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Supporting farmer-managed irrigation systems in the Shigar valley, karakorum： Role of the government and Aga khan Rural Support Programme

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第10期14卷 2064-2081页

作者： joseph k.w.hill Department of Rural Management Xavier Institute of Social Sciences (XISS) Dr Gamil Bulcke Path Post Box 7 Ranchi- 834001 India

Farmer-managed irrigation systems(FMIS) in the high altitude valleys of the karakorum,Pakistan, continue to be managed effectively despite increased pressure on the social arrangements that sustain them. Colonial era records shows that over a century ago government agencies undertook irrigation support projects. In the past three decades,government agencies and the non-government agency Aga khan Rural Support Programme(AkRSP), which channels foreign funds into the region, have actively engaged in the provision of irrigation support. This article seeks to explore whether such projects support or undermine farmer-managed irrigation systems and the complex institutional arrangements that underpin them. Field research using ethnographic and participatory methods was conducted in spring 2013 in the upper Shigar valley, Skardu district, GilgitBaltistan. The findings show that irrigation development is a political activity that involves village-based actors, religious leaders, local politicians,and government and non-government *** agencies operate in a largely top-down,engineering mode, their larger projects limited to villages suffering water scarcity. The local government provides small funds for renovation work of FMIS,though allocation of funds is highly politicized. Nongovernment agencies, for a variety of reasons including donor-funding cycles, apply a one-size-fitsall ‘participatory' model in an attempt to socially engineer rules and institutions. In communities divided by factionalism the use of such external models that stress formation of committees are unlikely to yield positive results, and could instead contribute to undermining the very systems they seek to support. This research argues that irrigation interventions should take care to build upon the rich and complex social arrangements that have sustained FMIS through the centuries.

关键词： Farmer-managed irrigation systems Institutional arrangements Government Aga khan Rural Support Programme Shigar valley karakorum

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Deformable microlaser force sensing

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第6期13卷 1196-1209页

作者： Eleni Dalaka joseph Shill Jonathan H.H.Booth Anna Popczyk Stefan R.Pulver Malte C.Gather Marcel Schubert Centre of Biophotonics SUPASchool of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsUK Humboldt Centre for Nano-and Biophotonics Department of ChemistryUniversity of CologneKölnGermany School of Psychology and Neuroscience University of St AndrewsSt Mary’s QuadSouth StreetSt AndrewsUK Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia BarcelonaSpain

Mechanical forces are key regulators of cellular behavior and function,affecting many fundamental biological processes such as cell migration,embryogenesis,immunological responses,and pathological *** force sensors and imaging techniques have been developed to quantify these otherwise invisible forces in single cells and in ***,current techniques rely heavily on high-resolution microscopy and do not allow interrogation of optically dense tissue,reducing their application to 2D cell cultures and highly transparent biological ***,we introduce DEFORM,deformable microlaser force sensing,a spectroscopic technique that detects sub-nanonewton forces with unprecedented spatio-temporal *** is based on the spectral analysis of laser emission from dye-doped oil microdroplets and uses the force-induced lifting of laser mode degeneracy in these droplets to detect nanometer *** validation by atomic force microscopy and development of a model that links changes in laser spectrum to applied force,DEFORM is used to measure forces in 3D and at depths of hundreds of microns within tumor spheroids and late-stage Drosophila *** furthermore show continuous force sensing with single-cell spatial and millisecond temporal resolution,thus paving the way for non-invasive studies of biomechanical forces in advanced stages of embryogenesis,tissue remodeling,and tumor invasion.

关键词： invasion otherwise hundreds

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Chemotherapy plus percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in patients with inoperable colorectal liver metastases

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world Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2011年第4期3卷 60-66页

作者： joseph Sgouros James Cast krishna k Garadi Maria Belechri David J Breen John RT Monson Anthony Maraveyas Academic Department of Oncology Castle Hill HospitalCottinghamHU16 5JQUnited Kingdom "Agii Anargiri" Cancer Hospital Radiology Department Castle Hill Hospital Academic Department of Oncology Castle Hill Hospital Division of Colorectal Surgery Department of Surgery University of Rochester Medical Center

