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GOECP/SEOR radiotherapy guidelines for small-cell lung cancer

World Journal of Clinical Oncology 2021年第3期12卷 115-143页

作者： Felipe Couñago Carolina de la Pinta Susana Gonzalo Castalia Fernández Piedad Almendros Patricia Calvo Begoña Taboada antonio Gómez-Caamaño joséluis lópez Guerra Marisa Chust joséantonio GonzálezFerreira AnaÁlvarez González Francesc Casas Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud MadridHospital La LuzUniversidad Europea de MadridMadrid 28223MadridSpain Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital Universitario Ramón y CajalMadrid 28034Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital Universitario La PrincesaMadrid 28006Spain Department of Radiation Oncology GenesisCare MadridMadrid 28043Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital General UniversitarioValencia 46014Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital Clínico Universitario Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela 15706Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocíoSevilla 41013Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Fundación Instituto Valenciano de OncologíaValencia 46009Spain Department of Radiation Oncology GenesisCare-SpainSevilla 41092Spain Department of Radiation Oncology HGU Gregorio MarañónMadrid 28007Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Thoracic UnitHospital ClinicBarcelona 08036Spain

Small cell lung cancer(SClC)accounts for approximately 20%of all lung *** main treatment is chemotherapy(Ch).However,the addition of radiotherapy significantly improves overall survival(OS)in patients with non-metastatic SClC and in those with metastatic SClC who respond to *** cranial irradiation reduces the risk of brain metastases and improves OS in both metastatic and non-metastatic *** 5-year OS rate in patients with limited-stage disease(non-metastatic)is slightly higher than 30%,but less than 5%in patients with extensive-stage disease(metastatic).The present clinical guidelines were developed by Spanish radiation oncologists on behalf of the Oncologic Group for the Study of lung Cancer/Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology to provide a current review of the diagnosis,planning,and treatment of *** guidelines emphasise treatment fields,radiation techniques,fractionation,concomitant treatment,and the optimal timing of Ch and ***,we discuss the main indications for reirradiation in local recurrence.

关键词： Small cell lung cancer Chemotherapy Hyperfractionated radiation therapy Prophylactic brain irradiation Brain metastases Reirradiation

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Effect of Citric Acid, Phytase and Calcium levels on the Calcium and Phosphorus Content in Egg: Yolk-Albumen and Shell, Yolk Color and Egg Quality in Diets of laying Hens

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2016年第14期7卷 1364-1374页

作者： lily M. Vargas-Rodríguez Jesús E. Morales-Barrera josé G. Herrera-Haro Juan antonio-Bautista Roberto lópez-Pozos David Hernández-Sánchez Instituto de Recursos Genéticos y Productividad (IREGEP) Colegio de Postgraduados Texcoco México Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco D.F. México México División de Ingeniería en Procesos Bioalimentarios Universidad Tecnológica de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca Oaxaca México licenciatura en Zootecnia Universidad del Mar. Puerto Escondido Oaxaca México

To evaluate the effect of different levels of citric acid (CA) combined with phytase and calcium levels in the diets of laying hens on the calcium and phosphorus (P) contents of eggs: yolk-albumen and shell, yolk color and egg quality. A study was conducted with 24-week-old laying hens fed with a diet based on sorghum and soybean meal with 2.7 Mcal of EM/kg, 15% crude protein, 3.25% calcium and 0.25% available P. The levels of CA, phytase and calcium were 0%, 0.6% and 1.2%;0 and 300 units of phytase (PHYU)/kg;and 3.0% and 3.25%, respectively. Phytase was added as an ingredient into to the diets, contributing 0.1% P and 0.3% calcium. A completely randomized factorial experiment was performed with a 3 × 2 × 2 design and 4 replications. The CA increased (P ll, and the combination of 1.2% CA, 300 PHYU phytase and 3.25% calcium increased (P lcium in the eggshell. There was a CA × phytase × calcium interaction (P lk pigmentation;there were no differences in egg quality. It was concluded that adding CA to the diets of laying hens increases eggshell calcium content, and improves the phytase response. 1.2% CA × Phytase × 3.25% calcium significantly increases shell calcium by 0.56 g. Under the conditions of the present investigation, it would imply greater resistance of the eggs to be broken in the handling from the farm to the sales centers and consumer. Phytase interacts negatively with 0.6% CA at low calcium levels to degrade the yellow pigmentation of the yolk.

