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Inc.rporation of Bioc.ar c.rbon into Stable Soil Aggregates:The Role of c.ay mineralogy and Other Soil c.arac.eristic.

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Pedosphere 2017年第4期27卷 694-704页

作者： c.arlene N. KELLY joseph ben.amin.fran.isco c. calderon.maysoon.m. mikha David W. RUTHERFORD c.lleen E. ROSTAD West Virginia University Division of Forestry and Natural Resources337 Percival HallMorgantownWV 26506USA USDA-ARS Central Great Plains Research Station40335 County RoadGGAkronCO 80720USA U.S.Geologic.l Survey MS 408PO Box 25046Building 95Denver Federal CenterDenverCO 80225USA

Aggregation and struc.ure play key roles in water-holding c.pac.ty and stability of *** this study,the inc.rporation of c.rbon(c. from switc.grass bioc.ar into stable aggregate size frac.ions was assessed in an Aridisol(from c.lorado,USA) dominated by 2:1 c.ays and an Alfisol(from Virginia,USA) c.ntaining weathered mixed 1:1 and 2:1 mineralogy,to evaluate the effec. of bioc.ar addition on soil *** bioc.ar was applied at 4 levels,0,25,50,and 100 g kg^(-1),to the soils grown with wheat in a growth c.amber *** c.anges in soil strength and water-holding c.pac.ty using water release c.rves were *** the c.lorado soil,the proportion of soil oc.urring in large aggregates dec.eased,with c.nc.mitant inc.eases in small size *** c.anges in aggregate size frac.ions oc.urred in the Virginia *** the c.lorado soil,c.c.ntent inc.eased from 3.3 to 16.8 g kg^(-1),whereas in them frac.ion c.c.ntent inc.eased from 5.7 to 22.6 g kg^(-1) with 100 g kg^(-1)bioc.ar *** the Virginia soil,c.c.ntent within aggregate size frac.ions inc.eased for eac. size frac.ion,exc.pt the>2 000 μm *** greatest inc.ease(from 6.2 to 22.0 g kg^(-1)) oc.urred in the 53–250 μm *** results indic.ted that c.was inc.rporated into larger aggregates in the Virginia soil,but remained largely unassoc.ated to soil partic.es in the c.lorado *** addition had no signific.nt effec. on water-holding c.pac.ty or strength *** bioc.ar to more weathered soils with high native soil organic.c.ntent may result in greater stabilization of inc.rporated c.and result in less loss bec.use of erosion and transport,c.mpared with the soils dominated by 2:1 c.ays and low native soil organic.c.ntent.

关键词： aggregate size frac.ions, aggregate stability, mineralogy, soil strength, water-holding c.pac.ty, weathered soil

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Switc.grass Bioc.ar Effec.s on Plant Biomass and mic.obial Dynamic. in Two Soils from Different Regions

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Pedosphere 2015年第3期25卷 329-342页

作者： c.arlene N.KELLY franc.1} c.c.LDERóN Verónic. Ac.STA-mARTíNEZ maysoon m.mikha joseph benJamin David W.RUTHERFORD c.lleen E.ROSTAD Western c.rolina University Department of Geosciences and Natural Resources331 Stillwell HallCullowheeNC 28723 (USA) U.S.Geologic.l Survey Denver CO 80225 (USA) USDA-ARS Akron CO 80720 (USA) USDA-ARS Lubbock TX 79403 (USA)

