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Memory for location and visual cues in white-eared hummingbirds Hylocharis leucotis

Current Zoology 2011年第4期57卷 468-476页

作者： Guillermo PEREZ Carlos LARA jose viccon-pale Martha SIGNORET-POILLON Doctorado en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana. Unidad Xochimilco. Calzada del Hueso 1100 Col. Villa Quietud 04960 Moxico D.F. Moxico Laboratorio de Ecologfa de la Conducta Centro Tlaxcala de Biologfa de la Conducta UAT-UNAM Km 1.5 carretera Tlaxcala- Puebla s/n Colonia Xicohtoncatl Apdo. Postal 262 Tlaxcala Tlaxcala 90070 Moxico. Departamento el Hombre y su Ambiente. Universidad Autdnoma Metropolitana. Unidad Xochimilco. Calzada del Hueso 1100 Col. Villa Quietud 04960 MExico D.F. Mexico

In nature hummingbirds face floral resources whose availability, quality and quantity can vary spatially and temporally. Thus, they must constantly make foraging decisions about which patches, plants and flowers to visit, partly as a function of the nectar reward. The uncertainty of these decisions would possibly be reduced if an individual could remember locations or use visual cues to avoid revisiting recently depleted flowers. In the present study, we carried out field experiments with white-eared hummingbirds Hylocharis leucotis, to evaluate their use of locations or visual cues when foraging on natural flowers Penstemon roseus. We evaluated the use of spatial memory by observing birds while they were foraging between two plants and within a single plant. Our results showed that hummingbirds prefer to use location when foraging in two plants, but they also use visual cues to efficiently locate unvisited rewarded flowers when they feed on a single plant. However, in absence of visual cues, in both experiments birds mainly used the location of previously visited flowers to make subsequent visits. Our data suggest that hummingbirds are capable of learning and employing this flexibility depending on the faced environmental conditions and the information acquired in previous visits [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 468-476, 2011].

关键词： Visual cues Location White-eared hummingbird Foraging

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Oral granular cell tumor： clinicopathologic features of a case series

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中国口腔颌面外科杂志 2008年第B5期6卷 208-209页

作者： Danyel E. C. Perez jose D. Prado Faibio A. Alves Department of Stomatology Hospital A. C. Camargo Sao Paulo Brazil Oral Pathology Division University of Ribeirao Preto (UNA ERP) Ribeirao Preto Brazil

Purpose: Oral granular cell tumor (OGCT) is a rare benign lesion originates from Schwann cells。It occurs most frequently in the tongue of patients between the fourth and sixth decades of life。Most papers report single cases, with few series published。The aim of the study was to describe the clinicopathologic features of a series of OGCT。Methods: All cases with diagnosis of OGCT from files of Department of Stomatology, Hospital A。C。Camargo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, were selected for the study。Clinical data were obtained from the medical records and microscopic slides were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis。Results: There were 18 cases of OGCT, 11 (61%) of the male gender and 7 (39%) of female gender, with a mean age of 41 years (range, 13 to 62)。Sixteen patients (90%) complained of a painless nodule and the mean time of complaints, evaluated in 15 patients, was 11 months (range, 2 to 60 months)。Sixteen cases (90%) occur in the tongue, 1 (5%) in the buccal mucosa and 1 (5%) in lower gingiva。The mean size of the tumors was 0.9 cm (range, 0.3 to 2.0 cm)。All cases were treated by surgical excision, without recurrence of the lesion。Microscopically, the lesions presented large cells, with granular, eosinophilic, pale and abundant cytoplasm。The epithelium that recovered the lesion showed frequently pseudo-epitheliomatous hyperplasia。Conclusion: The OGCT affects predominantly the tongue of male patients and presents excellent prognosis。Microscopically, the lesions must be carefully examined in order to avoid equivocal diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma, since that pseudo-epitheliomatous hyperplasia is a common finding。

关键词：口腔癌细胞癌治疗方法临床病理学

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