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Optimal Cyber Attack Strategy Using Reinforcement Learning Based on Common Vulnerability Scoring System

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CMES-COMPUTER MODELING IN ENGINEERING & SCIENCES 2024年第2期141卷 1551-1574页

作者： kim, Bum-Sok suk, Hye-Won Choi, Yong-Hoon Moon, Dae-Sung kim, Min-suk Sangmyung Univ Dept Elect Informat & Syst Engn Cheonan 31066 South Korea Sangmyung Univ Dept Human Intelligence Robot Engn Cheonan 31066 South Korea Elect & Telecommun Res Inst Intelligent Convergence Res Lab Daejeon 34129 South Korea

Currently, cybersecurity threats such as data breaches and phishing have been on the rise due to the many different attack strategies of cyber attackers, significantly increasing risks to individuals and organizations. Traditional security technologies such as intrusion detection have been developed to respond to these cyber threats. Recently, advanced integrated cybersecurity that incorporates Artificial Intelligence has been the focus. In this paper, we propose a response strategy using a reinforcement-learning-based cyber-attack-defense simulation tool to address continuously evolving cyber threats. Additionally, we have implemented an effective reinforcement-learning-based cyber-attack scenario using Cyber Battle Simulation, which is a cyber-attack-defense simulator. This scenario involves important security components such as node value, cost, firewalls, and services. Furthermore, we applied a new vulnerability assessment method based on the Common Vulnerability Scoring System. This approach can design an optimal attack strategy by considering the importance of attack goals, which helps in developing more effective response strategies. These attack strategies are evaluated by comparing their performance using a variety of Reinforcement Learning methods. The experimental results show that RL models demonstrate improved learning performance with the proposed attack strategy compared to the original strategies. In particular, the success rate of the Advantage Actor-Critic-based attack strategy improved by 5.04 percentage points, reaching 10.17%, which represents an impressive 98.24% increase over the original scenario. Consequently, the proposed method can enhance security and risk management capabilities in cyber environments, improving the efficiency of security management and significantly contributing to the development of security systems.

关键词： Reinforcement learning common vulnerability scoring system cyber attack cyber battle simulation

Flexible thermocouple using a thermoelectric graphene fiber with a seamless junction

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2024年第5期172卷 15-22页

作者： Seungwon kim Soomook Lim Myeong Hee Jeong Wonjoon kim Seunghyun Baik Ji Won suk School of Mechanical Engineering Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi-do 16419Republic of Korea Department of Smart Fab.Technology Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi-do 16419Republic of Korea SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology(SAINT) Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi-do 16419Republic of Korea

Temperature is an important physical variable that indicates the condition of the human body and artificial *** wearable applications require the development of temperature sensors with different form *** this study,a fiber-shaped thermoelectric temperature sensor is fabricated using a continuous graphene fiber whose two halves possess different reduction states.A seamless junction is formed by partially reducing a wet-spun graphene oxide fiber with hydroiodic acid(HI)solutions of different ***-half of the fiber is mildly reduced with 0.97 wt%HI,while the other half is highly reduced with 30.6 wt%*** different reduction states of the graphene composite fiber result in different Seebeck coefficients,allowing for the fabrication of a fiber-shaped graphene thermocou-ple without any laborious *** flexible graphene thermocouple exhibits high sensitivity with a thermopower of 12.5μV K^(-1)in the temperature range of room temperature to∼70℃.Furthermore,it exhibits high linearity with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.995 and fast response with a time constant of 0.24 *** to its mechanical robustness and flexibility,the stand-alone graphene ther-mocouple can be knitted into a cotton fabric glove,which presents a fast response to environmental changes without any external power *** work offers a unique fabrication method for producing a high-performance,flexible thermocouple that features a seamless and clear junction without the use of additional *** alternative method eliminates the complicated assembly processes typically required for conventional thermocouples.