关键词： Citric Acid Phytase Calcium laying Hens Eggshell

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Chronic Administration of the Resveratrol or N-PEP-12 Ameliorates the Endothelial Dysfunction in Aging Rats

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2014年第1期5卷 69-74页

作者： Gonzalo Flores josue Hernández-Cabrera Celeste Santamaria-Juarez Rubén antonio Vázquez-Roque Elizabeth Monserrat-Hernández Ma. De Jesús Gómez-Villalobos Jorge Flores-Hernández Fausto Atonal-Flores josé Gustavo lópez-lópez Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla México Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla México Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla México. Instituto de Fisiología Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla México Instituto de Fisiología Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla México

Here we investigated the effects of chronic treated with resveratrol, a polyphenol (3,4’,5-trihydroxystilbene) found in more than 70 plant species and food products such as red grapes, berries and peanuts, or N-PEP-12, a mix of peptides, on arteries in aging rats. Aging rats have shown endothelial dysfunction. Aged Sprague-Dawley rats (18 months old) were treated with resveratrol (20 mg/kg/day by gavage) or N-PEP-12 (60 mg/kg/day by gavage) for 10 weeks. 24 hours after the last administration of resveratrol or N-PEP-12, the animals were weighed and diastolic and systolic blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography. Thoracic and abdominal aorta artery segments were obtained from resveratrol-, N-PEP-12-and vehicle-treated rats and were mounted in isometric tension for isolated vessels. We found that resveratrol and N-PEP-12 improved acetylcholine-induced relaxation in the old animals. These results suggest that chronic administration of resveratrol or N-PEP-12 may in part reduce endothelial dysfunction in the aging.

关键词： Resveratrol N-PEP-12 Aging Vascular Endothelium Blood Pressure

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Vapor Phase Decarbonylation of Furfural to Furan over Nickel Supported on SBA-15 Silica Catalysts

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Modern Research in Catalysis 2016年第3期5卷 85-94页

作者： Diana Vargas-Hernández Juan Miguel Rubio-Caballero Ramon Moreno-Tost josefa María Mérida-Robles josé Santamaría-González antonio Jiménez-lópez María Ana Pérez-Cruz Rosario Hernández-Huesca Pedro Maireles-Torres Catedrática CONACYT—Universidad de Sonora Hermosillo México Departamento de Química Inorgánica Cristalografía y Minerología (Unidad Asociada al ICP-CSIC) Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla México

Vapor-phase transformations of furfural over SBA-15 silica supported Ni catalysts under H2 in a continuous-flow reactor at atmospheric pressure and 170°C and 230°C were investigated. Two different samples having Ni loadings of 5 and 20 wt% (denoted here by SBA-5Ni and SBA-20Ni, respectively) were prepared by impregnation and characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy, N2 sorption analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Furan and furfuryl alcohol were two primary products resulting, respectively, from decarbonylation and hydrogenation of furfural. Under the conditions of the study, both reactions exhibited structure sensitivity evidenced by changes in product selectivities with variable Ni loadings. Compared with SBA-20Ni, the 5 wt% Ni catalyst showed better catalytic activity, reaching a furfural conversion of 100 mol% and a selectivity to furan of 98 mol%, after 5 h of time-on-stream at 230°C.