AIM:To access the efficacy of chemotherapy plus radiofrequency ablation(RFA)as one line of treatment in inoperable colorectal liver ***:Eligible patients were included in three PhaseⅡ*** the first study percutaneous RFA was used first followed by 6 cycles of 5-fluorouracil,leucovorin and irinotecan combination(FOLFIRI)(adjunctive chemotherapy trial).In the other two,chemotherapy(FOLFIRI or 5-fluorouracil,leucovorin and oxaliplatin combination)up to 12 cycles was used first with percutaneous RFA offered to responding patients (primary chemotherapy trials).RESULTS:Thirteen patients were included in the adjunctive chemotherapy trial and 17 in the other *** inclusion they had 1-4 liver metastases(up to 6.5 cm in size).Two patients died during *** patients in the adjunctive chemotherapy trial and 44%in the primary chemotherapy studies had their metastases *** PFS and overall survival in the adjunctive study were 13 and 24 mo respectively while in the primary chemotherapy studies they were 10 and 21 mo *** one percent of the patients had tumour relapse in at least one previously ablated ***:Chemotherapy plus RFA in patients with low volume inoperable colorectal liver metastases seems safe and relatively *** high local recurrence rate is of concern.

关键词： Chemotherapy Colorectal cancer Liver metastases Radiofrequency ablation

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New Copper (II), Palladium (II), and Platinum (II) 2-Acetylpyrazine Tert-Butylthiosemicarbazone Complexes: Inhibition of Human Topoisomerase IIα and Activity against Breast Cancer Cells

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Open Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2022年第1期12卷 1-13页

作者： Edward C. Lisic Sarah N. Grossarth Sarah B. Bowman Jessica L. hill Michael w. Beck joseph E. Deweese Xiaohua Jiang Department of Chemistry Tennessee Technological University Cookeville TN USA Department of Biological Physical and Human Sciences Freed Hardeman University Henderson TN USA

The new ligand, 2-acetylpyrazine-tertbutylthiosemicarbazone (APZ-tBTSC), and its Cu(II), Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes have been synthesized. This ligand coordinates to the metal ions in a tridentate monoanionic fashion forming monometallic complexes with the formula [M(APZ-tBTSC)Cl]. The ligand and the three metal complexes [Cu(APZ-tBTSC)Cl], [Pd(APZ-tBTSC)Cl], and [Pt(APZ-tBTSC)Cl] were tested for anti-proliferative biological behavior with a panel of seven microbes, and the copper and palladium complexes were found to be highly active against Gram positive bacteria. The 4 compounds were also tested in human topoisomerase IIα DNA relaxation assays and all three metal complexes had topoisomerase inhibition at a concentration between 4 - 6 micro-molar. The 4 compounds were also tested for activity with the HEk293T cell line and also the breast cell cancer line, MDA-MB-231. The most effective compound for activity against the HEk293T cell line was the [Cu(APZ-tBTSC)Cl] complex, and the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was the [Pt(APZ-tBTSC)Cl] complex.

关键词： Topoisomerase Breast Cancer α-(N)-Heterocyclic Thiosemicarbazones

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POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES FROM SUPERCRITICAL CO_2 MICROEMULSION POLYMERIZATION

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Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2006年第1期24卷 95-101页

作者： wei-jun Ye Jason S. keiper joseph M. DeSimone NSF Science and Technology Center for Environmentally Responsible Solvents and Processes Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill CB# 3290 Venable Hall Chapel Hill NC 27599-3290 USA Department of Chemical Engineering North Carolina State University P. O. Box 7905 Raleigh NC 27695-7905 USA

Herein, we reported the microemulsion polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide. with the aid of an anionic phosphate fluorosurfactant （bis-[2-（F-hexyl）ethyl]phosphate sodium）, water-soluble/CO2-insoluble acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride monomer and N,N＇-methylene-bisacrylamide cross-linker were solubilized into CO2 continuous phase via the formation of water-in-CO2 （w/c） microemulsion water pools. Initiated by a CO2-soluble initiator, 2,2＇-azo-bisisobutyronitrile （AIBN）, cross-linked poly（acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride） particles were produced and stabilized in these w/c internal water pools. Nano-sized particles with sizes less than 20 nm in diameter and narrow particle size distributions were obtained.

关键词： Supercritical carbon dioxide Nanoparticles Microemulsion polymerization.

