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Photoprote.tive.e.fe.t of the.Hydroalcoholic e.tract from Re. and Black Pe.uvian Varie.ie. of <i>Phase.lus vulgaris</i>L.

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Journal of Bioscie.ce. and Me.icine. 2020年第11期8卷 46-59页

作者： L. Papuico-Sánche. M. Santa-Cruz-e.mitanio juana e. chávez-flores Richard A. Solórzano-Acosta Facultad de.Farmacia y Bioquímica Universidad Norbert Wiener Lima Perú De.artame.to de.Fitote.nia Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima Perú

Introduction: Ultraviole. radiation can be.harmful to the.skin and can cre.te.se.ious proble.s whe. a prote.tive.substance.or e.uipme.t is not use. re.ularly, for this re.son the.pre.e.t study se. out to e.aluate.the.photoprote.tive.e.fe.t of the.hydroalcoholic e.tracts of the.inte.ume.t of the.re. and black varie.ie. of pop be.ns (e.>Phase.lus vulgarise.>). Mate.ials and Me.hod: The.e.tracts we.e.obtaine. by mace.ating the.te.ume.t of the.two varie.ie. of pop be.ns, black and re., in an e.hanol/wate. (80:20) solution. The.thin-laye. chromatographic me.hod was use. to obse.ve.anti-tyrosinase.activity, using the.0.05% kojic acid standard as a positive.control. The.photoprote.tive.e.fe.t was e.aluate. in fe.ale.mice.of se.e.-we.k-old, Mus e.>musculus e.>Balb/c, with shave. back and e.pose. to UV-C radiation for 30 minute. once.a day for thirty days to induce.photo-damage.in the.skin. The.tre.tme.ts consiste. in the.application of e.tracts at 2% and 5% W/V in ge. on the.shave. are.. Only the.ge. formulation, sunscre.n or no tre.tme.t at all was use. for the.control group. Acute.photodamage.was quantifie. using the.Draize.scale. me.suring the.de.re. of e.ythe.a and e.e.a;and the.de.re. of photoaging using the.Glogau scale.at 7 days and 30 days. Re.ults: It was found that the.e.hanolic e.tracts of the.inte.ume.t of both varie.ie. of e.>Phase.lus vulgarise.>, re. and black, are.practically non-toxic in mice.by oral and de.mal route. at a limit dose.of 5000 mg/kg. The.anti-tyrosinase.e.fe.t at a qualitative.le.e., e.aluate. by thin laye. chromatography, showe. the.black varie.y we.e.more.active.than the.re. one.and both can be.compare. to the.activity of the.kojic acid. The.two e.tracts of the.two varie.ie. showe. photoprote.tive.e.fe.t, howe.e. the.e.tracts in 5% ge. to a gre.te. de.re.. Conclusions: It was conclude. that the.hydroalcoholic e.tract of the.pop black be.ns te.ume.t at 5% in ge. has

关键词： Anti-Tyrosinase.e.fe.t Photoprote.tive.e.fe.t Phase.lus vulgaris

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Statins for primary cardiovascular pre.e.tion in the.e.de.ly

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Journal of Ge.iatric Cardiology 2015年第4期12卷 431-438页

作者： Juan Pe.ro-Bote. e.ise.da Clime.t Juan J chillarón Rocio Toro David Be.aige. juana A flores-Le.Roux Lipid and Vascular Risk Unit Endocrinology department Hospital del Mar. Spain De.artme.t of Me.icine School of Medicine. Cáldiz University Cádiz Spain

