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Generalization of predator recognition:Velvet geck.s display anti-predator behaviours in response to chemicals from non-dangerous elapid snak.s

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Current Zoology 2010年第3期56卷 337-342页

作者： jonathan k. webb Weiguo DU David PIk. Richard SHINE School of Biological Sciences University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Department of Environmental Sciences School of Life Sciences Hangzhou Normal College 310036 Hangzhou Zhejiang China

Many prey species detect chemical cues from predators and modify their behaviours in ways that reduce their risk.ofpredation. Theory predicts that prey should modify their anti-predator responses according to the degree of threat posed by thepredator. That is, prey should show the strongest responses to chemicals of highly dangerous prey, but should ignore or respondweak.y to chemicals from non-dangerous predators. However, if anti-predator behaviours are not costly, and predators are rarelyencountered, prey may exhibit generalised antipredator behaviours to dangerous and non-dangerous predators. In Australia, mostelapid snak.s eat lizards, and are therefore potentially dangerous to lizard prey. Recently, we found that the nocturnal velvetgeck. Oedura lesueurii responds to chemicals from dangerous and non-dangerous elapid snak.s, suggesting that it displays generalisedanti-predator behaviours to chemicals from elapid snak.s. To explore the generality of this result, we videotaped the behaviourof velvet geck.s in the presence of chemical cues from two small elapid snak.s that rarely consume geck.s: the nocturnalgolden-crowned snak. Cacophis squamulosus and the diurnal marsh snak. Hemiaspis signata. We also videotaped geck.s in trialsinvolving unscented cards (controls) and cologne-scented cards (pungency controls). In trials involving Cacophis and Hemiaspischemicals, 50% and 63% of geck.s spent long time periods (> 3 min) freezing whilst pressed flat against the substrate, respectively.Over half the geck.s tested exhibited anti-predator behaviours (tail waving, tail vibration, running) in response to Cacophis(67%) or Hemiaspis (63%) chemicals. These behaviours were not observed in control or pungency control trials. Our resultssupport the idea that the velvet geck. displays generalised anti-predator responses to chemical cues from elapid snak.s.Generalised responses to predator chemicals may be common in prey species that co-occur with multiple, ecologically similar,dangerous predators [Current Zoology 56 (3): 337

关键词： Predation risk Chemical cues Lizard Elapidae Gek.onidae Olfaction Multipredator

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Familiarity with a female does not affect a male＇s courtship intensity in garter snak.s Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis

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Current Zoology 2012年第6期58卷 805-811页

作者： Richard SHINE jonathan k. webb Amanda LANE Robert T. MASON School of Biological Sciences A08 University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Department of Zoology Oregon State University Cordley Hall 3029 Corvallis Oregon 97331-2914 USA

In many animal species, males direct more intense courtship towards females they have not previously encountered, than towards females with which they have previously mated. To test the factors responsible for this “Coolidge Effect”, we need studies on a wide range of taxa – including those with mating systems in which we would not expect (based on current theory) that such an effect would be evident. The Coolidge Effect has been documented in several lizard species, but has not been look.d for (and would not be expected) in snak.s. We conducted experimental trials with red-sided garter snak.sThamnophis sirtalis pa-rietalisat a communal den in Manitoba, to see whether previous exposure to a female (either courting, or courting plus mating) modified male mate choice or courtship intensity. In k.eping with prediction from theory (but contrary to an early anecdotal report), male garter snak.s did not modify their courtship behaviour based upon their familiarity (or lack.thereof) with a specific female. At least in large courting aggregations, male snak.s may maximize their fitness by basing mate-choice upon immediate attributes of the female (body size, condition, mated status) and the intensity of competition (numbers and sizes of rival males) rather than information derived from previous sexual encounters.

关键词：女性男性强度蛇交配系统动物物种竞争对手求爱行为

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Heat,sight and scent:multiple cues influence foraging site selection by an ambush-foraging snak. Hoplocephalus bungaroides(Elapidae)

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Current Zoology 2009年第4期55卷 266-271页

作者： Weiguo DU jonathan k. webb Richard SHINE Department of Biological Sciences University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Hangzhou k.y Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology College of Life and Environmental Sciences Hangzhou NormalUniversity Hangzhou 310036 China

Most mobile organisms respond to multiple cues when selecting habitat types,and laboratory experiments that manipulate only single cues may fail to reveal the true complexity of habitat-selection behaviour.In south-eastern Australia,broad-headed snak.s Hoplocephalus bungaroides(Elapidae)lie in wait under sun-warmed rock. to ambush velvet geck.s Oedura leseuerii(Gek.onidae).Previous laboratory work.has shown that both the geck.s and the snak.s actively select hotter rather than colder rock.,and that the snak.s actively select rock. scented by geck.s.We manipulated rock.temperature and the presence of two types of cues from geck.s(chemical and visual information)to clarify the causal basis for foraging site selection by the juveniles of this snak..When given a choice between cold lizard-scented rock. and hot unscented rock.,our captive snak.s gave a higher priority to lizard scent than to temperature.The snak.s also selected shelter-sites that provided visual as well as scent cues from lizards,rather than shelter-sites with scent cues alone.Thus,although broad-headed snak.s show a direct preference for hotter rather than colder rock. in the laboratory,their choice of foraging site in the field may also be influenced by the presence of scent cues from prey.Our laboratory results suggest that habitat selection by broad-headed snak.s may be more complex than has been suggested by previous single-factor laboratory trials.

