,and the oxygenated organic aerosol(OOA)was the largest organic aerosol in ***-like OA(HOA)was the largest organic aerosol When the NR-PM1 mass concentrations increased from the lowest to the highest bins,nitrate and biomass burning OA(BBOA)showed increasing trends in the suburban *** nitrate formation during the pollution epi-sodes resulted from both photochemical and aqueous *** reduce the particulate matter(PM2.5)concentrations and eliminate heavy pollution episodes,control measures should focus on reducing NO_(x),NH_(3),and volatile organic compound(VOCs)emissions.

关键词： Autumn Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region Submicron aerosol Organic sources Control measures

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Real-time measurements of PM_(2.5),PM_(10-2.5),and BC in an urban street canyon

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Particuology 2015年第3期13卷 134-140页

作者： Yan Cheng Shun Cheng Lee Yuan Gao Long Cui Wenjing Deng junji cao Zhenxing Shen Jian Sun Department of Environmental Science and Technology School of Human Settlements and Civil EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong University SKLLQG Institute of Earth and EnvironmentCAS Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research Center for Environmental Technology and ManagementThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Science and Environmental Studies and Centre for Education for Environmental Sustainability The Hong Kong Institute of Education

A continuous dichotomous beta gauge monitor was used to characterize the hourly content of PM2.5, PM10-2.5, and Black Carbon （BC） over a 12-month period in an urban street canyon of Hong Kong. Hourly vehicle counts for nine vehicle classes and meteorological data were also recorded. The average weekly cycles of PM2.5, PM10-2.5, and BC suggested that all species are related to traffic, with high concentrations on workdays and low concentrations over the weekends. PM2.s exhibited two comparable concentrations at 10：00-11：00 （63.4 μg/m3） and 17：00-18：00 （65.0 p.g/m3 ） local time （LT） during workdays, correspond- ing to the hours when the numbers of diesel-fueled and gasoline-fueled vehicles were at their maximum levels： 3179 and 2907 h-1, respectively. BC is emitted mainly by diesel-fueled vehicles and this showed the highest concentration （31.2μg/m3） during the midday period （10：00-11：00 LT） on workdays. A poor correlation was found between PM2.s concentration and wind speed （R= 0.51, P-value 〉 0.001 ）. In contrast, the concentration of PM10-2.s was found to depend upon wind speed and it increased with obvious statistical significance as wind speed increased （R = 0,98, P-value 〈 0.0001 ）.

关键词： PM2.5 PMl0 2.5BCHong KongUrban street canyon

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The Chinese Carbon-Neutral Goal:Challenges and Prospects

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2022年第8期39卷 1229-1238,I0027-I0030页

作者： Ning ZENG Kejun JIANG Pengfei HAN Zeke HAUSFATHER junji cao Daniel KIRK-DAVIDOFF Shaukat ALI Sheng ZHOU Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary CenterUniversity of MarylandCollege Park 20742MarylandUSA State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Energy Research Institute National Development and Reform CommissionBeijing 100045China Carbon Neutrality Research Center Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Breakthrough Institute Oakland 94612CaliforniaUSA Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Global Change Impact Study Centre Ministry of Climate ChangeIslamabad 45250Pakistan Institute of Energy Environment and EconomyTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

On 22 September 2020,within the backdrop of the COVID-19 global pandemic,China announced its climate goal for peak carbon emissions before 2030 and to reach carbon neutrality before *** carbon-neutral goal is generally considered to cover all anthropogenic greenhouse *** planning effort is now in full swing in China,but the pathway to decarbonization is *** needed transition towards non-fossil fuel energy and its impact on China and the world may be more profound than its reform and development over the past 40 years,but the challenges are *** of four representative scenarios shows significant differences in achieving the carbon-neutral goal,particularly the contribution of non-fossil fuel energy *** high target values for nuclear,wind,and bioenergy have approached their corresponding resource limitations,with solar energy being the exception,suggesting solar’s critical *** also found that the near-term policies that allow for a gradual transition,followed by more drastic changes after 2030,can eventually reach the carbon-neutral goal and lead to less of a reduction in cumulative emissions,thus inconsistent with the IPCC 1.5°C *** challenges and prospects are discussed in the historical context of China’s socio-economic reform,globalization,international collaboration,and development.