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THE GEANT4 VISUALIZATION SYSTEM—A MULTI-DRIVER GRAPHICS SYSTEM

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International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 2013年第S01期4卷 1-19页

作者： JOHN ALLISON LAURENT GARNIER AkINORI kIMURA joseph PER School of Physics and Astronomy The University of Manchester ManchesterM139PLUK and GEANT4 Associates International Ltd.9 Royd Terrace Hebden BridgeHX77BTUK John Laboratoire de l’Acc´el´erateur Lin´eaire 91898 Orsay cedexFrance Ashikaga Institute of Technology 268-1 Omae-choAshikaga CityTochigi 326-8558Japan SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill RoadMenlo ParkCA 94025-7015USA

From the beginning,the Geant4 Visualization System was designed to support several simultaneous graphics systems written to common abstract ***,it has matured into a powerful diagnostic and presentational *** comes with a library of models that may be added to the current scene and which include the representation of the Geant4 geometry hierarchy,simulated trajectories and user-written hits and *** workhorse is the OpenGL suite of drivers for X,Xm,Qt,and *** is an Open Inventor *** can be exported in special graphics formats for offline viewing in the DAwN,VRML,HepRApp and gMocren *** can be generated through OpenGL,Open Inventor,DAwN and ***4’s own tracking algorithms are used by the Ray *** all drivers support all features but all drivers bring added functionality of some *** paper describes the interfaces and details the individual drivers.

关键词： Geant4 simulation radiation modeling graphics ray tracing.

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Nutritional programming of pancreatic β-cell plasticity

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world Journal of Diabetes 2011年第8期2卷 119-126页

作者： David J hill Department of Medicine Physiology and Pharmacology and Paediatrics University of Western Ontario LondonOntario N6A 5B8 Canada Lawson Health Research Institute St. Joseph's Health Care 268 Grosvenor Street London Ontario N6A 4V2Canada

Nutritional insufficiency during pregnancy has been shown to alter the metabolism of the offspring and can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. The phenotype in the offspring involves changes to the morphology and functional capacity of the endocrine pancreas, and in the supporting islet microvasculature. Pancreatic β-cells possess a plastic potential and can partially recover from catastrophic loss. This is partly due to the existence of progenitors within the islets and the ability to generate new islets by neogenesis from the pancreatic ducts. This regenerative capacity is induced by bone marrow-derived stem cells, including endothelial cell progenitors and is associated with increased angiogenesis within the islets. Nutritional insults in early life, such as feeding a low protein diet to the mother, impair the regenerative capacity of the β-cells. The mechanisms underlying this include a reduced ability of β-cells to differentiate from the progenitor population, changes in the inductive signals from the microvasculature and an altered presence of endothelial progenitors. Statin treatment within animal models was associated with angiogenesis in the islet microvasculature, improved vascular function and an increase in β-cell mass. This demonstrates that reversal of the impaired β-cell phenotype observed following nutritional insult in early life is potentially possible.

关键词： Islet β-cell Plasticity Diabetes Nutrition Statin

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Large-diameter trees and deadwood correspond with belowground ectomycorrhizal fungal richness

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Ecological Processes 2023年第1期12卷 31-45页

作者： joseph D.Birch James A.Lutz Soren Struckman Jessica R.Miesel Justine karst Department of Plant Soil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State University1066 Bogue StreetEast LansingMI 48824USA Department of wildland Resources and the Ecology Center Utah State University5230 Old Main HillLoganUT 84322-5230USA Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta751 General Services BuildingEdmontonAB T6G 2H1Canada

Background: Large-diameter trees have an outsized influence on aboveground forest dynamics, composition, and structure. Although their influence on aboveground processes is well studied, their role in shaping belowground fungal communities is largely unknown. we sought to test if (i) fungal community spatial structure matched aboveground forest structure;(ii) fungal functional guilds exhibited differential associations to aboveground trees, snags, and deadwood;and (iii) that large-diameter trees and snags have a larger influence on fungal community richness than smaller-diameter trees. we used MiSeq sequencing of fungal communities collected from soils in a spatially intensive survey in a portion of Cedar Breaks National Monument, Utah, USA. we used random forest models to explore the spatial structure of fungal communities as they relate to explicitly mapped trees and deadwood distributed across 1.15 ha of a 15.32-ha mapped subalpine forest. Results: we found 6,177 fungal amplicon sequence variants across 117 sequenced samples. Tree diameter, dead-wood presence, and tree species identity explained more than twice as much variation (38.7% vs. 10.4%) for ectomy-corrhizal composition and diversity than for the total or saprotrophic fungal communities. Species identity and dis-tance to the nearest large-diameter tree (≥ 40.2 cm) were better predictors of fungal richness than were the identity and distance to the nearest tree. Soil nutrients, topography, and tree species differentially influenced the composition and diversity of each fungal guild. Locally rare tree species had an outsized influence on fungal community richness. Conclusions: These results highlight that fungal guilds are differentially associated with the location, size, and species of aboveground trees. Large-diameter trees are implicated as drivers of belowground fungal diversity, particularly for ectomycorrhizal fungi.

