Antibiotic. are widely used in fire blight management programs,yet there are no studies that demonstrate the evaluation of their effic.c. in ***,the present study was c.nduc.ed to investigate the effec.s of the ac.ive...
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Antibiotic. are widely used in fire blight management programs,yet there are no studies that demonstrate the evaluation of their effic.c. in ***,the present study was c.nduc.ed to investigate the effec.s of the ac.ive ingredients in five c.mmerc.al produc.s(Kasumin■2L,Agrygent Plus■,Agric.ltural Terramyc.n■,Agrimic.n100,and Ac.igard■)on fire blight suppression,and fruit yield and quality of apple(Malus domestic. Borkh.)*** *** experiment was c.nduc.ed in a c.mmerc.al orc.ard using a c.mpletely randomized bloc. design,with six treatments:(1)Oxytetrac.c.ine[Ox],110 mg L^(−1);(2)Kasugamyc.n[Kas],4.7 mL L^(−1);(3)Oxytetrac.c.ine+Gentamic.n[Ox+Gen],48 mg L^(−1)+12 mg L^(−1);(4)Streptomyc.n+Oxytetrac.c.ine[Str+Ox],90 mg L^(−1)+9 mg L^(−1);(5)Ac.benzolar-S-methyl[ASM],70 mg L^(−1);and(6)c.ntrol,only water,with four replic.tions,and three 11-year-old trees as an experimental *** of infec.ion inc.uding flowers,shoots and fruits,yield and fruit quality were *** treatments suppressed infec.ion in flowers,shoots,and *** provided the highest levels of reduc.ion of flower and shoot infec.ion,while Kas had the least effec. on the reduc.ion of infec.ion in these *** Ox+Gen treatment had the greatest suppression of fruit infec.ion,and the best results on fruit yield and quality,followed by Ox and *** is the first study c.nduc.ed to evaluate the effic.c. of the ac.ive ingredients of five c.mmerc.al produc.s used for the management of fire blight in apple trees in Mexic..
It is unc.ear whether the c.rrent antiviral treatment for c.ronic.hepatitis c.virus (Hc.) infec.ion results in c.mplete elimination of the virus, or whether small quantities of virus persist. Our study group c.mprised...
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It is unc.ear whether the c.rrent antiviral treatment for c.ronic.hepatitis c.virus (Hc.) infec.ion results in c.mplete elimination of the virus, or whether small quantities of virus persist. Our study group c.mprised 17 patients with c.ronic.Hc. who had sustained virologic.l response (SVR) after interferon/ribavirin treatment. Serum and peripheral blood mononuc.ear c.lls were c.llec.ed 2 to 3 times at 3-to 6-month intervals starting 40 to 109 months (mean, 64.2 ±18.5 months) after the end of therapy. In addition, lymphoc.te and mac.ophage c.ltures were established at eac. point. In 11 patients, frozen liver tissue samples were available from follow-up biopsies performed 41 to 98 months (mean, 63.6 ±16.7 months) after therapy. Presenc. of Hc. RNA was determined by sensitive reverse-transc.iptase polymerase c.ain reac.ion, and c.nc.ntration of positive and negative strands was determined by a novel quantitative realtime reverse transc.iptase polymerase c.ain reac.ion. Only 2 of 17 patients remained c.nsistently Hc. RNA negative in all analyzed c.mpartments. Hc. RNA was detec.ed in mac.ophages from 11 patients (65%) and in lymphoc.tes from 7 patients (41%). Viral sequenc.s were also detec.ed in 3 of 11 livers and in sera from 4 patients. Viral replic.tive forms were found in lymphoc.tes from 2 and in mac.ophages from 4 patients. In c.nc.usion, our results suggest that in patients with SVR after therapy, small quantities of Hc. RNA may persist in liver or mac.ophages and lymphoc.tes for up to 9 years. This c.ntinuous viral presenc. c.uld result in persistenc. of humoral and c.llular immunity for many years after therapy and c.uld present a potential risk for infec.ion reac.ivation.
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