关键词： Ni-SBA-15 Furfural Hydrogenation Furan Furfuryl Alcohol

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Microhabitat heterogeneity associated with Vanilla *** its influences on the microbial community of leaf litter and soil

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Soil Ecology letters 2020年第3期2卷 195-208页

作者： Gabriela Montes de Oca-Vasquez Frank Solano-Campos Bernal Azofeifa-Bolanos Amelia Paniagua-Vasquez jose Vega-Baudrit antonio Ruiz-Navarro Ruben lopez-Mondejar Felipe Bastida National Nanotechnology laboratory National Center for High Technology10109 PavasSan JoseCosta Rica School of Biological Sciences Universidad NacionalCampus Omar Dengo86-3000 HerediaCosta Rica Asociacion Nacional de Vainilleros Unidos San JoseCosta Rica Instituto de Investigacion y Servicios Forestales Universidad Nacional86-3000 HerediaCosta Rica laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology School of ChemistryUniversidad NacionalCampus Omar Dengo86-3000 HerediaCosta Rica CEBAS-CSIC Department of Soil and Water ConservationCampus Universitario de Espinardo30100MurciaSpain laboratory of Environmental Microbiology Institute of Microbiology of the CASVidenska 1083Praha 414220Czech Republic

The impact of forest microhabitats on physiochemical properties of the soil and that of microbial communities on tropical soils remain poorly *** elucidate the effect of tropical forest stand on leaf litter and soil microbial communities,we studied enzyme activities,microbial biomass,and diversity in three distinct microhabitats in terms of plant richness,diameter at breast height(DBH),and physiochemical properties of soil and litter,each associated with a different Vanilla *** the soil,positive correlations were found between electrical conductivity(EC)and total organic carbon(TOC)with phosphatase activity,and between nitrogen(N)and water-soluble carbon(WSC)content with urease activity(UA).In the litter,the water content was positively correlated with bacterial and fungal biomass,and N and WSC contents were positively correlated with fungal *** correlations were found between plant richness and UA in the soil,plant richness and fungal biomass in the soil and litter,and DBH and fungal biomass in the *** sequencing revealed differences between microhabitats in the relative abundance of some fungal and bacterial taxa and in the bacterial community composition of both litter and *** richness and diversity were different between microhabitats,and,in litter samples,they were negatively correlated with DBH and plant richness,*** contrast,none of the soil and litter physiochemical properties were significantly correlated with microbial *** results show that significant shifts in enzyme activity,microbial biomass,and diversity in the microhabitats were driven by key abiotic and biotic factors depending on the soil or litter sample type.

关键词： Tropical rainforest Enzyme activity Microbial community composition Microbial biomass Plant richness

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Combining Ability and Heterosis in Corn Breeding lines to Forage and Grain

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第6期5卷 845-856页

作者： Cesar guerrero guerrero Miguel A. Gallegos Robles josé Guadalupe luna Ortega Ignacio Orona Castillo Cirilo Vázquez Vázquez Mario García Carrillo Alejandro Moreno Resendez Anselmo González Torres Catederatico de la Universidad Politécnica de la Región Laguna México Catederaticos de la UAAAAUl Torreon México Direccion General de Educación Tecnológica Industrial Torreón México Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango Venecia Dgo México

This study was conducted in two stages, in 2006 the formation of cross, in the experimental field of the Universidad Autonoma Agraria antonio Narro Unidad laguna (UAAANUl), and the evaluation of the same in 2007;at two locations with three environments, a locality was the experimental field of UAAANUl during spring and summer cycles and another location was the Niagara, Municipality of Aguascalientes, during the spring cycle. The genetic material used consisted of three groups of lines: the first group formed by four lines from the UAAANUl, the second group, two lines from INIFAP, and the third group, 10 lines of the International Center for Maize Improvement and Wheat (CIMMYT). The main objective was to estimate the effects of general combining ability (GCA) of the lines, and the specific combining ability (SCA) of their crosses and heterosis, to estimate its use in a breeding program. Estimates of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were obtained using an analysis of line x line. To forage yield (FY), B-40 (16.84 t·ha-1) and AN-447 (1.54 t·ha-1) and to grain yield (GY), AN-388R (2.31 t·ha-1) had the greatest effect of GCA in both types of yield. The greatest effects of SCA for (FY) were cross AN-447XCMl-264 (17.56 t·ha-1) and AN-388RXCMl-319 (16.54 t·ha-1), in (GY) were cross AN-447XCMl-315 (1.94 t·ha-1) and B-40XCMl-319 (1.78 t·ha-1). For heterosis, higher value in forage yield was cross AN-447XCMl-264 (20.7%), in grain yield, were B-40XCMl-319 (27.1%) and B-32XCMl-319 (22.1%) crosses. These results show that it is possible to structure a hybrid program using best lines from CIMMYT, INIFAP and UAAANUl.

