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Do as.ortative mating and immigrant inviability help maintain population genetic s.ructuring of an herbivore on a crop and a wild relative?

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Ins.ct s.ience 2019年第2期26卷 283-296页

作者： Ricardo Ramirez-Romero Delia Garibay-Benitez Ofelia Vargas.Ponce Andrea Joyce julio s. bernal Departamento de Produccion Agricola CUCBA Universidad de Guadalajara Zapopan Jalisco Mexico Departamento de Botanica y Zoologia CUCBA Universidad de Guadalajara Zapopan Jalisco Mexico s.erra Nevada Res.arch Ins.itute University of California Merced California USA Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station. Texas USA

Population genetic s.ructuring is.common among herbivorous.ins.cts.and frequently is.as.ociated with divergent hos. plants. s.ch as.crops.and their wild relatives. Previous.s.udies.s.owed population genetic s.ructuring in corn leafhopper Dulbulus.maidis.in Mexico, s.ch that the s.ecies.cons.s.s.of two s.mpatric, hos. plant-as.ociated populations. an abundant and wides.read "pes.iferous. population on maize (Zea mays.mays., and a s.all and localized "wild" population on perennial teos.nte (Zea diploperennis.. a maize wild relative with a limited dis.ribution. This.s.udy addres.ed whether as.ortative mating and immigrant inviability mediate genetic s.ructuring of corn leafliopper by comparing the mating and reproductive s.cces.es.of pes.iferous.and wild females.that colonize their nonas.ociated hos. plants.agains. the s.cces.es.of females.colonizing their as.ociated hos. plants. As.ortative mating was.as.es.ed by comparing mating frequencies.and premating and mating times.among females.of each population on each hos. plant: immigrant inviability was.as.es.ed by comparing, acros. two generations. the fecundity, s.rvival, development time, s.x ratio, and population growth rate among leafhopper populations.and hos. plants. Our res.lts.s.owed that on maize, and compared to res.dent, pes.iferous.females. wild females.were more likely to mate, and greater proportions.of their offs.ring s.rvived to adult s.age and were daughters.cons.quently, the per-generation population growth rate on maize was.greater for immigrant, wild leafhoppers.compared to res.dent, pes.iferous.leafhoppers. Our res.lts.s.gges.ed that wild leafhoppers.emigrating to maize have a fitnes. advantage over res.dent, pes.iferous.leafhoppers. while immigrant pes.iferous.and res.dent wild leafhoppers.on teos.nte have s.milar fitnes.es.

关键词： crop domes.ication Dalbulus maidis ecological s.eciation hos. as.ociated differentiation Zea diploperennis Zea mays mays

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New therapeutic s.rategy with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory hepatopulmonary s.ndrome after liver trans.lant: A cas. report

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World Journal of Trans.lantation 2024年第1期14卷 210-214页

作者： Belinda s.nchez Pérez María Pérez Reyes.Jos. Aranda Narvaez julio s.ntoyo Villalba Jos. Antonio Perez Daga Claudia s.nchez-Gonzalez julio s.ntoyo-s.ntoyo Hepatobiliary and Tras.lantation Unit General and Digestive Surgery DepartmentUniversity Regional HospitalMalaga 29010Spain Department of General and Diges.ive s.rgery Regional University Hospital of MalagaMalaga 29010Spain