关键词： Graphene fiber Thermocouple Reduced graphene oxide Flexible temperature sensor Seebeck coefficient

Confluence of ZnO and PTFE Binder for Enhancing Performance of Thin-Film Lithium-Ion Batteries

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Energy & Environmental Materials 2024年第5期7卷 52-60页

作者： Subhashree Behera Swathi Ippili Venkatraju Jella Na-Yeong kim Seong Cheol Jang Ji-Won Jung Soon-Gil Yoon Hyun-suk kim Department of Materials Science and Engineering Chungnam National University School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Ulsan Department of Energy and Materials Engineering Dongguk University

Developing anode materials with high specific capacity and cycling stability is vital for improving thin-film lithium-ion batteries. Thin-film zinc oxide （ZnO）holds promise due to its high specific capacity, but it suffers from volume changes and structural stress during cycling, leading to poor battery performance. In this research, we ingeniously combined polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE） with ZnO using a radio frequency （RF）magnetron co-sputtering method, ensuring a strong bond in the thin-film composite electrode. PTFE effectively reduced stress on the active material and mitigated volume change effects during Li+ion intercalation and deintercalation. The composite thin films are thoroughly characterized using advanced techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for investigating correlations between material properties and electrochemical behaviors. Notably, the ZnO/PTFE thin-film electrode demonstrated an impressive specific capacity of1305 mAh g-1(=7116 mAh cm-3) at a 0.5C rate and a remarkable capacity retention of 82%from the 1st to the 100th cycle, surpassing the bare ZnO thin film （50%）. This study provides valuable insights into using binders to stabilize active materials in thin-film batteries, enhancing battery performance.

关键词： li-ion batteries metal oxides anodes polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) thin films

Rice ONAC016 promotes leaf senescence through abscisic acid signaling pathway involving OsNAP

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The Crop Journal 2024年第3期12卷 709-720页

作者： Eunji Gi Sung-Hwan Cho suk-Hwan kim Kiyoon Kang Nam-Chon Paek Department of Agriculture Forestry and BioresourcesPlant Genomics and Breeding InstituteResearch Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul 08826Republic of Korea Division of Life Sciences Incheon National UniversityIncheon 22012Republic of Korea

Senescence-induced NAC(senNAC)TFs play a crucial role in senescence during the final stage of leaf *** this study,we identified a rice senNAC,ONAC016,which functions as a positive regulator of leaf *** expression of ONAC016 increased rapidly in rice leaves during the progression of dark-induced and natural *** onac016-1 knockout mutant showed a delayed leaf yellowing phenotype,whereas the overexpression of ONAC016 accelerated leaf ***,ONAC016 expression was upregulated by abscisic acid(ABA),and thus detached leaves of the onac016-1 mutant remained green much longer under ABA *** RT-PCR analysis showed that ONAC016 upregulates the genes associated with chlorophyll degradation,senescence,and ABA *** one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays revealed that ONAC016 binds directly to the promoter regions of OsNAP,a key gene involved in chlorophyll degradation and ABA-induced *** together,these results suggest that ONAC016 plays an important role in promoting leaf senescence through the ABA signaling pathway involving OsNAP.

关键词： Rice ONAC016 OsNAP Leaf senescence Abscisic acid signaling

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Effect of organic mineral supplementation in reducing oxidative stress in Holstein calves during short‑term heat stress and recovery conditions

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2024年第2期15卷 812-825页

作者： A-Rang Son Seon-Ho kim Mahfuzul Islam Michelle Miguel Ye Pyae Naing Sang-suk Lee Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory Department of Animal Science and TechnologySunchon National UniversitySuncheon 57922Korea Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural UniversityDhaka 1207Bangladesh

Background This study investigated the effects of inorganic and organic minerals on physiological responses,oxidative stress reduction,and rumen microbiota in Holstein bull calves(123.81±9.76 kg;5 months old)during short-term heat stress(HS)and recovery *** Holstein calves were randomly assigned to four treatment groups:no mineral supplementation(Con),inorganic minerals(IM),organic minerals(OM),and high-concentration organic minerals(HOM)and two thermal environments(HS and recovery)using 4×2 factorial arrangement in a crossover design of four periods of 35 *** were maintained in a temperature-controlled *** experimental period consisted of 14 d of HS,14 d of recovery condititon,and a 7-d washing *** Body temperature and respiration rate were higher in HS than in the recovery conditions(P0.05).The principal coordinate analysis represented that the overall rumen microbiota was not influenced by mineral supplementation;however,temperature-induced microbial structure shifts were indicated(PERMANOVA:P<0.05).At the phylum level,Firmicutes and Actinobacteria decreased,whereas Fibrobacteres,Spirochaetes,and Tenericutes increased(P<0.05),under HS *** genus Treponema increased under HS conditions,while Christensenella was higher in recovery conditions(P<0.05).Conc