关键词： Belowground ecology Ectomycorrhizal fungi Pinus flexilis Pinus longaeva Saprotrophic fungi Smithsonian ForestGEO Spatial dynamics Utah Forest Dynamics Plot

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Intra-day variability of three Seyfert galaxies measured with XMM-Newton

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2019年第8期19卷 31-44页

作者： Ashutosh Tripathi Paul joseph wiita Alok Chandra Gupta Min-Feng Gu Mai Liao Center for Field Theory and Particle Physics and Department of Physics Fudan UniversityShanghai200433China Department of Physics The College of New JerseyP.O.Box7718EwingNJ08628-0718USA kavli Institute for Particle Physics and Cosmology SLAC2575Sand Hill Rd.Menlo ParkCA94025USA Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences(ARIES) Manora PeakNainital-263002India key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology Shanghai Astronomical ObservatoryChinese Academy ofSciencesShanghai200030China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China

we present and analyze the variability of three Seyfert galaxies on intra-day timescales. we have analyzed in a uniform manner the 38 longest(> 30 ks) observations made for NGC 4051, MCG-06–30–15 and NGC 4151 by XMM-Newton between 2000 and 2015. The nuclei were quite active during essentially all of these observations and the overall X-ray fluxes(0.3–10 keV) varied by an order of magnitude. Most of the observations do appear to show characteristic timescales, estimated through their auto-correlation functions, ranging between ~2.9 ks and ~45.3 ks. The hard(2–10 keV) and soft(0.3–2.0 keV) bands are very well correlated but consideration of their hardness ratios shows that the sources typically soften during flares. we also provide new estimates of the central black hole masses for these three AGNs that support the hypothesis that Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxies have relatively small central black holes.

关键词： galaxies:active narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxy (NLSy1):general NLSy1:individual NLSy1:individual:NGC 4051

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Chronic hepatitis B virus monoinfection at a university hospital in Zambia

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world Journal of Hepatology 2018年第9期10卷 622-628页

作者： Michael J Vinikoor Edford Sinkala Annie kanunga Mutinta Muchimba Bright Nsokolo Roma Chilengi Gilles wandeler joseph Mulenga Tina Chisenga Debika Bhattacharya Michael S Saag Graham Foster Michael w Fried Paul kelly Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusaka 50110Zambia Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia Lusaka 34681Zambia Department of Medicine University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL 35294United States Department of Infectious Diseases Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBern 3012Switzerland Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine University of BernBern 3012Switzerland Zambia National Blood Transfusion Service Private Bag RW1X RidgewayLusaka 50110Zambia Zambian Ministry of Health Ndeke HouseLusaka 30205Zambia Department of Medicine University of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90035United States Blizard Institute Barts and The London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of LondonLondon E1 2ATUnited Kingdom Department of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27514United States

AIM To characterize antiviral therapy eligibility among hepatitis B virus(HBV)-infected adults at a university hospital in *** Hepatitis B surface antigen-positive adults(n = 160) who were h IV-negative and referred to the hospital after a routine or clinically-driven HBV test were enrolled. Alanine Aminotransferase(ALT),Aspartate Aminotransferase(AST),platelet count,hepatitis B e-antigen,and HBV DNA were measured. Liver fibrosis/cirrhosis was assessed by physical examination,AST-to-platelet ratio index,and transient elastography. In antiviral therapy-na?ve individuals,we described hBV stages and antiviral therapy eligibility per world health Organization(whO) and by hBV test(routine vs clinical). Elevated ALT was > 19 in women and > 30 U/L in men. Among treatmentexperienced individuals,we described medication side effects,adherence,and viral *** The median age was 33 years,71.9% were men,and 30.9% were diagnosed with HBV through a clinicallydriven test with the remainder identified via routine testing(at the blood bank,community events,etc.). Among 120 treatment-na?ve individuals,2.5% were categorized as immune tolerant,11.7% were immune active,35.6% were inactive carriers,and 46.7% had an indeterminate phenotype. Per whO guidelines,13(10.8%) were eligible for immediate antiviral therapy. The odds of eligibility were eight times higher for those diagnosed at clinical vs routine settings(adjusted odds ratio,8.33; 95%CI: 2.26-29.41). Among 40 treatmentexperienced hBV patients,virtually all took tenofovir,and a history of mild side effects was reported in 20%. Though reported adherence was good,12 of 29(41.4%) had HBV DNA > 20 IU/m L. CONCLUSION Approximately one in ten HBV-monoinfected Zambians were eligible for antivirals. Many had indeterminate phenotype and needed clinical follow-up.

关键词： Hepatitis B virus Liver fibrosis Treatment Tenofovir Africa

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