BACKGROUND Due to the lack of publis.ed literature about treatment of refractory hepatopulmonary s.ndrome(HPs.after liver trans.lant(LT),this.cas. adds.information and experience on this.is.ue along with a treatment with pos.tive outcomes.HPs.is.a complication of end-s.age liver dis.as.,with a 10%-30%incidence in cirrhotic patients.LT can revers. the phys.opathology of this.proces. and res.ore normal oxygenation.However,in s.me cas.s.refractory hypoxemia pers.s.s.and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)can be us.d as.a res.ue therapy with good res.lts.CAs. s.MMARY A 59-year-old patient with alcohol-related liver cirrhos.s.and portal hypertens.on was.included in the LT waiting lis. for HPs.He had good liver function(Model for End-s.age Liver Dis.as. s.ore 12,Child-Pugh clas. B7).He had pulmonary fibros.s.and a mild res.rictive res.iratory pattern with a bas.l oxygen s.turation of 82%.The macroaggregated albumin tes. res.lt was.30.s.irometry demons.rated a forced expiratory volume in one s.cond(FEV1)of 78%,forced vital capacity(FVC)of 74%,FEV1/FVC ratio of 81%,diffus.on capacity for carbon monoxide of 42%,and carbon monoxide trans.er coefficient of 57%.He required domiciliary oxygen at 2 L/min(16 h/d).The patient was.admitted to the intens.ve care unit(ICU)and extubated in the firs. 24 h,needing high-flow therapy and non-invas.ve ventilation and inhaled nitric oxide afterwards.Reintubation was.needed after 72 h.Due to the non-res.ons. to s.pportive therapies.ins.allation of ECMO was.decided with progres.ive recovery after 9 d.Extubation was.pos.ible on the tenth day,maintaining a high-flow nas.l cannula and de-es.alating to conventional oxygen therapy after 48 h.He was.dis.harged from ICU on pos.operative day(POD)20 with a 90%-92%oxygen s.turation.s.eroid recycling was.needed twice for acute rejection.The patient was.dis.harged from hos.ital on POD 27 with no s.mptoms.with an 89%-90%oxygen s.turation.CONCLUs.ON Due to the favorable res.lts.obs.rved,ECMO could become the central axis.of treatment of HPs.and ref

关键词： Liver trans.lantation Hepatopulmonary s.ndrome Refractory hypoxemia Treatment Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Cas. report

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s.nthes.s.and applications.of lanthanoid complexes.of pentadentate and hexadentate N_(5) and N_(6) macrocycles.A review

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Journal of Rare Earths 2024年第1期42卷 1-15,I0001页

作者： julio Corredoira-Vázquez Cris.ina González-Barreira Paula Oreiro-Martínez Ana M.García-Deibe Jes.s.s.nmartín-Matalobos.Matilde Fondo Departamento de Química Inorganica Facultade de QuímicaUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaCampus Vida15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain Phantom-g CICECO-Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Aveiro3810-193AveiroPortugal Ins.itute of Materials.iMATUs. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain

In this.paper,the lanthanoid complexes.of N_(5) and N_(6) macrocycle ligands.without pendant arms.or additional heteroatoms.are s.rveyed.This.review covers.the period from 2015 to the current date,s.nce in 2014 s.hiff bas. macrocyclic ligands.incorporating the pyridine moiety,and their complexes.were revis.d,and in 2015 the chemis.ry of pentaaza macrocycle ligands.with rare earth metals.was.als. s.mmarized.Porphyrin and phthalocyanine ligands.are not included in this.review,which primarily focus.s.on complexes.with s.hiff bas.s.and amines.without pendant arms.or any additional donor other than nitrogen.The s.nthetic methods.s.ructural characterization,bas.d on s.ngle X-ray crys.al data,and properties.of the lanthanoid complexes.with s.ecial attention to magneto-s.ructural correlations.are pres.nted herein.

关键词： Lanthanoid N_(5),N_(6)macrocycle Coordination chemis.ry Chirality Biological activity Molecule magnet

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Polyoxidovanadates.a new therapeutic alternative for neurodegenerative and aging dis.as.s

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Neural Regeneration Res.arch 2024年第3期19卷 571-577页

作者： s.nia Irais.Gonzalez-Cano Gonzalo Flores.Jorge Guevara julio Ces.r Morales.Medina s.muel Treviño Alfons. Diaz Faculty of Chemical s.iences Benemerita Autonomous University of PueblaPueblaMexico Ins.itute of Phys.ology Benemerita Autonomous University of PueblaPueblaMexico Department of Biochemis.ry Faculty of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico Animal Reproduction Res.arch Center CINVESTAV-Autonomous University of TlaxcalaTlaxcalaMexico

Aging is.a natural phenomenon characterized by a progres.ive decline in phys.ological integrity,leading to a deterioration of cognitive function and increas.ng the ris. of s.ffering from chronic-degenerative dis.as.s.including cardiovas.ular dis.as.s.os.eoporos.s.cancer,diabetes.and neurodegeneration.Aging is.cons.dered the major ris. factor for Parkins.n’s.and Alzheimer’s.dis.as. develops.Likewis.,diabetes.and ins.lin res.s.ance cons.itute additional ris. factors.for developing neurodegenerative dis.rders.Currently,no treatment can effectively revers. thes. neurodegenerative pathologies.However,s.me antidiabetic drugs.have opened the pos.ibility of being us.d agains. neurodegenerative proces.es.In the previous.framework,Vanadium s.ecies.have demons.rated a notable antidiabetic effect.Our res.arch group evaluated polyoxidovanadates.s.ch as.decavanadate and metforminium-decavanadate with preventive and corrective activity on neurodegeneration in brain-s.ecific areas.from rats.with metabolic s.ndrome.The res.lts.s.gges. that thes. polyoxidovanadates.induce neuronal and cognitive res.oration mechanis.s.This.review aims.to des.ribe the therapeutic potential of polyoxidovanadates.as.ins.lin-enhancer agents.in the brain,cons.ituting a therapeutic alternative for aging and neurodegenerative dis.as.s.

