Characterizing the diversity and structure of host–parasite communities is crucial to understandingtheir eco-evolutionary *** and related haemosporidian parasites are responsible forfitness loss and mortality in bird...
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Characterizing the diversity and structure of host–parasite communities is crucial to understandingtheir eco-evolutionary *** and related haemosporidian parasites are responsible forfitness loss and mortality in bird species ***,despite exhibiting the greatest ornithologicalbiodiversity,avian haemosporidians from Neotropical regions are quite ***,we analyze the genetic diversity of bird haemosporidian parasites(Plasmodium andHaemoproteus)in 1,336 individuals belonging to 206 bird species to explore for differences in diversityof parasite lineages and bird species across 5 well-differentiated Peruvian *** 70 different haemosporidian lineages infecting 74 bird *** showed that 25 out ofthe 70 haplotypes had not been previously ***,we also identified 81 new host–parasite interactions representing new host records for these haemosporidian *** outcomesrevealed that the effective diversity(as well as the richness,abundance,and Shannon–Weaver index)for both birds and parasite lineages was higher in Amazon basin ***,we also showed that ecoregions with greater diversity of bird species also had highparasite richness,hence suggesting that host community is crucial in explaining parasite *** parasites were found in ecoregions with lower bird diversity,implying that the abundanceand richness of hosts may shape the exploitation strategy followed by haemosporidian *** outcomes reveal that Neotropical region is a major reservoir of unidentified *** studies analyzing host distribution and specificity of these parasites inthe tropics will provide important knowledge about phylogenetic relationships,phylogeography,and patterns of evolution and distribution of haemosporidian parasites.
Oil production and mainte nance are essential issues in naturally fractured reservoirs because they are the largest and most productive on ***,they present early water and gas channeling but could be remediated by usi...
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Oil production and mainte nance are essential issues in naturally fractured reservoirs because they are the largest and most productive on ***,they present early water and gas channeling but could be remediated by using foaming agents to control these phenomena through blocking channeling *** Mexico these reservoirs have pressure up to 5,500 psi,high temperature up to 200℃,salinity up to400,000 ppm,and hardness up to 250,000 ppm;due to these thermodynamic conditions,there has been no available technology to form stable enough *** this work,a foaming supramolecular surfactant with the capability to chelate Ca^(2+)ions is *** a result,surfactant monomers are bridged by captured Ca^(2+)cations leading to the formation of high-molecular-weight oligomers,which significantly increment the viscosity of the solution improving the foam stability,and since at this manner the Ca2+cations are no longer available to precipitate as components of solid salts,the foaming supramolecular surfactant also performs as *** observations are explained through quantum theoretical *** foam is stable,effectively blocking the gas channels,whereas in presence of oil the foam is broken leading the oil to pass into the *** characteristic rheological properties of the foam allow its injection into the formation at a range of flow rates,foam qualities,and shear stress to achieve the flooding and the blocking of a variety of fractured carbonate formations,and the change of the wettability of the matrix,which is a desirable behavior in a huff and puff process,as reported in a previous publication about a successful pilot test of this foam.
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