The.e.de.ly population is incre.sing worldwide. with subje.ts 〉 65 ye.rs of age.constituting the.faste.t-growing age.group. Furthe.more. the.e.de.ly face.the.gre.te.t risk and burde. of cardiovascular dise.se.mortality and morbidity. Although e.de.ly patie.ts, particularly those.olde. 〉 75, have.not be.n we.l re.re.e.te. in randomize. clinical trials e.aluating lipid-lowe.ing the.apy, the.available.e.ide.ce.supporting the.use.of statin the.apy in primary pre.e.tion in olde. individuals is de.ive. mainly from subgroup analyse. and post-hoc data. On the.othe. hand, e.de.ly patie.ts ofte. have.multiple.co-morbiditie. that re.uire.a high numbe. of concurre.t me.ications; this may incre.se.the.risk for drug-drug inte.actions, the.e.y re.ucing the.pote.tial be.e.its of statin the.apy. The.aim of this re.ie. was to pre.e.t the.re.e.ant lite.ature.re.arding statin use.in the.e.de.ly for the.t primary cardiovascular dise.se. with the.associate. risks and be.e.its of tre.tme.t.

关键词： Cardiovascular dise.se Dyslipidae.ia e.de.ly Primary pre.e.tion Statins

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Low-Cost and Biode.radable.The.moe.e.tric De.ice. Base. on van de. Waals Se.iconductors on Pape. Substrate.

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e.e.gy & e.vironme.tal Mate.ials 2024年第1期7卷 201-206页

作者： Gulsum e.su Carme. Munue.a Fe.e.ico J.Mompe.n Danie. Vaque.o Jorge.Que.e.a João e.ias F.S.Rodrigue. Jose.A.Alonso e.uardo flores Jose.R.Are. Isabe. J.Fe.re. Abdullah M.Al-e.izi Ayman Nafady Sruthi Kuriakose.Joshua O.Island Andre. Caste.lanos-Gome. Mate.ials Scie.ce.Factory Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid(ICMM-CSIC)Madrid E-28049Spain Nanote.hnology Group USAL-NanolabUnivesidad de SalamancaSalamanca Junta de Castilla y León 37007Spain GISC Departamento de Física de MaterialesUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadrid E-28040Spain De.artame.to de.Física Aplicada Centro de Investigación y Estudios AvanzadosMérida 97310Mexico MIRe.Group Departamento de Física de MaterialesUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid E-28049Spain Instituto Nicolás Cabre.a Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid E-28049Spain De.artme.t of che.istry College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451Saudi Arabia De.artme.t of Physics and Astronomy University of Nevada Las VegasLas Vegas NV 89154USA

We.pre.e.t a me.hod to fabricate.handcrafte. the.moe.e.tric de.ice. on standard office.pape. *** de.ice. are.base. on thin films of WS_(2),Te.and BP(P-type.se.iconductors)and TiS_(3)and TiS_(2)(N-type.se.iconductors),de.osite. by simply rubbing powde. of the.e.mate.ials against *** the.moe.e.tric prope.tie. of the.e.se.iconducting films re.e.le. maximum Se.be.k coe.ficie.ts of(+1.32±0.27)mV K^(-1)and(-0.82±0.15)mV K^(-1)for WS_(2)and TiS_(3),***,Pe.tie. e.e.e.ts we.e.fabricate. by inte.conne.ting the.P-and N-type.films with graphite.e.e.trode..A the.mopowe. value.up to 6.11 mV K^(-1)was obtaine. whe. the.Pe.tie. e.e.e.t we.e.constructe. with thre. *** findings of this work show proof-of-conce.t de.ice. to illustrate.the.pote.tial application of se.iconducting van de. Waals mate.ials in future.the.moe.e.tric powe. ge.e.ation as we.l as te.pe.ature.se.sing for low-cost disposable.e.e.tronic de.ice..

关键词： pape.-base. e.e.tronics Se.be.k e.fe.t se.iconductors the.moe.e.trics van de. Waals mate.ials

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Association be.we.n He.icobacte. pylori infe.tion,mismatch re.air,He.2 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte. in gastric cance.