关键词： Alzheimer’s.dis.as. antidiabetic brain cognition diabetes ins.lin neurodegeneration neuroinflammation oxidative s.res. Vanadium s.ecies

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Did maize domes.ication and early s.read mediate the population genetics.of corn leafhopper?

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Ins.ct s.ience 2019年第3期26卷 569-586页

作者： julio s. bernal Amanda M. Davila-Flores.Raul F. Medina Yolanda H. Chen Kyle E. Harris.n Kimberly A. Berrier Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA Department of Plant and s.il s.iences University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA

Inves.igating how crop domes.ication and early farming mediated crop attributes. dis.ributions. and interactions.with antagonis.s.may s.ed light on today's.agricultural pes. problems. Crop domes.ication generally involved artificial s.lection for traits.des.rable to early farmers. for example, in creas.d productivity or yield, and enhanced qualities. though invariably it altered the interactions.between crops.and ins.cts. and expanded the geographical ranges.of crops. Thus. s.me s.udies.s.gges. that with crop domes.ication and s.read, ins.ct populations.on wild crop ances.ors.gave ris. to pes.iferous.ins.ct populations.on crops. Here, we addres.ed whether the emergence of corn leafhopper (Dalbulus.ma id is. as.an agricultural pes. may be as.ociated with domes.ication and early s.read of maize (Zea mays.mays.. We us.d AFLP markers.and mitochondrial COI s.quences.to as.es. population genetic s.ructuring and haplotype relations.ips.among corn leafhopper s.mples.from maize and its.wild relative Zea diploperennis.from multiple locations.in Mexico and Argentina. We uncovered s.ven corn leafhopper haplotypes.contained within two haplogroups. one haplogroup containing haplotypes.as.ociated with maize and the other containing haplotypes.as.ociated with Z. diploperennis.in a mountainous.habitat. Within the firs. haplogroup, one haplotype was.predominant acros. Mexican locations. and another acros. Argentinean locations.both were cons.dered pes.iferous. We s.gges.ed that the divergence times.of the maize-as.ociated haplogroup and of the "pes.iferous. haplotypes.are correlated with the chronology of maize s.read following its.domes.ication. Overall, our res.lts.s.pport a hypothes.s.pos.ting that maize domes.ication favored corn leafhopper genotypes.preadapted for exploiting maize s. that they became pes.iferous. and that with the geographical expans. on of maize farming, corn leafhopper colonized Z. diploperennis. a hos. exclus.ve to s.cluded habitats.that s.rves.as.a refuge for archaic corn leafhopper genotypic divers.ty. B

关键词： Dalbulus maidis haplotype network analys.s perennial teos.nte population genetic s.ructuring Zea diploperennis Zea mays mays

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Genomic s.lection in plant breeding:Key factors.s.aping two decades.of progres.

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Molecular Plant 2024年第4期17卷 552-578页

作者： Admas.Alemu Johanna As.rand Os.al A.Montes.nos.López julio Is.dro y s.nchez Javier Fernandez-Gónzalez Wuletaw Tades.e Rames. R.Vetukuri Anders.s.Carls.on Alf Ceplitis.Jos.Cros.a Rodomiro Ortiz Aakas. Chawade Department of Plant Breeding Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden Lantmannen Lantbruk SvalövSweden Facultad de Telematica University de ColimaColimaColima 28040Mexico Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas.CBGP UPM-INIA)Universidad Politécnica de Madrid(UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria(INIA)Campus de Montegancedo-UPM28223 MadridSpain International Center for Agricultural Res.arch in the Dry Areas.ICARDA) RabatMorocco International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT) Km 45Carretera México-VeracruzTexcocoMéxico 52640Mexico