关键词：蛇草料习性动物学

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Insights into sk.llcap herb-induced liver injury

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World Journal of Hepatology 2024年第2期16卷 120-122页

作者： jonathan Soldera Post Graduate Program at Acute Medicine and Gastroenterology University of South WalesCardiff CF371DLUnited Kingdom

This editorial addresses the growing concern of herb-induced liver injury(HILI),focusing on a unique case of Sk.llcap-induced HILI report.This editorial underscore the significant mortality rate link.d to Sk.llcap-induced HILI,emphasizing the importance of vigilant monitoring and intervention.As herbal supplement usage rises,collaboration among clinicians and researchers is crucial to comprehend and address the complexities of HILI,particularly those involving Sk.llcap.

关键词： Herb-induced liver injury Drug induced liver injury Dietary supplements Herbal hepatotoxicity Liver transplantation

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Gust response of an elasto-flexible morphing wing using fluid–structure interaction simulations

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2024年第2期37卷 45-57页

作者： jonathan PFLÜGER Christian BREITSAMTER Department of Mechanical Engineering Technical University of MunichGarching 85748Germany

Small and micro unmanned aircraft are the focus of scientific interest due to their wide range of applications.They often operate in a highly unstable flight environment where the application of new morphing wing technologies offers the opportunity to improve flight characteristics.The investigated concept comprises port and starboard adjustable wings,and an adaptive elastoflexible membrane serves as the lifting surface.The focus is on the benefits of the deforming membrane during the impact of a one-minus-cosine type gust.At a low Reynolds number of Re=264000,the morphing wing model is investigated numerically by unsteady fluid-structure interaction simulations.First,the numerical results are validated by experimental data from force and moment,flow field,and deformation measurements.Second,with the rigid wing as the baseline,the flexible case is investigated,focusing on the advantages of the elastic membrane.For all configurations studied,the maximum amplitude of the lift coefficient under gust load shows good agreement between the experimental and numerical results.During the decay of the gust,they differ more the higher the aspect ratio of the wing.When considering the flow field,the main differences are due to the separation behavior on the upper side of the wing.The flow reattaches earlier in the experiments than in the simulations,which explains the higher lift values observed in the former.Only at one intermediate configuration does the lift amplitude of the rigid configuration exceeds that of the flexible by about 12%,with the elastic membrane resulting in a smaller and more uniform peak.load,which is also evident in the wing loading and hence in the root bending moment.

关键词： Membrane wing Morphing wing Flexible wing surface Computational fluid dynam-ics Fluid-structure interaction Unsteady inflow condition Gust response

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NLRP3 inflammasome plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases in the eye and brain

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第7期19卷 1425-1426页

作者： Jack.jonathan Maran Odunayo Omolola Mugisho Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit Department of OphthalmologyNew Zealand National Eye CentreUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand

k.y points:With aging,there is increased nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-(NOD-)lik. receptor(NLR) protein-3(NLRP3) activation in neural and ocular tissues.Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome appears to be a common denominator in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases of the eye and brain.Pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome may be a potent therapy for preventing the development and progression of age-related eye and brain diseases.

关键词： NLRP3 pathogenesis inflam

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Thermophilic response to feeding in adult female velvet geck.s

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Current Zoology 2020年第6期66卷 693-694页

作者： Buddhi Dayananda jonathan k.webb School of Life Sciences University of Technology SydneyBroadwayNSW 2007Australia School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD 4072Australia

Fluctuations in food availability occur in many ecosystems and pose challenges to the organisms that inhabit them(Berg et al.2017).Because lizards have significantly lower field metabolic rates than endotherms,they are often considered "low energy specialists"that can cope with food shortages(Brown and Griffin 2005).However,active reptiles that maintain high body temperatures during periods of low prey availability can still incur significant energetic costs because metabolic rates scale with body temperature.To reduce these energetic costs,some reptile species select lower body temperatures and/or reduce their activity levels when food is scarce(Angilletta 2009).