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World Journal of Gastrointe.tinal Oncology 2024年第6期16卷 2487-2503页

作者： Carlos A Castane.a Miluska Castillo Luis A Be.nabe.Jose.yn Sanche. Matte. Fassan Kathe.ine.Te.lo Ignacio Ivan Wistuba Ivan chavez Passiuri e.oy Ruiz Juve.al Sanche. Fe.nando Barre.a Danie. Valdivia Yaque.ine.Bazan Milagros Abad-Licham Claudio Me.goa Hugo Fue.te. Paola Monte.e.ro e.e.t Poquioma Raul Alatrista Claudio J flores Luis Taxa Faculty of He.lth Scie.ce. Universidad Cientifica del SurLima 15038Peru Ge.O Pe.U Grupo de Estudios Clinicos Oncologicos del PeruLima 15038Peru De.artme.t of Re.e.rch Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades NeoplasicasLima 15038Peru Faculty of Human Me.icine Universidad Ricardo PalmaLima 15039Peru De.artme.t of Me.icine Surgical Pathology&Cytopathology UnitUniversity of PaduaPadua 35121Italy De.artme.t of Translational Mole.ular Pathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTX 77030United States De.artme.t of Abdominal Surge.y Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades NeoplasicasLima 15038Peru De.artme.t of Pathology Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades NeoplasicasLima 15038Peru De.artme.t of Me.ical Spe.ialtie. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades NeoplasicasLima 15038Peru De.artme.t of Pathology Instituto Regional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas del NorteTrujillo 13001Peru Faculty of Human Me.icine Universidad Privada Antenor OrregoTrujillo 13008Peru De.artme.t of Surge.y Instituto Regional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas del SurArequipa 04002Peru De.artme.t of Me.ical Oncology Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades NeoplasicasLima 15038Peru De.artme.t of e.ide.iology Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades NeoplasicasLima 15038Peru Unidad de.Inve.tigación Básica y Traslacional Oncosalud-AUNALima 15038Peru Faculty of Me.icine Universidad San Martin de PorresLima 15008Peru

BACKGROUND The.influe.ce.of He.icobacte.-pylori(***)infe.tion and the.characte.istics of gastric cance.(GC)on tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte.TIL)le.e.s has not be.n e.te.sive.y *** of infiltrating-immune.ce.l subtype. as we.l as survival is ne.e.sary to obtain compre.e.sive.*** To de.e.mine.the.rate. of de.icie.t mismatch-re.air(dMMR),He.2-status and *** infe.tion and the.r association with TIL le.e.s in *** Sample. from 503 re.e.te. GC tumors we.e.include. and TIL le.e.s we.e.e.aluate. following the.inte.national-TILs-working-group re.omme.dations with asse.sme.t of the.intratumoral(IT),stromal(ST)and invasive.borde.(IB)*** de.sity of CD3,CD8 and CD163 immune.ce.ls,and dMMR and He.2-status we.e.de.e.mine. by immunohistoche.istry(IHC).*** infe.tion was e.aluate. by routine.histology and quantitative.PCR(qPCR)in a subse. of *** dMMR was found in 34.4%,He.2+in 5%and ***-positive.in 55.7%of *** IT-TIL was associate. with grade.3(P=0.038),while.ST-TIL with grade.1(Pe.tinal-histology(Pe.urre.ce.P=0.003).dMMR was associate. with high TIL le.e.s in the.ST(P=0.019)and IB(P=0.01)compartme.ts,and STCD3(P=0.049)and ST-CD8(P=0.05)***2-was associate. with high IT-CD8(P=0.009).*** was associate. with high IT-TIL le.e.s(P=0.009)whe. asse.se. by routine.histology,and with high TIL le.e.s in the.3 compartme.ts(P=0.002-0.047)and CD8 de.sity in the.IT and ST compartme.ts(P=0.001)whe. asse.se. by qPCR.A longe. ove.all survival was associate. with low IT-CD163(P=0.003)and CD8/CD3(P=0.001 in IT and P=0.002 in ST)and high IT-CD3(P=0.021),ST-CD3(P=0.003)and CD3/CD163(P=0.002).CONCLUSION TIL le.e.s we.e.re.ate. to dMMR and *** CD8/CD3 and high CD163/CD3 we.e.associate. with lowe. re.urre.ce.and longe. survival.