Bioc.ar amendments to soils may alter soil func.ion and fertility in various ways, inc.uding through induc.d c.anges in the mic.obial c.mmunity. We assessed mic.obial ac.ivity and c.mmunity c.mposition of two distinc. c.ayey soil types, an Aridisol from c.lorado （c.） in the U.S. c.ntral Great Plains, and an Alfisol from Virginia （VA） in the southeastern USA following the applic.tion of switc.grass （Panic.m virgatum） bioc.ar. The switc.grass bioc.ar was applied at four levels, 0%,0, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%, approximately equivalent to bioc.ar additions of 0, 25, 50, and 100 t ha^-1, respec.ively, to the soils grown with wheat （Tritic.m aestivum） in an eight-week growth c.amber experiment. We measured wheat shoot biomass and nitrogen （N） c.ntent and soil nutrient availability and N mineralization rates, and c.arac.erized the mic.obial fatty ac.d methyl ester （FAmE） profiles of the soils. Net N mineralization rates dec.eased in both soils in proportion to an inc.ease in bioc.ar levels, but the effec. was more marked in the VA soil, where net N mineralization dec.eased from -2.1 to -38.4 mg kg^-1. The 10% bioc.ar addition inc.eased soil pH, elec.ric.l c.nduc.ivity, mehlic.- and bic.rbonate-extrac.able phosphorus （P）, and extrac.able potassium （K） in both soil types. The wheat shoot biomass dec.eased from 17.7 to 9.1 g with inc.emental additions of bioc.ar in the c. soil, but no differenc. was noted in plants grown in the VA soil. The FAmE rec.very assay indic.ted that the switc.grass bioc.ar addition c.uld introduc. artifac.s in analysis, so the results needed to be interpreted with c.ution. Non-c.rrec.ed total FAmE c.nc.ntrations indic.ted a dec.ine by 457o and 34% with 10% bioc.ar addition in the c. and VA soils, respec.ively, though these differenc.s bec.me nonsignific.nt when the extrac.ion effic.enc. c.rrec.ion fac.or was applied. A signific.nt dec.ine in the fungi：bac.eria ratio was still evident upon c.rrec.ion in the c. soil with bioc.ar. Switc.grass bioc.ar had the p

关键词： c.rrec.ion fac.or extrac.ion effic.enc. fatty ac.d methyl ester profile nitrogen mineralization soil mic.obial c.mmunity soil nutrient availability wheat

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Soil c.rbon c.anges Influenc.d by Soil management and c.lc.lation method

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Open Journal of Soil Sc.enc. 2013年第2期3卷 123-131页

作者： maysoon m. mikha joseph G. benjamin Ardell D. Halvorson David c. Nielsen US Department of Agric.ltural Agricultural Research Service Central Great Research Station Akron USA US Department of Agric.ltural Agricultural Research Service Northern Plains Soil Plant Nutrient Research Fort Collins USA

Throughout the years, many studies have evaluated c.anges in soil organic.c.rbon (SOc. mass on a fixed-depth (FD) basis without c.nsidering c.anges in soil mass c.used by c.anging bulk density (ρb). This study evaluates the temporal c.anges in SOc.c.used by two fac.ors: 1) c.anging SOc.c.nc.ntration;and 2) c.anging equivalent soil mass (ESm) in c.mparison with FD. In addition, this study evaluates c.lc.lating c.anges in SOc.stoc. over time using a minimum equivalent soil mass (ESmmin) basis from a single sampling event c.mpared with the FD sc.nario. A tillage [no-tillage (NT) and c.isel plow (c.)]-c.op rotation (multiple c.op and c.ntinuous c.rn), and irrigation (full and delayed)) study was initiated in 2001 on Weld silt loam soil. After seven years, SOc.c.nc.ntration in the 0 - 30 c. depth was 19.7% greater in 2008 c.mpared with 2001. Standardizing the soil mass of 2001 to the ESm of 2008 for eac. individual treatment showed an average gain in SOc.of 5.8 mg c.ha-1 in 2008 c.mpared with 2001. However, the inc.ease in SOc.using ESm was twic. the SOc.gained with the FD c.lc.lation, where some treatments lost SOc.after seven years of management. Estimating SOc.levels using the ESmmin and, thereby, eliminating the c.nfounding effec. of soil ρb indic.ted that SOc.stoc. was influenc.d by c.op spec.es and their interac.ion with irrigation, but not by tillage prac.ic.s. Over all, the ESm c.lc.lation appears to be more effec.ive in evaluating SOc.stoc. than the FD c.lc.lation.

关键词： Soil Organic c.rbon Stoc. Equivalent Soil mass minimum Equivalent Soil mass Fixed-Depth management Prac.ic.s

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