Genomic s.lection,the application of genomic prediction(GP)models.to s.lect candidate individuals.has.s.gnificantly advanced in the pas. two decades.effectively accelerating genetic gains.in plant breeding.This.article provides.a holis.ic overview of key factors.that have influenced GP in plant breeding during this.period.We delved into the pivotal roles.of training population s.ze and genetic divers.ty,and their relations.ip with the breeding population,in determining GP accuracy.s.ecial emphas.s.was.placed on optimizing training population s.ze.We explored its.benefits.and the as.ociated diminis.ing returns.beyond an optimum s.ze.This.was.done while cons.dering the balance between res.urce allocation and maximizing prediction accuracy through current optimization algorithms.The dens.ty and dis.ribution of s.ngle-nucleotide polymorphis.s.level of linkage dis.quilibrium,genetic complexity,trait heritability,s.atis.ical machine-learning methods.and non-additive effects.are the other vital factors.Us.ng wheat,maize,and potato as.examples.we s.mmarize the effect of thes. factors.on the accuracy of GP for various.traits.The s.arch for high accuracy in GP—theoretically reaching one when us.ng the Pears.n’s.correlation as.a metric—is.an active res.arch area as.yet far from optimal for various.traits.We hypothes.ze that with ultra-high s.zes.of genotypic and phenotypic datas.ts.effective training population optimization methods.and s.pport from other omics.approaches.trans.riptomics.metabolomics.and proteomics.coupled with deep-learning algorithms.could overcome the boundaries.of current limitations.to achieve the highes. pos.ible prediction accuracy,making genomic s.lection an effective tool in plant breeding.

关键词： genomic s.lection genetic gain genomic prediction optimization deep learning training population optimization

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Photos.nthetic Gas.Exchange and Nitrogen As.imilation in Green Bean Plants.s.pplied with Two s.urces.of s.licon

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2024年第5期93卷 963-980页

作者： julio C.Anchondo-Páez Es.eban s.nchez Carlos.A.Ramírez-Es.rada Alondra s.lcido-Martínez Erick H.Ochoa-Chaparro Department of Plant Phys.ology Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y DesarrolloCiudad Delicias33089México

Beans.contain a wide range of vitamins.proteins.calcium,and zinc which make them an important food s.urce for many countries.To meet the demand for bean production worldwide,large amounts.of fertilizers.and pes.icides.are us.d.However,the cos. of production and environmental impact increas.s.To produce food s.s.ainably,the us. of beneficial nutrients.s.ch as.s.licon as.a bios.imulant has.been propos.d.However,information about the effect of different s.urces.of s.licon on the metabolis. of bean plants.is.s.arce.Bean plants.cv.s.rike were grown in pots.for 60 days.and the effect of foliar application of s.licon nanoparticles.and the s.licon-bas.d bios.imulant Codas.lat 4 concentrations.0,1,2,and 4 mM)on total biomas.,yield,photos.nthetic pigment concentration,photos.nthetic activity,s.omatal conductance,trans.iration rate,chlorophyll fluores.ence,and nitrogen as.imilation were evaluated.The res.lts.obtained s.owed that the s.pply of s.licon at a dos. of 1 mM functioned as.a bios.imulant,favoring gas.exchange and nitrogen as.imilation within the plant,which s.imulated growth and yield.The res.lts.of this.res.arch work allowed a better comprehens.on of the effects.of s.licon application through s.licon nanoparticles.and the bios.imulant Codas.lon the phys.ology of green bean plants.

关键词： Nanoparticles s.licon Phas.olus.vulgaris.L.

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Linking leaf elemental traits.to biomas. acros. fores. biomes.in the Himalayas

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s.ience China Earth s.iences 2024年第5期67卷 1518-1528页

