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Rethinking the History and Theory of Jus Publicum Universal： The Formation of China as a ＂Semi-Civilized＂ Legal Subject

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Frontiers of History in China 2017年第2期12卷 181-261页

作者： Robert stern Department of History The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA

Much of the existing scholarship on the universalization of nineteenth-century international law has framed it in terms of the imperial West＇s domination of non-Western societies. This article complicates and qualifies this conventional state-centric narrative by investigating the juridical, capitalist production of China as a ＂semi-civilized＂ international legal subject. It examines the foundational modern Sino-British/Western commercial and extraterritorial treaties, as well as the treatises of a new professional class of British international lawyers--James Lorimer （1818-90）, John Westlake （1828-1913）, William Edward Hall （1835-94）, T. E. Holland （1835-1926）, Thomas Lawrence （1849-1920）, and Lassa Oppenheim （1849-1920）. The juridical production of China as a ＂semi-civilized＂ legal subject throws into relief the dual capitalist nature and significance of the universalization of nineteenth-century international law. On the one hand, this ＂civilized＂ legal discourse underwrote a novel liberal conception of a universal international law （jus publicum universal） within which China was formally included as a quasi-legal subject. On the other hand, it also underwrote a particularistic, Euro-centric international law, which excluded China from its global domain and denied it basic sovereign rights. In this way also, ＂civilized＂ international law justified both formal equality in European- non-European treaty relations, as well as the real substantive inequality of these international exchanges of rights and obligations. Building on the critical theoretical work of Evgeny Pashukanis （1891-1937）, this article argues that a non-orthodox Marxist social theory of legal forms is best suited to explain the abstract, liberal universalism of nineteenth-century ＂civilized＂ international law and the contradictory forms of legal and jurisprudential discourse it made available and rendered normatively meaningful to international law practitioners. Through this Marxist theory, moreove

关键词： international law civilization legal subject capitalism liberal abstraction Pashukanis

Ophiolites:Identification and tectonic significance in space and time

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Geoscience Frontiers 2023年第6期14卷 380-385页

作者： Kent C.Condie Robert J.stern Department of Earth&Environmental Science New Mexico Institute of Mining and TechnologySocorroNM 87801USA Geosciences Department University of Texas at DallasRichardsonTX 75080USA

Ophiolites are fragments of oceanic lithosphere that are produced at spreading centers at ocean ridges,back arc basins,or forearcs during subduction initiation,and are key indicators of plate *** it is widely agreed that ophiolites are remnants of oceanic crust and associated depleted mantle preserved in orogens,the recognition of ophiolites and their tectonic significance is still a topic of discussion and *** propose that ophiolites can be recognized in the geologic record by some combination of genetically related pillow basalt,layered gabbro,sheeted dykes,podiform chromite,harzburgite or/and *** igneous rocks have either ocean-ridge basalt or immature oceanic arc basalt chemical *** a scoring system of 1–11 for ophiolite confidence level,scores of8 are considered confident,6–8 probable,andstern China at 2550 Ma,and the oldest well documented sheeted dykes occur in the Jormua and Purtuniq ophiolites at 2000–1950 *** do not become geographically widespread until after 900 Ma,and most ophiolites of all ages formed in a forearc(subduction initiation)tectonic *** ophiolite production requires plate tectonics,subduction must have begun at least locally by 2700 Ma but did not become widespread until after 2000 *** abundance of ophiolites after 900 Ma may reflect better preservation of subduction-related ophiolites,or to an increasing global network of interconnected *** frequency peaks in the geologic record partially reflect geographic regions where ophiolites have been extensively studied rather than monitoring the production rate of ophiolites,but the scarcity of>900 Ma ophiolites is probably real.

关键词： Ophiolite Plate tectonics Subduction initiation Forearc Ocean ridge Tectonic setting Supercontinent

URANS simulations for a free-running container ship:Part 2. Added power

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2021年第3期33卷 448-467页

作者： Dong-Hwan Kim Yugo Sanada Hamid Sadat-Hosseini Frederick stern IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering The University of IowaIowa CityUSA Costal Development and Ocean Energy Research Center Korea Institute of Ocean Science and TechnologyBusanKorea Mechanical Engineering University of North TexasDentonUSA