关键词： Zea mays l. Hybrids Genetic Material Crosses SCA

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西班牙猛禽生态毒理学:持久性环境污染物综述

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AMBIO－人类环境杂志 2008年第6期37卷 414-421页

作者： antonio J.García-Fernández josé F.Calvo Emma Martínez-lópez Pedro María-Mojica josé E.Martínez 高孟绪西班牙穆尔西亚(Murcia)大学

在西班牙进行环境污染物对猛禽种群压力的最早研究可追溯到20世纪80年代,通过多种角度使用多种前哨猛禽物种。然而,由于没有国家的监测计划,所以研究无论在时间或是空间上都是零星的。对金属的暴露并没有随着时间的推移变化,但存于卵和... 详细信息

在西班牙进行环境污染物对猛禽种群压力的最早研究可追溯到20世纪80年代,通过多种角度使用多种前哨猛禽物种。然而,由于没有国家的监测计划,所以研究无论在时间或是空间上都是零星的。对金属的暴露并没有随着时间的推移变化,但存于卵和组织中的铅浓度有所减少。一般来说,在西班牙猛禽样本中检测到的金属浓度通常很低,不足以产生毒副作用。除DDT和DDE,在过去的20年中西班牙猛禽类中大部分以有机氯为基础的杀虫剂已经减少。在几个不同物种的卵中所发现的DDE浓度可以部分地解释在西班牙猛禽能够成功繁殖的原因。

关键词：环境污染物猛禽类西班牙生态毒理学持久性综述金属浓度毒副作用

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Innovate combination of sevoflurane dilution in dimethyl sulfoxide: A stability study by gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance

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World Journal of Pharmacology 2016年第3期5卷 59-67页

作者： F Dámaso Fernández-Ginés Sergio García-Mu?oz Héctor Mateo-Carrasco Miguel ángel Rincón-Cervera Manuel Corti?as-Sáenz josé antonio Morales-Molina Carmen Fernández-Sánchez Juan Miguel Expósito-lópez Ignacio Rodríguez-García Department of Pharmacy Torrecárdenas Hospital University of Almería Aseptic Services Unit Department of Pharmacy Northampton General Hospital Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology University of Chile Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management Torrecárdenas Hospital Department of Pharmacy Agencia Pública Empresarial Sanitaria Hospital de Poniente Department of Chemistry and Physics University of Almería

To investigate physicochemical stability of sevofuranein dimethyl sulfoxide using gas chromatography with a fame ionization detector and nuclear magnetic reso-nance （NMR）.METHODSUndiluted sevoflurane, plus dilutions 1：2, 1：5, 1：10, 1：25, and 1：50 in dimethyl sulfoxide were prepared in a vertical laminar fow cabinet class Ⅱ type B and stored at different temperatures （23 ℃, 6 ℃, and -10 ℃） for 45 d. Sterile 1 ml polypropylene amber syringes to minimize light degradation, caps and needles were used. The presence of sevofurane and its degradation products in the samples was determined by gas chroma-tography with flame ionization detector （260 ℃, 40min）, and by 1H, 19F, and proton-decoupled 19F nuclearmagnetic *** The gas chromatography analysis showed sevofluraneand dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO） retention times were 2.7and 13.0 min, respectively. Pure DMSO injection into thecolumn resulted in two additional peaks at 2.1 and 2.8min. The same sevofurane peak at 2.7 min was observedin all the dilutions at -10 ℃, 4 ℃ and 25 ℃. The NMRspectra showed signals consistent with the sevoflurane structure in all the dilutions at -10 ℃, 4 ℃ and 25 ℃. In the 1H spectrum, two signals corresponding to the sevoflurane molecule were observed at 5.12 and 4.16 parts per million （ppm5）. In the 19F-NMR spectrum, two signals were observed at -76.77 ppm and -157.13 ppm. In the 19F NMR CPD, two signals were observed at -76.77 ppm and -157.13 ppm. The first one showed a doublet （JF-F = 3.1 Hz） which integrated by six fluorine nuclei from the hexafluoro-isopropyl group. The second signal was integrated by a fuorine atom and showed a septuplet （JF-F = 3.1 Hz）.CONClUSIONThis study shows that different concentrations ofsevofurane in dimethyl sulfoxide retain their chemicalcomposition after exposure to different temperaturesfor a period of 45 d.