关键词： carbon neutral carbon dioxide reductions energy system transformation distributed energy system model projections

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Molecular distribution and seasonal variation of hydrocarbons in PM_(2.5) from Beijing during 2006

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Particuology 2013年第1期11卷 78-85页

作者： Yushan Li junji cao Jianjun Li Jiamao Zhou Hongmei Xu Renjian Zhang Zhiyun Ouyang Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology SKLLQGInstitute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Global Environmental Change Xi'an Jiaotong University Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia(RCE-TEA) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

Normal （n）-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in PM2.5 were collected from Beijing in 2006 and analyzed using a thermal desorption-GC/MS technique. Annual average concentrations of n-alkanes and PAHs were 282 ±96 and 125 ± 150ng/m^3, respectively： both were highest in winter and lowest in summer. C19-C25 compounds dominated the n-alkanes while benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene, and phenanthrene were the most abundant PAHs. The n-alkanes exhibited moderate correlations with organic carbon （OC） and elemental carbon （EC） throughout the year, but the relation- ships between the PAHs, OC and EC differed between the heating and non-heating seasons. The health risks associated with PAHs in winter were more than 40 times those in spring and summer even though the PM2.5 loadings were comparable. Carbon preference index values （〈1.5） indicated that the n-alkanes were mostly from fossil fuel combustion. The ratios of indeno[123-cd]pyrene to benzo[ghi]pyrelene in summer and spring were 0.58 ± 0.12 and 0.63 ± 0.09, respectively, suggesting that the PAHs mainly originated from motor vehicles, but higher ratios in winter reflected an increased infuence from coal, which is extensively burned for domestic heating. A comprehensive comparison showed that PAH pollution in Beijing has decreased in the past 10 years.

关键词： PM2.5 Normal alkanes (n-alkanes) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Air pollution Beijing

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Variability of SO_2 in an intensive fog in North China Plain:Evidence of high solubility of SO_2

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Particuology 2013年第1期11卷 41-47页

作者： Qiang Zhang Xuexi Tie Weili Lin junji cao Jiannong Quan Liang Ran Wanyun Xu Beijing Weather Modification Office Key Laboratory of Aerosol SKLLQGInstitute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences Center for Atmospheric Research BoulderCOUSA Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences School of PhysicsPeking University

A field experiment was conducted in an intensive fog event between November 5 and November 8, 2009, in a heavily SO2-polluted area in North China Plain （NCP）, to measure SO2 and other air pollutants, liquid water content （LWC） of fog droplets, and other basic meteorological parameters. During the fog period, the concentrations of SO2 showed large variability, which was closely related to the LWC in the fog droplets. The averaged concentration of SO2 during non-fog periods was about 25 ppbv, while during the fog period, it rapidly reduced to about 4-7 ppbv. Such large reduction of SO2 suggested that a majority of SO2 （about 70%-80%） had reverted from gas to aqueous phase on account of the high solubility of SO2 in water in the fog droplets. However, the calculated gas to aqueous phase conversion was largely underestimated by merely using the Henry＇s Law constant of SO2, thus suggesting that aqueous reaction of SO2 in fog droplets might play some important role in enhancing the solubility of SO2. To simplify the phenomenon, an ＂effective solubility coefficient＂ is proposed in this study. This variability of SO2 measurement during the extensive fog event provides direct evidence of oxidation of SO2 in fog droplets, thus providing important implications for better understanding of the acidity in clouds, precipitation, and fogs in NCP, now a central environmental focus in China due to its rapid economic development.

关键词： Solubility of SO2 Fogs in the North China Plain Aqueous phase reactions

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