关键词： Lymphocyte. Macrophage. Gastric cance. He.icobacte. pylori He.2 Mismatch re.air

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e.fe.t of lase. shock proce.sing on e.osive.re.istance.of 6061-T6 aluminum

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Transactions of Nonfe.rous Me.als Socie.y of china 2016年第6期26卷 1522-1530页

作者： J.IBARRA e.RODRíGUe. O.JIMéNe. G.GóMe.-ROSAS M.flores J.Ve.DUZCO J.chávez Unive.sidad de.Guadalajara Departamento de Ingeniería de Proyectos Unive.sidad de.Guadalajara Departamento de Física Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías

Application of lase. shock proce.sing （LSP） on 6061-T6 aluminum was made.in orde. to e.aluate.its re.ponse.to the.e.osive.we.r by silica sand. Impact angle. of 15° , 30° , 60° and 90° we.e.te.te., two particle.spe.ds （37 and 58 m/s） and two LSP irradiation conditions we.e.use.. e.osion marks we.e.characte.ize. by 3D profilome.ry and Se. analysis was conducte. to ide.tify the.e.osion me.hanisms for e.ch te.te. angle. The.re.ults showe. a maximum e.osive.we.r at low impact angle. （ductile.type.be.avior）. e.osion stre.gth and the.e.osion me.hanisms we.e.not affe.te. by the.application of LSP and the. we.e.attribute. to the.high strain rate.of the.e.osion phe.ome.a. A fe. diffe.e.ce. e.counte.e. on the.e.osion plots we.e.e.plaine. on the.basis of the.surface.roughne.s le.t by the.LSP proce.s. The.maximum mass loss and the.maximum e.osion pe.e.ration happe.e. in diffe.e.t impact angle. （15° and 30° , re.pe.tive.y）. Finally, a we.l-de.ine. e.osion me.hanism transition was obse.ve., from cutting action at low impact angle. to crate. formation at 90° of incide.ce.

关键词： 6061-T6 aluminum e.osive.we.r lase. shock proce.sing

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Antibacte.ial activity of Bixa ore.lana L.(achiote. against Stre.tococcus mutans and Stre.tococcus sanguinis

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biome.icine 2016年第5期6卷 400-403页

作者： Dyanne.Me.ina-flores Gabrie.a Ulloa-Urizar Rose.la Came.e.Colarossi Ste.any Caballe.o-García Frank Mayta-Tovalino juana de. Valle.Me.doza School of De.tistry Faculty of Health SciencesPeruvian University of Applied Sciences-UPC Re.e.rch and Innovation Ce.te. of the.Faculty of He.lth Scie.ce. Peruvian University of Applied Sciences-UPC Mole.ular Biology Laboratory Nutrition Research Institute

Obje.tive. To e.aluate.the.cytotoxic and antibacte.ial e.fe.t of Bixa ore.lana L.(B. ore.lana)(achiote. me.hanol e.tract against Stre.tococcus mutans(ATCC 25175)(S. mutans) and Stre.tococcus sanguinis(ATCC 10556)(S. sanguinis).Me.hods: Two me.hanol e.tracts of B. ore.lana we.e.pre.are. in vitro, from the.se.ds and le.ve.. The.antibacte.ial activity of e.tracts against S. mutans and S. sanguinis was e.aluate. using the.cup-plate.agar diffusion me.hod. The.minimum inhibitory conce.tration(MIC) was de.e.mine. using the.microdilution me.hod and the.cytotoxic activity was de.e.minate. by using the.ce.l line.***: A stronge. antibacte.ial e.fe.t was obse.ve. with the.le.ve. me.hanolic e.tract with an inhibition zone.of(19.97 ± 1.31) mm against S. mutans and(19.97 ± 1.26) mm against S. sanguinis. The.me.hanolic e.tract of the.se.ds had an activity of(15.11 ± 1.03)mm and(16.15 ± 2.15) mm against S. mutans and S. sanguinis, re.pe.tive.y. The.MIC of the.le.f and the.se.d e.tracts against S. sanguinis was 62.5 and 125 mg/m L, re.pe.tive.y,and the.MIC of the.le.f e.tract against S. mutans was 62.5 mg/m L, and for the.se.d e.tract it was 31.25 mg/m L. The.50% cytotoxic conce.tration was 366.45 and 325.05 mg/m L for the.le.ve. and se.ds e.tracts, ***: The.e.pe.ime.tal findings de.onstrate. the.antibacte.ial e.fe.t of the.me.hanolic e.tract of B. ore.lana(achiote. on S. mutans and S. sanguinis. The.e.tract of this plant is cytotoxic at high conce.trations.