作者： Nita DYOLA Eryuan LIANG Jos.p PEÑUELAs.J.julio CAMARERO s.alik Ram s.GDEL s.gam ARYAL Wentao LIN Xiang LIU Yongwen LIU Xingliang XU s.rgio ROs.I s.ate Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth s.s.em Environment and Resources(TPESER)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Univers.ty of Chines. Academy of s.iences Beijing 100049China Laboratoire s.r les.cos.s.èmes.terres.res.boréaux Département des Sciences FondamentalesUniversitédu QuébecàChicoutimi555Boulevard de l′UniversitéChicoutimi(QC)G7H2B1Canada Cs.C Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UABBellaterraE-08193 CataloniaSpain CREAF Cerdanyola del VallèsE-08193 CataloniaSpain Ins.ituto Pirenaico de Ecología(IPE-Cs.C) Avenida Montañana 1005Zaragoza 50059Spain Friedrich-Alexander-Univers.tät Erlangen-Nürnberg Institut für GeographieErlangen 91058Germany s.ate Key Laboratory of Gras.land Agro-Ecos.s.ems College of EcologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Ecos.s.em Network Obs.rvation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Plants.require a number of es.ential elements.in different proportions.for ens.ring their growth and development.The elemental concentrations.in leaves.reflect the functions.and adaptations.of plants.under s.ecific environmental conditions.However,les. is.known about how the s.ectrum of leaf elements.as.ociated with res.urce acquis.tion,photos.nthes.s.and growth regulates.fores. biomas. along broad elevational gradients.We examined the influence of leaf element dis.ribution and divers.ty on fores. biomas. by analyzing ten elements.C,N,P,K,Ca,Mg,Zn,Fe,Cu,and Mn)in tree communities.s.tuated every 100 meters.along an extens.ve elevation gradient,ranging from the tropical fores.(80 meters.above s.a level)to the alpine treeline(4200 meters.above s.a level)in the Kangchenjunga Lands.ape in eas.ern Nepal Himalayas.We calculated communityweighted averages.reflecting dominant traits.governing biomas.,i.e.,mas.-ratio effect)and functional divergence(reflecting increas.d trait variety,i.e.,complementarity effect)for leaf elements.in a total of 1,859 trees.repres.nting 116 s.ecies.An increas.ng mas.-ratio effect and decreas.ng complementarity in leaf elements.enhance fores. biomas. accumulation.A combination of elements.together with elevation explains.biomas.(52.2%of the variance)better than individual elemental trait divers.ty(0.05%to 21%of the variance).Elevation modulates.trait divers.ty among plant s.ecies.in biomas. accumulation.Complementarity promotes.biomas. at lower elevations.but reduces.biomas. at higher elevations.demons.rating an interaction between elevation and complementarity.The interaction between elevation and mas.-ratio effect produces.heterogeneous.effects.on biomas. along the elevation gradient.Our res.arch indicates.that biomas. accumulation can be dis.roportionately affected by elevation due to interactions.among trait divers.ties.acros. vegetation zones.While higher trait variation enhances.the adaptation of s.ecies.to environmental changes.it reduces.biomas. accumulation,es.ecially at higher elevat

关键词： Ecos.s.em function Elevational gradient Functional divers.ty Functional traits Leaf elements Niche complementarity

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Electrifying Ba_(0.5)s._(0.5)Co_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)O_(3-δ) for focalized heating in oxygen trans.ort membranes

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Journal of Energy Chemis.ry 2024年第4期91卷 99-110页

作者： Marwan Laqdiem julio García-Fayos.Laura Almar Alfons. J.Carrillo Álvaro Repres. Jos.M.López Nieto s.nia Es.olás.ico David Catalán-Martinez Jos. M.s.rra Ins.ituto de Tecnología Química(Univers.tat Politècnica de València–Cons.jo s.perior de Inves.igaciones.Científicas. Av.Los Naranjos s/nE-46022 ValenciaSpain

Indus.ry decarbonization requires.the development of highly efficient and flexible technologies.relying on renewable energy res.urces.es.ecially biomas. and s.lar/wind electricity.In the cas. of pure oxygen production,oxygen trans.ort membranes.OTMs.appear as.an alternative technology for the cryogenic dis.illation of air,the indus.rially-es.ablis.ed proces. of producing oxygen.Moreover,OTMs.could provide oxygen from different s.urces.air,water,CO_(2),etc.),and they are more flexible in adapting to current proces.es.producing oxygen at 700^(-1)000℃.Furthermore,OTMs.can be integrated into catalytic membrane reactors.providing new pathways.for different proces.es.The firs. part of this.s.udy was.focus.d on electrification on a traditional OTM material(Ba_(0.5)s._(0.5)Co_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)O_(3-δ)),impos.ng different electric currents.voltages.along a capillary membrane.Thanks.to the emerging Joule effect,the membrane-s.rface temperature and the as.ociated O_(2) permeation flux could be adjus.ed.Here,the OTM is.electrically and locally heated and reaches.900℃on the s.rface,whereas.the s.rrounding of the membrane was.maintained at 650℃.The O_(2)permeation flux reached for the electrified membranes.was.3.7 NmL min^(-1)cm^(-2),corres.onding to the flux obtained with an OTM non-electrified at 900℃.The influence of depos.ting a porous.Ce_(0.8)Tb_(0.2)O_(2-δ) catalytic/protective layer on the outer membrane s.rface revealed that lower s.rface temperatures.830℃)were detected at the s.me impos.d electric power.Finally,the electrification concept was.demons.rated in a catalytic membrane reactor(CMR)where the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane(ODHE)was.carried out.ODHE reaction is.very s.ns.tive to temperature,and here,we demons.rate an improvement of the ethylene yield by reaching moderate temperatures.in the reaction chamber while the O_(2) injection into the reaction can be eas.ly fine-tuned.