关键词： Antioxidant status Heat stress Holstein bull calves Organic mineral supplementation Oxidative stress

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Double-chambered left ventricle with a thrombus in an asymptomatic patient:A case report

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2024年第2期12卷 460-465页

作者： Narae kim In-Ho Yang Hui-Jeong Hwang Il-suk Sohn Department of Medicine Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul 02447South Korea Department of Cardiology Kyung Hee University Hospital at GangdongSeoul 05278South Korea

BACKGROUND Double-chambered left ventricle(DCLV)is an extremely rare congenital disease in which the left ventricle(LV)is divided by abnormal muscle *** to its rarity,there is a lack of data on the disease,including its diagnosis,treatment,and ***,we report a case in which DCLV was diagnosed and followed *** SUMMARY A 45-year-old man presented to our hospital due to abnormal findings on an electrocardiogram recorded during a health *** had no specific cardiac symptoms,comorbidities or relevant past medical *** revealed that the LV was divided into two by muscle *** were no findings of ischemia on coronary angiography and coronary computed tomography angiography performed to exclude differential *** comprehensive analysis of the images,DCLV was *** it seemed to be asymptomatic DCLV,we decided the patient was to be observed without administering any ***,follow-up echocardiography revealed a thrombus in the accessory chamber(AC).Anticoagulant medication was initiated,the thrombus resolved,and the patient is currently undergoing follow-up without any specific *** Asymptomatic,uncomplicated DCLV was diagnosed through multimodal imaging;however,a thrombus in the AC occurred during the *** findings highlight that multimodal imaging is essential in diagnosing DCLV,and that anticoagulation is important in its management.

关键词： Double-chambered left ventricle Congenital heart disease Left ventricular aneurysm Echocardiography Coronary computed tomography angiography Contrast echocardiography Case report

Malignant triton tumor in the abdominal wall:A case report

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2024年第8期12卷 1467-1473页

作者： Ho Jik Yang Donghyun kim Won suk Lee Sang-Ha Oh Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Chungnam National University Sejong HospitalSejong 30099South Korea Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Chungnam National University HospitalDaejeon 35015South Korea Department of Emergency Eulji University HospitalDaejeon 35233South Korea Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Chungnam National University College of MedicineDaejeon 35015South Korea

BACKGROUND Malignant triton tumors(MTTs)comprise a subgroup of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors(MPNSTs)that exhibits rhabdomyosarcomatous differen-tiation and follow an aggressive *** are primarily located along peripheral *** of MTTs in the abdominal wall have not been *** has a poorer prognosis than classic MPNSTs,and accurate diagnosis necessitates a keen understanding of the clinical history and knowledge of its differential diagnosis *** for MTTs mirrors that for MPNSTs and is predominantly *** SUMMARY A 49-year-old woman presented with a subcutaneous mass in her lower abdo-minal wall and a pre-existing surgical scar that had grown slowly over 3-4 months before the *** had previously undergone radical hysterectomy and concurrent chemo-radiotherapy for cervical cancer approximately 5 years prior to the *** computed tomography(CT)showed a 1.3 cm midline mass in the lower abdomen with infiltration into the rectus abdominis *** was no sign of metastasis(T1N0M0).An incisional biopsy identified sporadic MTT of the lower abdomen.A comprehensive surgical excision with a 3 cm margin inclusive of the peritoneum was ***-quently,the general surgeon utilized an approach akin to the open peritoneal onlay mesh *** patient underwent additional treatment with an excision shaped as a mini-abdominoplasty for the skin *** complications arose,and annual follow-up CTs did not show signs of recurrence or *** An abdominal MTT was efficaciously treated with extensive excision and abdominal wall reconstruction,eliminating the need for postoperative radiotherapy.