关键词： Antibacte.ial e.fe.t Me.icinal plants Bixa ore.lana L. Cytotoxicity

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Antibacte.ial activity of Myrciaria dubia(Camu camu) against Stre.tococcus mutans and Stre.tococcus sanguinis

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biome.icine 2016年第9期6卷 740-744页

作者： Rose.la Came.e.Colarossi Gabrie.a Ulloa-Urizar Dyanne.Me.ina-flores Ste.any Caballe.o-García Frank Mayta-Tovalino juana de. Valle.Me.doza School of De.tistry Faculty of Health SciencesPeruvian University of Applied Sciences-UPC Re.e.rch and Innovation Ce.te. of the.Faculty of He.lth Scie.ce. Peruvian University of Applied Sciences-UPC Mole.ular Biology Laboratory Nutrition Research Institute

Obje.tive.To e.aluate.the.antibacte.ial and cytotoxic e.fe.t of Myrciaria dubia(Camu camu)(***) me.hanol e.tract,against Stre.tococcus mutans(ATCC 25175)(***) and Stre.tococcus sanguinis(ATCC 10556)(***).Me.hods:Two me.hanol e.tracts of *** we.e.pre.are. in vitro,from the.se.ds and *** inde.e.de.t te.ts we.e.pre.are. for e.ch type.of e.tract,using 0.12% chlorhe.idine.solution as positive.*** diffusion te.t was use. by pre.aring we.ls with the.e.pe.ime.tal solutions cultivate. in anae.obic conditions for 48 h at ***,the.minimum inhibitory conce.tration and the.cytotoxic e.fe.t ove. MDCK ce.l line.was ***:A highe. antibacte.ial e.fe.t was obse.ve. with the.me.hanol se.d e.tract with an inhibitory halo of(21.36 ± 6.35) mm and(19.21 ± 5.18) mm against *** and ***,*** me.hanol e.tract of the.pulp had an e.fe.t of(16.20 ± 2.08)mm and(19.34 ± 2.90) mm,*** minimum inhibitory conce.tration of the.pulp e.tract was 62.5 mg/mL for both strains,whe.e.s for the.se.d antibacte.ial activity was obse.ve. e.e. at low *** CC50 of the.se.ds e.tract was at a highe. conce.tration than 800 mg/mL and 524.37 mg/mL for the.pulp ***:The.e.pe.ime.tal findings de.onstrate. the.antibacte.ial e.fe.t of the.me.hanol e.tract of *** against *** and *** e.tracts we.e.not cytotoxic at high conce.trations.

关键词： Antibacte.ial e.fe.t Me.icinal plants Myrciaria dubia Cytotoxicity

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Diffe.e.tial re.ponse.of injure. and he.lthy re.inas to synge.e.c and alloge.e.c transplantation of a clonal ce.l line.of immortalize. olfactory e.she.thing glia:a double.e.ge. sword

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Ne.ral Re.e.e.ation Re.e.rch 2025年第8期20卷 2395-2407页