Part 2 reports the validation,local force and local flow study results for the free-running added power simulations whose conditions are the same as the self-propulsion test except for the increased propeller rotational speed and the presence of *** targeting the same mean Froude number in the wave condition,the propeller requires the increased propeller rotational speed for the operation at the low advance ratio due to the added *** test is performed at five different wavelengths in head waves and four different headings in the oblique *** the validation study,the time series of the validation variables is decomposed with discrete Fourier transform to extract the harmonic *** variables are global parameters,including motions,propeller thrust,and torque coefficients,added power variables,and self-propulsion factors which show reasonable agreement against the experiment results and produces a similar error from the self-propulsion *** local force study shows that the added resistance mostly appears at the bow due to the bow plunging during the short head wave and resonance *** contributions of the gravitational force and the buoyant force are found to increase as the stern motion exceeds the bow motion during the long head wave *** oscillation of the propeller performances shows correlation with the first harmonic amplitude of the propeller ***,pitch,and roll decay tests are performed prior to the main test to assess the natural frequencies of the *** as Part 1,a discretized propeller is used.

关键词： Added power unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) KRISO Container Ship(KCS) CFDShip-IOWA

Portal vein cannulation:An uncommon complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第46期17卷 5131-5132页

作者： Evangelos Kalaitzakis Nicholas stern Richard Sturgess Digestive Disease Unit Department of GastroenterologyAintree University Hospitals

Portal vein cannulation is a rare complication of endo-scopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP).It has been reported that it usually occurs after endo-scopic sphincterotomy,whereas in cases without prior sphincterotomy,the presence of portobiliary fistulas has been ***,we present a case in which cannulation of the portal vein occurred despite careful wire-guided cannulation and the absence of *** fatal cases of cerebral and pulmo-nary air and/or bile embolism have been reported in patients with combined portal and hepatic vein trauma after ERCP and sphincterotomy,isolated portal vein cannulation,as in the current case,does not usu-ally result in mortality or serious ***,awareness of this rare complication is important so that no further intervention is performed.

关键词： Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancrea-tography, Complications Portal vein cannulation

URANS simulations for a free-running container ship:Part 1. Turning-circle

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2021年第3期33卷 421-447页

作者： Dong-Hwan Kim Yugo Sanada Sungtek Park Hamid Sadat-Hosseini Frederick stern IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering The University of IowaIowa CityUSA Costal Development and Ocean Energy Research Center Korea Institute of Ocean Science and TechnologyBusanKorea Mechanical Engineering University of North TexasDentonUSA

The incompressible unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS)simulations are performed for a free-running container ship in maneuvering conditions:the starboard and portside turning circle simulations with 35°rudder *** validation variables include trajectory,motions,and propeller performances,and the prediction shows acceptable agreements against the experimental *** the steady-state part of the turning,the inertial forces balancing the local forces are reported to quantitatively assess the centrifugal force which appears from the force equilibrium between the rudder,propeller,and the *** study on the local flow focuses on finding the correlations between the propeller inflow and the propeller performance to investigate the differences in propeller performances during the portside and starboard *** preliminary simulations,performed with the grid triplet,comprise propeller open-water,resistance,and self-propulsion simulations,from which the validation studies and the studies for the local force and the local flow are fulfilled and applied for the main *** propeller and rudder are fully discretized and controlled,mimicking the ***-set,overset approach and Mentor’s SST model are employed for the free-surface capturing,large motion prediction,and turbulence closure.

关键词： Turning-circle unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) KRISO Container Ship(KCS) CFDShip-IOWA

A one-dimensional polynomial chaos method in CFD–Based uncertainty quantification for ship hydrodynamic performance

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2013年第5期25卷 655-662页

作者：贺伟 DIEZ Matteo CAMPANA Emilio Fortunato stern Frederick 邹早建 School of Naval Architecture Ocean and Civil Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering The University of Iowa IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering The University of Iowa CNR-INSEAN National Research Council-Maritime Research Centre CNR-INSEAN National Research CouncilMaritime Research Centre School of Naval Architecture Ocean and Civil Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University

A one-dimensional non-intrusive Polynomial Chaos （PC） method is applied in Uncertainty Quantification （UQ） studies for CFD-based ship performances simulations. The uncertainty properties of Expected Value （EV） and Standard Deviation （SD） are evaluated by solving the PC coefficients from a linear system of algebraic equations. The one-dimensional PC with the Legendre polynomials is applied to：（1） stochastic input domain and （2） Cumulative Distribution Function （CDF） image domain, allowing for more flexibility. The PC method is validated with the Monte-Carlo benchmark results in several high-fidelity, CFD-based, ship UQ problems, evaluating the geometrical, operational and environmental uncertainties for the Delft Catamaran 372. Convergence is studied versus PC order P for both EV and SD, showing that high order PC is not necessary for present applications. Comparison is carried out for PC with/without the least square minimization when solving the PC coefficients. The least square minimization, using larger number of CFD samples, is recommended for current test cases. The study shows the potentials of PC method in Robust Design Optimization （RDO） and Reliability-Based Design Optimization （RBDO） of ship hydrodynamic performances.