关键词： Amalosia thermophily thermoregulation body temperatures reptiles

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Use of machine learning models for the prognostication of liver transplantation: A systematic review

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World Journal of Transplantation 2024年第1期14卷 164-188页

作者： Gidion Chongo jonathan Soldera Department of Gastroenterology University of South WalesCardiff CF371DLUnited Kingdom

BACk.ROUND Liver transplantation(LT)is a life-saving intervention for patients with end-stage liver disease.However,the equitable allocation of scarce donor organs remains a formidable challenge.Prognostic tools are pivotal in identifying the most suitable transplant candidates.Traditionally,scoring systems lik. the model for end-stage liver disease have been instrumental in this process.Nevertheless,the landscape of prognostication is undergoing a transformation with the integration of machine learning(ML)and artificial intelligence models.AIM To assess the utility of ML models in prognostication for LT,comparing their performance and reliability to established traditional scoring systems.METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines,we conducted a thorough and standardized literature search using the PubMed/MEDLINE database.Our search imposed no restrictions on publication year,age,or gender.Exclusion criteria encompassed non-English studies,review articles,case reports,conference papers,studies with missing data,or those exhibiting evident methodological flaws.RESULTS Our search yielded a total of 64 articles,with 23 meeting the inclusion criteria.Among the selected studies,60.8%originated from the United States and China combined.Only one pediatric study met the criteria.Notably,91%of the studies were published within the past five years.ML models consistently demonstrated satisfactory to excellent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values(ranging from 0.6 to 1)across all studies,surpassing the performance of traditional scoring systems.Random forest exhibited superior predictive capabilities for 90-d mortality following LT,sepsis,and acute k.dney injury(Ak.).In contrast,gradient boosting excelled in predicting the risk.of graft-versus-host disease,pneumonia,and Ak..CONCLUSION This study underscores the potential of ML models in guiding decisions related to allograft allocation and LT,mark.ng a significant evolution in the field of prog

关键词： Liver transplantation Machine learning models Prognostication Allograft allocation Artificial intelligence

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Toward less invasive coloproctology: The future is out there

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2024年第3期30卷 199-203页

作者： Sameh Hany Emile jonathan Ragheb Department of Colorectal Surgery Cleveland Clinic FloridaWestonFL 33331United States Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Cleveland Clinic FloridaWestonFL 33331United States

Medical care has undergone remark.ble improvements over the past few decades.One of the most important innovative break.hroughs in modern medicine is the advent of minimally and less invasive treatments.The trend towards employing less invasive treatment has been vividly shown in the field of gastroenterology,particularly coloproctology.Parallel to foregut interventions,colorectal surgery has shifted towards a minimally invasive approach.Coloproctology,including both medical and surgical management of colorectal diseases,has undergone a remark.ble paradigm shift.The treatment of both benign and malignant colorectal conditions has gradually transitioned towards more conservative and less inva-sive approaches.An interesting paradigm shift was the trend to avoid the need for radical resection of rectal cancer altogether in patients who showed complete response to neoadjuvant treatment.The trend of adopting less invasive appro-aches to treat various colorectal conditions does not seem to be stopping soon as further research on novel,more effective and safer methods is ongoing.

关键词： Toward Less invasive Minimally invasive Coloproctology Future Colorectal surgery

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Trends in oxycodone and oxycodone-containing analgesics administration for back.pain in emergency departments in the USA(2007–2018)

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World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2024年第3期15卷 169-174页

作者： jonathan Chabon Jemer Garrido Deanna Schreiber-Gregory Jefferson Drapk.n Sergey Motov Department of Emergency Medicine Maimonides Medical CenterBrooklyn 11219USA

BACk.ROUND:To describe trends in oxycodone and oxycodone-containing analgesic prescribing for the treatment of back.pain among adults in emergency departments(EDs) in the USA from 2007 to 2018.METHODS:Data were gathered from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey(NHAMCS) from 2007 to 2018.The study population included individuals of all ages presenting to USA EDs.The NHAMCS reasons for visit and oxycodone drug ID codes were used to isolate patients with back.pain.The main outcome was the proportion of oxycodone and oxycodone-containing analgesics prescribed for back.pain in the EDs over the specified time period.RESULTS:There was a relative decrease in the overall administration of oxycodone for back.pain in the EDs by 62.3% from 2007(244,000 visits) to 2018(92,000 visits).The proportion of ED patients prescribed with oxycodone-containing analgesics for back.pain increased among patients aged 45 years and older(from 43.8% to 57.6%),female patients(from 54.5% to 62.0%),black.patients(from 22.5% to 30.4%),and Hispanic/Latino patients(from 9.4% to 19.6%).Oxycodone/acetaminophen was most prescribed and accounted for 90.2% of all oxycodone-containing analgesics in 2007,with a decrease to 68.5% in 2018.Pure oxycodone was the second most prescribed medication,accounting for 6.1% in 2007 and 31.5% in 2018.CONCLUSION:The overall number of oxycodone-containing analgesics decreased significantly from 2007 to 2018.However,that number trended upward in 45-year-old and older,female,black.or Hispanic/Latino patients from 2007 to 2018.The total amount of pure oxycodone increased significantly from 2007 to 2008.

关键词： Oxycodone Back.pain Emergency department

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