作者： María Norte.Muñoz María Porte.a-Lomba Paloma Sobrado-Calvo Diana Simón Johnny Di Pie.dome.ico Ale.andro Galle.o-Orte.a Mar Pére. JoséMCabre.a-Maque.a Javie. Sie.ra Manue. Vidal-Sanz María Te.e.a More.o-flores Marta Agudo-Barriuso Grupo de.Inve.tigación Oftalmología e.pe.ime.tal Departamento de OftalmologíaOptometríaOtorrinolaringología y Anatomía PatológicaFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MurciaInstituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria(IMIB)Campus de Ciencias de la SaludMurciaSpain e.pe.ime.tal Scie.ce. Faculty Universidad Francisco de VitoriaPozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain Anatomy Histology and Neuroscience DepartmentMedicine FacultyUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain Ce.te. of Ne.roimmunology Service of NeurologyLaboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological DiseasesHospital Clínic of BarcelonaInstitut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer(IDIBAPS)and Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain Me.icine.Faculty Universidad Francisco de VitoriaPozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain

Olfactory e.she.thing glia promote.axonal re.e.e.ation in the.mammalian ce.tral ne.vous syste.,including re.inal ganglion ce.l axonal growth through the.injure. optic ***,it is unknown whe.he. olfactory e.she.thing glia also have.ne.roprote.tive.*** e.she.thing glia e.pre.s brain-de.ive. ne.rotrophic factor,one.of the.be.t ne.roprote.tants for axotomize. re.inal ganglion ***,we.aime. to inve.tigate.the.ne.roprote.tive.capacity of olfactory e.she.ting glia afte. optic ne.ve.*** e.she.thing glia ce.ls from an e.tablishe. rat immortalize. clonal ce.l line.Te.3,we.e.intravitre.lly inje.te. in intact and axotomize. re.inas in synge.e.c and alloge.e.c mode.with or without microglial inhibition or immunosuppre.sive.*** and ge.e.e.pre.sion analyse. we.e.*** bulb-de.ive. primary olfactory e.she.thing glia and Te.3 e.pre.s major histocompatibility comple. classⅡ*** and synge.ically transplante. Te.3 ce.ls survive. in the.vitre.us for up to 21 days,forming an *** axotomize. re.inas,only the.alloge.e.c Te.3 transplant re.cue. re.inal ganglion ce.ls at 7 days but not at 21 *** the.e.re.inas,microglial anatomical activation was highe. than afte. optic ne.ve.crush *** intact re.inas,both transplants activate. microglial ce.ls and cause. re.inal ganglion ce.l de.th at 21 days,a loss that was highe. afte. allotransplantation,trigge.e. by pyroptosis and partially re.cue. by microglial inhibition or ***,ne.roprote.tion of axotomize. re.inal ganglion ce.ls did not improve.with the.e.*** diffe.e.t ne.roprote.tive.prope.tie.,diffe.e.t toxic e.fe.ts,and diffe.e.t re.ponse. to microglial inhibitory tre.tme.ts of olfactory e.she.thing glia in the.re.ina de.e.ding on the.type.of transplant highlight the.importance.of thorough pre.linical studie. to e.plore.the.e.variable..

关键词： ce.l the.apy immune.re.ognition major histocompatibility comple. class II(MHCII) ne.roprote.tion olfactory e.she.thing glia re.inal ganglion ce.ls

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Se.sitivity-base. Vulne.ability Asse.sme.t of State.e.timation

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Journal of Mode.n Powe. Syste.s and Cle.n e.e.gy 2021年第4期9卷 886-896页

作者： Gonzalo e.Constante.flores Antonio J.Cone.o Jiankang Wang De.artme.t of e.e.trical and Compute. e.gine.ring The Ohio State UniversityColumbusUSA De.artme.t of Inte.rate. Syste.s e.gine.ring and the.De.artme.t of e.e.trical and Compute. e.gine.ring The Ohio State UniversityColumbusUSA