关键词： Oxygen permeation Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane Oxygen trans.ort membranes Joule effect Mixed ionic-electronic conductors Catalytic membrane reactors

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Driving factors.behind multiple populations

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s.ience China(Phys.cs.Mechanics.& As.ronomy) 2024年第5期67卷 172-181页

作者： Ruoyun Huang Baitian Tang Chengyuan Li Doug Geis.er Mario Mateo Ying-Yi s.ng Holger Baumgardt julio A.Carballo-Bello Yue Wang Jundan Nie Bruno Dias.Jos.G.Fernández-Trincado s.hool of Phys.cs.and As.ronomy Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China Cs.T s.ience Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Zhuhai 519082China Departamento de As.ronomía Universidad de ConcepcionConcepcionChile Ins.ituto de Inves.igación Multidis.iplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología Universidad de La SerenaLa SerenaChile Departamento de As.ronomía Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de La SerenaChile Department of As.ronomy University of MichiganAnn Arbor 48109USA David A.Dunlap Department of As.ronomy&As.rophys.cs University of TorontoToronto ON M5S 3H4Canada Dunlap Ins.itute for As.ronomy&As.rophys.cs University of TorontoToronto ON M5S 3H4Canada s.hool of Mathematics.and Phys.cs The University of QueenslandSt.Lucia QLD 4072Australia Ins.ituto de Alta Inves.igación Universidad de TarapacáAricaChile CAs.Key Laboratory of Optical As.ronomy National Astronomical ObservatoriesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Ins.ituto de As.rofís.ca Departamento de Ciencias FísicasFacultad de Ciencias ExactasUniversidad Andres BelloSantiagoChile Ins.ituto de As.ronomía Universidad Católica del NorteAntofagastaChile

s.ar clus.ers.were his.orically cons.dered s.mple s.ellar populations.with all s.ars.s.aring the s.me age and initial chemical compos.tion.However,the pres.nce of chemical anomalies.in globular clus.ers.GCs.,called multiple s.ellar populations.MPs.,has.challenged s.ar formation theories.in dens. environments.Literature s.udies.s.ow that mas.,metallicity,and age are likely controlling parameters.for the manifes.ation of MPs.Identifying the limit between clus.ers.with/without MPs.in phys.cal parameter s.ace is.crucial to reveal the driving mechanis. behind their pres.nce.In this.s.udy,we look for MP s.gnals.in Whiting 1,which is.traditionally cons.dered a young GC.Us.ng the Magellan teles.ope,we obtained low-res.lution s.ectra withinλλ=3850-5500?for eight giants.of Whiting 1.We meas.red the C and N abundances.from the CN and CH s.ectral indices.C and N abundances.have variations.comparable with their meas.rement errors.~0.1 dex),s.gges.ing that MPs.are abs.nt from Whiting 1.Combining thes. findings.with literature s.udies.we propos. a limit in the metallicity vs.clus.er compactnes. index parameter s.ace,which relatively clearly s.parates.s.ar clus.ers.with/without MPs.GCs.open clus.ers..This.limit is.phys.cally motivated.On a larger s.ale,the galactic environment determines.clus.er compactnes. and metallicity,leading to metal-rich,diffus.,old clus.ers.formed ex s.tu.Our propos.d limit als. impacts.our unders.anding of the formation of the s.gittarius.dwarf galaxy:s.ar clus.ers.formed after the firs. s.arburs.(age≤8-10 Gyr).Thes. clus.ers.are s.mple s.ellar populations.becaus. the enriched galactic environment is.no longer s.itable for MP formation.

关键词： s.ellar galactic galaxy

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