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Probabilistic Load Flow Considering Correlation between Generation, Loads and Wind Power

Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2011年第1期2卷 12-20页

作者： Daniel Villanueva Andrés Feijóo jos. Luis Pazos Departamento de Enxeneria Electrica Universidade de Vigo

In this paper a procedure is established for solving the Probabilistic Load Flow in an electrical power network, considering correlation between power generated by power plants, loads demanded on each bus and power injected by wind farms. The method proposed is based on the generation of correlated series of power values, which can be used in a MonteCarlo simulation, to obtain the probability density function of the power through branches of an electrical network.

关键词： Correlation Monte Carlo Simulation Probabilistic Load Flow Wind Power Wind Farm

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Analysis of Benzene Exposure Levels on Commuters Traveling within the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica

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open Journal of Air Pollution 2015年第1期4卷 38-46页

作者： Wendy Villalobos-Gonzalez Germain Esquivel-Hernandez Ricardo Sanchez-Murillo jos. Leonardo Corrales-Salazar Juan Valdes-Gonzalez Laboratorio de Química de la Atmosfera Universidad Nacional Escuela de Química Heredia Costa Rica Grupo de Investigación en Isotopos Estables Universidad Nacional Escuela de Química Heredia Costa Rica

This study reports the benzene exposure levels of commuters traveling within the metropolitan area of Costa Rica using personal cars, buses, and urban trains. 47 in-vehicle samples were collected in the 2014 wet season under three different driving conditions: rush hour traffic, normal traffic and weekends. Samples were collected in Tedlar bags and analyzed using 75 μm carboxenpolydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Additionally, duplicate samples were collected on adsorption tubes filled with Tenax TA and analyzed by thermal desorption (TD) and GC-FID. Results indicate that travelling in cars and buses under rush hour conditions exposes commuters to statistically equal average benzene concentration of 48.7 and 51.6 μg/m3, respectively. Average benzene levels in urban trains (33.0 μg/m3) were measured only during morning rush hours. Greater benzene levels in buses than personal cars concentrations may be attributable to the immersion of traffic-related emission within the bus cabins. Factors, such as the driving pattern, the number of vehicles on the route, the road infrastructure, and the prevalence of gasoline-fueled vehicles in Costa Rica, may increase ambient benzene concentrations. Benzene levels inside car cabins reported in this study are in the range of those reported in other urban areas;however, the corresponding concentrations inside buses and urban trains (rush hour only) are higher than previously published exposure levels.

关键词： Costa Rica Benzene Exposure Levels Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) Traffic Hours Commuters Exposure

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