关键词： Sevoflurane Dimethyl sulfoxide Uclear magnetic resonance Gas chromatography Skin ulcers Drug stability

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Dendritic cell deficiencies persist seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2021年第9期18卷 2128-2139页

作者： Alberto Pérez-Gómez Joana Vitallé Carmen Gasca-Capote Alicia Gutierrez-Valencia María Trujillo-Rodriguez Ana Serna-Gallego Esperanza Muñoz-Muela María de los Reyes Jiménez-leon Mohamed Rafii-El-Idrissi Benhnia Inmaculada Rivas-Jeremias Cesar Sotomayor Cristina Roca-Oporto Nuria Espinosa Carmen Infante-Domínguez Juan Carlos Crespo-Rivas Alberto Fernández-Villar Alexandre Pérez-González luis Fernando lópez-Cortés Eva Poveda Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos joséMiguel Cisneros Sonsoles Salto-Alejandre Judith Berastegui-Cabrera Pedro Camacho-Martínez Carmen Infante-Domínguez Marta Carretero-ledesma Juan Carlos Crespo-Rivas Eduardo Márquez joséManuel lomas Claudio Bueno Rosario Amaya joséantonio lepe Jerónimo Pachón Elisa Cordero Javier Sánchez-Céspedes Manuela Aguilar-Guisado Almudena Aguilera Clara Aguilera Teresa Aldabo-Pallas Verónica Alfaro-lara Cristina Amodeo Javier Ampuero María Dolores Avilés Maribel Asensio Bosco Barón-Franco lydia Barrera-Pulido Rafael Bellido-Alba Máximo Bernabeu-Wittel Candela Caballero-Eraso Macarena Cabrera Enrique Calderón Jesús Carbajal-guerrero Manuela Cid-Cumplido Yael Corcia-Palomo Juan Delgado antonio Domínguez-Petit Alejandro Deniz Reginal Dusseck-Brutus Ana Escoresca-Ortega Fátima Espinosa Nuria Espinosa Michelle Espinoza Carmen Ferrándiz-Millón Marta Ferrer Teresa Ferrer Ignacio Gallego-Texeira Rosa Gámez-Mancera Emilio García Horacio García-Delgado Manuel García-Gutiérrez María luisa Gascón-Castillo Aurora González-Estrada Demetrio González Carmen Gómez-González Rocío González-león Carmen Grande-Cabrerizo Sonia Gutiérrez Carlos Hernández-Quiles Inmaculada Concepción Herrera-Melero Marta Herrero-Romero luis Jara Carlos Jiménez-Juan Silvia Jiménez-Jorge Mercedes Jiménez-Sánchez Julia lanseros-Tenllado Carmina lópez Isabel lópez Álvaro lópez-Barrios luis F.lópez-Cortés Rafael luque-Márquez Daniel Macías-García Guillermo Martín-Gutiérrez luis Martín-Villén joséMolina Aurora Morillo María Dolores Navarro-Amuedo Dolores Nieto-Martín Francisco Ortega María Paniagua-García Amelia Peña-Rodríguez E Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases Microbiology and Preventive MedicineInstitute of Biomedicine of Seville(IBiS)Virgen del Rocío University HospitalCSICUniversity of SevilleSevilleSpain Department of Medical Biochemistry Molecular Biologyand ImmunologySchool of MedicineUniversity of SevilleSevilleSpain Pneumology Service Galicia Sur Health Research Instituto(IIS Galicia Sur)SERGAS-UVigoVigoSpain Infectious Diseases Unit Department of Internal MedicineComplexo HospitalarioUniversitario de VigoIIS Galicia SurSERGAS-UVigoVigoSpain Group of Virology and Pathogenesis Galicia Sur Health Research Institute(IIS Galicia Sur)-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de VigoSERGAS-UVigoVigoSpain Unit of Infectious Diseases Microbiologyand Preventive MedicineVirgen del Rocío University HospitalSevilleSpain Institute of Biomedicine of Seville(IBiS) Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of SevilleSevilleSpain Medico-Surgical Unit of Respiratory Diseases Virgen del Rocío University HospitalSevilleSpain Unit of Emergencies Virgen del Rocío University HospitalSevilleSpain Intensive Care Unit Virgen del Rocío University HospitalSevilleSpain Department of Medicine University of SevilleSevilleSpain Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Unit Virgen del Rocío University HospitalSevilleSpain Rheumatology Unit Virgen del Rocío University HospitalSevilleSpain Internal Medicine Unit Virgen del Rocío University HospitalSevilleSpain Digestive and Hepatobiliary Unit Virgen del Rocío University HospitalSevilleSpain Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit Virgen del Rocío University HospitalSevilleSpain Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit Virgen del Rocío University HospitalSevilleSpain Urology and Nephrology Unit Virgen del Rocío University HospitalSevilleSpain Unit of Clinical Investigation and Clinical Trials Virgen del Rocío University HospitalSevilleSpain