关键词： Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) Polynomial Chaos (PC) method Legendre polynomials ship design

Stagnant lid tectonics:Perspectives from silicate planets,dwarf planets, large moons,and large asteroids

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第1期9卷 103-119页

作者： Robert J.stern Taras Gerya Paul J.Tackley Geosciences Department University of Texas at Dallas Department of Earth Sciences ETH-Zurich

To better understand Earth's present tectonic style-plate tectonics—and how it may have evolved from single plate(stagnant lid) tectonics, it is instructive to consider how common it is among similar bodies in the Solar System. Plate tectonics is a style of convection for an active planetoid where lid fragment(plate) motions reflect sinking of dense lithosphere in subduction zones, causing upwelling of asthenosphere at divergent plate boundaries and accompanied by focused upwellings, or mantle plumes;any other tectonic style is usefully called "stagnant lid" or "fragmented lid". In 2015 humanity completed a 50+ year effort to survey the 30 largest planets, asteroids, satellites, and inner Kuiper Belt objects,which we informally call "planetoids" and use especially images of these bodies to infer their tectonic activity. The four largest planetoids are enveloped in gas and ice(Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune)and are not considered. The other 26 planetoids range in mass over 5 orders of magnitude and in diameter over 2 orders of magnitude, from massive Earth down to tiny Proteus; these bodies also range widely in density, from 1000 to 5500 kg/m^3. A gap separates 8 silicate planetoids with ρ = 3000 kg/m^3 or greater from 20 icy planetoids(including the gaseous and icy giant planets) with ρ = 2200 kg/m^3 or less. We define the "Tectonic Activity Index"(TAI), scoring each body from 0 to 3 based on evidence for recent volcanism, deformation, and resurfacing(inferred from impact crater density). Nine planetoids with TAI = 2 or greater are interpreted to be tectonically and convectively active whereas 17 with TAI <2 are inferred to be tectonically dead. We further infer that active planetoids have lithospheres or icy shells overlying asthenosphere or water/weak ice. TAI of silicate(rocky) planetoids positively correlates with their inferred Rayleigh number. We conclude that some type of stagnant lid tectonics is the dominant mode of heat loss and that plate tectonics

关键词： Stagnant lid Solar system Plate tectonics Planets Moons

Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality as a confounder of prognosis in thyroid cancer

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Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment 2021年第1期7卷 345-352页

作者： Elena Izkhakov Lital Keinan-Boker Naftali stern Institute of Endocrinology Metabolism and Hypertension1Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical CenterTel Aviv 6423906Israel Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv 69978Israel Israel Center for Disease Control Ministry of HealthSheba Medical CenterTel Hashomer Ramat-Gan 5262160Israel School of Public Health Faculty of Social Welfare and Health SciencesUniversity of HaifaHaifa 3498838Israel The Sagol Epigenetics Center Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical CenterTel Aviv 6423906Israel

Thyroid cancer(TC)constitutes more than 95%of all endocrine *** thyroid carcinoma(DTC),which includes the papillary and follicular types,constitutes about 90%of all TCs and 2.1%of all *** incidence of DTC has increased significantly worldwide,with papillary cancer leading this trend and being the most *** the prognosis of patients with DTC is generally favorable,with the overall 5-year survival rate reaching up to 95%,long-term follow-up also discloses increased propensity for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors,morbidity,and *** events are linked to TC particularly in subjects aged 45 years or *** present review and analysis seek to highlight the significance of cardiovascular disease in the overall prognosis among TC survivors and explore potential mechanisms which might link treatment choices in DTC to cardiovascular risk and disease outcome.

关键词： Thyroid cancer cardiovascular morbidity cardiovascular mortality cardiovascular risk factors

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The fall of language

The fall of language