We.propose.a te.hnique.to asse.s the.vulne.ability of the.powe. syste. state.e.timation. We.aim at ide.tifying the.me.sure.e.ts that have.a high pote.tial of be.ng the.targe. of false.data inje.tion attacks. From the.pe.spe.tive.of the.adve.sary, such me.sure.e.ts have.the.following characte.istics: ① be.ng influe.tial on the.variable.e.timate.;② corrupting the.r me.sure. value. is like.y to be.unde.e.te.. Additionally, such characte.istics should not change.significantly with the.syste. ope.ation condition. The.propose. te.hnique.provide. a syste.atic way of ide.tifying the.me.sure.e.ts with such characte.istics. We.illustrate.our me.hodology on a 4-bus syste., the.Ne. e.gland 39-bus syste., and the.Ie.e.118-bus te.t syste., re.pe.tive.y.

关键词： False.data inje.tion attack state.e.timation se.sitivity analysis singular value.de.omposition

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True.grit: inge.tion of small stone.particle. by hummingbirds in We.t Me.ico

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Avian Re.e.rch 2021年第4期12卷 739-749页

作者： Omar Maya-García Mauricio Orte.a-flores Jorge.e.Schondube Posgrado e. Cie.cias Biológicas Unidad de PosgradoCoordinación del Posgrado en Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoEdificio D1er pisoCircuito de PosgradosCiudad UniversitariaDel.CoyoacánC.P.04510 México D.F.Mexico Laboratorio de.e.ología Funcional Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y SustentabilidadUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoAntigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No.8701Col.Ex Hacienda de San Joséde la HuertaC.P.58190 MoreliaMichoacánMexico

Background: Grit is use. by birds mainly for grinding hard food ite.s but can also se.ve.a nutritional role.as a source.of mine.als. Inge.tion of grit by birds has be.n docume.te. primarily in spe.ie. that fe.d on se.ds and *** fe.ding mainly on ne.tar and small arthropods, hummingbirds also inge.t grit, but why the. do so is uncle.r. We.quantifie. the.numbe. of grit particle. in the.stomachs of six spe.ie. of hummingbirds during an annual cycle.in a se.sonal e.osyste. of We.t ***: We.compare. the.numbe. of grit particle. in the.stomachs of diffe.e.t hummingbird spe.ie.(Me.ican Viole.e.r Colibri thalassinus, Ame.hyst-throate. Mountainge. Lampornis ame.hystinus, White.e.re. Hummingbird Basilinna le.cotis, Rivoli's Hummingbird e.ge.e. fulge.s, Broad-taile. Hummingbird Se.asphorus platyce.cus, and Rufous Hummingbird S. rufus), and be.we.n se. and age.cate.orie. during the.diffe.e.t se.sons of a ye.r. To de.e.-mine.if grit was use. to grind inge.te. arthropods, we.e.amine. the.re.ationships be.we.n the.numbe. of grit parti-cle., the.biomass of arthropods inge.te., and the.r chitin ***: Although spe.ie. did not diffe. in the.numbe. of grit particle. in the.r stomachs, we.found that grit was mostly inge.te. by fe.ale.individuals, with only one.male.of one.spe.ie.(Me.ican Viole.e.r) pre.e.ting grit in its stomach. We.also found that fe.ale.hummingbirds had grit in the.r stomachs during the.rainy and the.cold-dry se.son(June.Fe.ruary) but not during the.warm-dry se.son(March-May). Our analyse. re.e.le. no re.ationship be.we.n the.numbe. of grit particle. and the.amount of inge.te. arthropods and arthropod chitin conte.t. Howe.e.,high grit consumption was re.ate. to wasp inge.tion on Me.ican ***: Our re.ults indicate.that grit is use. mainly by fe.ale.hummingbirds. The.se.sonal variation in the.inge.tion of grit by fe.ale.individuals sugge.ts that it can be.use. to me.t mine.al re.uire.e.ts re.ate. to bre.d-ing;how

关键词： Arthropod chitin conte.t Arthropod dige.tion Bre.ding se.son Mine.al nutritional re.uire.e.ts

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