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus(SARS-CoV)-2 infection induces an exacerbated inflammation driven by innate immunity *** cells(DCs)play a key role in the defense against viral infections,for instance plasmacytoid DCs(pDCs),have the capacity to produce vast amounts of interferon-alpha(IFN-α).In COVID-19 there is a deficit in DC numbers and IFN-αproduction,which has been associated with disease *** this work,we described that in addition to the DC deficiency,several DC activation and homing markers were altered in acute COVID-19 patients,which were associated with multiple inflammatory ***,previously hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients remained with decreased numbers of CD1c+myeloid DCs and pDCs seven months after SARS-CoV-2 ***,the expression of DC markers such as CD86 and CD4 were only restored in previously nonhospitalized patients,while no restoration of integrinβ7 and indoleamine 2,3-dyoxigenase(IDO)levels were *** findings contribute to a better understanding of the immunological sequelae of COVID-19.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Dendritic cell long-COVID

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Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections:Importance of high vancomycin minumum inhibitory concentrations

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World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2015年第2期5卷 14-29页

作者： Alejandra Morales-Cartagena antonio lalueza Francisco lópez-Medrano Rafael San Juan josé María Aguado Infectious Diseases Unit Department of MedicineUniversity Hospital 12 de Octubre

Staphylococcus aureus(SA) infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality despite the availability of numerous effective anti-staphylococcal *** organism is responsible for both nosocomial and community-acquired infections ranging from relatively minor skin and soft tissue infections to life-threateningsystemic *** increasing incidence of methicillin-resistant strains has granted an increasing use of vancomycin causing a covert progressive increase of its minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)(dubbed the MIC "creep").In this way,the emergence of vancomycinintermediate SA(VISA) strains and heteroresistantVISA has raised concern for the scarcity of alternative treatment *** alarming,though fortunately less frequent,is the emergence of vancomycin-resistant *** strains show different mechanisms of resistance but have similar problems in terms of therapeutic ***,various debate issues have arisen regarding the emergence of SA strains with a minimum inhibitory concentration sitting on the superior limit of the sensitivity range(i.e.,MIC = 2 μg/ml).These strains have shown certain resilience to vancomycin and a different clinical behaviour regardless of vancomycin use,both in methicillin-resistant SA and in methicillin-sensitive *** aim of this text is to revise the clinical impact and consequences of the emergence of reduced vancomycin susceptibility SA strains,and the different optimal treatment options known.

关键词： Staphylococcus aureus Minimum inhibitory concentration Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Heteroresistant-vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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