关键词： Malignant triton tumor Abdominal wall Surgical excision Reconstruction Case report

Managing the lifecycle of perovskite solar cells: Addressing stability and environmental concerns from utilization to end-of-life

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eScience 2024年第2期4卷 1-27页

作者： Hee Jung kim Gill Sang Han Hyun suk Jung School of Advanced Materials Science&Engineering Sungkyunkwan University2066Seobu-roJangan-guSuwon-siGyeonggi-do 16419Republic of Korea Division of Advanced Materials Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology(KRICT)Daejeon 34114Republic of Korea SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology(SIEST) Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwon 16419Republic of Korea

Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have shown remarkable advancements and achieved impressive power conversion efficiencies since their initial introduction in ***,challenges regarding stability,quality,and sustainability must be addressed for their successful commercial *** review analyses the recent studies and challenges related to the operating life and end-of-life utilization of *** to enhance the stability and mitigate the toxic Pb leakage in operational and recycling approaches of discarded PSCs post their end-of-life are examined to establish a viable and sustainable PSC ***,future research directions are proposed for the advancements in the PSC *** goal is to ensure high efficiency as well as economic and environmental sustainability throughout the lifecycle of PSCs.

关键词： Levelized cost of electricity Metal electrode Pb leakage Perovskite Power conversion efficiency Solar cell life cycle

Retinal artery/arteriole occlusion risks after endovascular treatment for unruptured intracranial aneurysm

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Stroke & Vascular Neurology 2024年第3期9卷 295-305,I0251-I0263页

作者： Hae Rang kim Min Jeoung kim Sunyeup kim Myung Soo Chang Dong Joon kim Byung Moon kim Keun Young Park Yong Bae kim Christopher Seungkyu Lee suk Ho Byeon Sung Soo kim Seung Won Lee Yong Joon kim Department of Ophthalmology CHA Bundang Medical CenterCHA University College of MedicineSeongnamKorea(the Republic of) Department of Neurosurgery Severance Stroke CenterSeverance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea(the Republic of) Department of Neurosurgery Uijeongbu St.Mary’s HospitalThe Catholic University of Korea College of MedicineUijeongbuKorea(the Republic of) Department of Medical AI Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSuwonKorea(the Republic of) Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Vision ResearchYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea(the Republic of) Department of Radiology Severance Stroke CenterSeverance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea(the Republic of) Department of Precision Medicine Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSuwonKorea(the Republic of)

Background To evaluate the association between retinal artery/arteriole occlusion(RAO)and unruptured intracranial aneurysm(UIA).Methods Incident UIA patients from a nationwide cohort(n=253240)were categorised into three groups based on subsequent treatment:observation(n=208993),microsurgical clipping(n=14168)and endovascular treatment(EVT)groups(n=30079).The incidence and the incident time of RAO were *** of RAO and associated risk factors were ***,a hospital cohort comprising 2569 consecutive UIA patients treated at a tertiary hospital was analysed with detailed clinical information of *** In the nationwide cohort analysis,the incidence of RAO was significantly higher in EVT group than in observation and clipping groups,especially within 60 days(early RAO(within 60 days):HR=4.00,95%CI:2.44 to 6.56);delayed RAO(after 60 days:HR=1.74,95%CI:1.13 to 2.68).Multivariable analysis showed that the presence of chronic kidney disease(p=0.009)and use of a balloon microcatheter during the procedure(p=0.013)were associated with a higher risk of *** hospital cohort analysis,11(0.8%)cases of RAO occurred after EVT,whereas none occurred after microsurgical clipping(p<0.001).Patients with RAO were younger and received balloon microcatheters more frequently than their *** cases of RAO(90.9%)occurred in paraclinoid aneurysms,where EVT was preferred over microsurgical *** Performing EVT for UIA may increase the risk of subsequent *** should be taken when treating paraclinoid aneurysms with balloon microcatheters.

关键词： treatment nationwide balloon