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Group dyn.mics an. relocation.decision. of a trap-buildin. predator are differen.ially affected by biotic an. abiotic factors

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Curren. Zoology 2017年第6期63卷 647-655页

作者： n.a KATZ Ron. SHAVIT jonathan n. pruitt In.n.SCHARF Departmen. of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel Departmen. of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106-9610 USA

Most habitats in.n.ture are heterogen.ous, in.orporatin. favorable an. un.avorable microhabitats for differen. an.mals, based on.their ecological n.che. Un.uitable microhabitats have n.gative con.equen.es for in.ividual growth an. survival. An.mals, therefore, should fin.-tun. their location.within.the habitat by dispersin. away from such microhabitats. We studied the suitability of differen. con.tan. microhabitat con.ition. for wormlion.larvae, a trap-buildin. predator, tested in.groups un.er laboratory con.ition.. Wormlion. con.truct pit-traps in.loose soil an. capture small arthropod prey. As wormlion. occur in.high den.ities in.n.ture, testin. in.groups is thus more in.icative of their n.tural behavior than.testin. in.ividuals. Wormlion. respon.ed stron.ly to biotic con.ition.-high con.pecific den.ity, starvation. an. large body mass of con.pecifics-by either in.reasin. pit-relocation.even.s or movin. away from the microhabitat cen.er to the periphery of the aren., probably optin. for a way out. In.other in.tan.es, in.ividuals in.reased their distan.e to the n.arest n.ighbor, thereby chan.in. the spatial pattern.toward a more regular pattern. poten.ially in.icatin. in.erferen.e competition. The on.y abiotic con.ition.apparen.ly perceived by wormlion. as un.uitable was shallow san., which led to frequen. relocation.. The two other abiotic factors-illumin.tion.an. san. particle size-had n. observable effect on.behavior, although wormlion. in.n.ture always occur un.er shade in.fin. san., an. prefer both shade an. fin. san. particle size un.er laboratory con.ition. when.given.a choice. Un.er the fin. spatial scale of the presen. experimen., biotic factors appear to be more in.luen.ial than.abiotic on.s.

关键词： an.lion. dispersal relocation spatial pattern wormlion.

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Smaller an. bolder prey sn.ils have higher survival in.staged en.oun.ers with the sea star Pisaster gigan.eus

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Curren. Zoology 2017年第6期63卷 633-638页

作者： William C. FOSTER Con.or M. ARMSTROn. Gregory T. CHISM jonathan n. pruitt Departmen. of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA93180 USA

Temporally con.isten. in.ividual differen.es in.behavior, also kn.wn.as an.mal person.lity, can.have large impacts on.in.ividual fitn.ss. Here, we explore the degree to which in.ividual differen.es in.an.i-predator respon.e (or boldn.ss) in.luen.e survival rates in.groups of sn.ils when.they en.oun.er a predatory sea star . The sn.il shows con.isten. in.ividual variation.in.predator respon.e where some fearful sn.ils actively flee bodies of water occupied by predators whereas bolder sn.ils con.isten.ly do n.t. We show here that bold sn.ils are sign.fican.ly more likely to survive en.oun.ers with a predatory sea star an., somewhat coun.erin.uitively, fearful sn.ils actually suffer higher mortality rates. We also foun. that smaller sn.ils an. those occurrin. at higher experimen.al den.ities experien.ed higher per capita survival rates. Positive effects of prey boldn.ss on.survival are n.t un.ommon.y reported in.the an.mal person.lity literature; however, such results are in.on.isten. with classic an.mal person.lity theory borrowed from the optimal foragin. literature. The fin.in.s herein.add to the growin. body of eviden.e that con.isten. in.ividual differen.es in.behavior can.impact predator-prey in.eraction. an. that boldn.ss is poten.ially un.er positive predator-driven.selection.in.some systems.

关键词： behavioral syn.rome behavioral type person.lity predation.risk survival selection temperamen.

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Cuticular bacteria appear detrimen.al to social spiders in.mixed but n.t mon.culture exposure

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Curren. Zoology 2016年第4期62卷 377-384页

作者： Carl n. KEISER Taylor A. SHEARER lexan.er E. DEMARCO Hayley A. BRITTIn.HAM Karen.A. Kn.TSOn.Can.ice Kuo Katherin. ZHAO jonathan n. pruitt Departmen. of Biological Scien.es University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA

Much of an.an.mal's health status, life history, an. behavior are dictated by in.eraction. with its en.ogen.us an. exogen.us bacterial commun.ties. Un.ortun.tely, in.eraction. between.hosts an. members of their residen. bacterial commun.ty are often.ign.red in.an.mal behavior an. behavioral ecology. Here, we aim to iden.ify the n.ture of host-microbe in.eraction. in.a n.n.odel organ.sm, the African.social spider . We collected an. iden.ified bacteria from the cuticles of spiders an. then.exposed spiders to bacterial mon.cultures cultures via topical application.or in.ection. We also topically in.culated spiders with a con.omitan. "cocktail" of bacteria an. measured the behavior of spiders daily for 24 days after in.culation. Lastly, we collected an. iden.ified bacteria from the cuticles of prey items in.the capture webs of spiders, an. then.fed spiders domestic crickets which had been.in.ected with these bacteria. We also in.ected 1 species of prey-born. bacteria in.o the hemolymph of spiders. On.y caused in.reased mortality when.in.ected in.o the hemolymph of spiders, whereas n. bacterial mon.cultures caused in.reased mortality when.applied topically, relative to con.rol solution.. However, a bacterial cocktail of cuticular bacteria caused weight loss an. mortality when.applied topically, yet did n.t detectibly alter spider behavior. Con.umin. prey in.ected with prey-born. bacteria was associated with an.elon.ated lifespan.in.spiders. Thus, in.irect eviden.e from multiple experimen.s suggests that the effects of these bacteria on.spider survivorship appear con.in.en. on.their mode of colon.zation.an. whether they are applied in.mon.culture or within.a mixed cocktail. We urge that follow-up studies should test these host-microbe in.eraction. across differen. social con.exts to determin. the role that microbes play in.colon. performan.e.

关键词： cuticular bacteria Stegodyphus dumicola sickn.ss behavior social spider

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Participation.in.cooperative prey capture an. the ben.fits gain.d from it are associated with in.ividual person.lity

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Curren. Zoology 2017年第5期63卷 561-567页

作者： James L.L. LICHTEn.TEIn.Colin.M. WRIGHT Lauren.P. LUSCUSKIE Graham A. MOn.GOMERY PIn.ER-WOLLMAn.jonathan n. pruitt Departmen. of Biological Scien.es University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA Departmen. of Ecology an. Evolution.ry Biology University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA Departmen. of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA

In.an.mal societies, behavioral idiosyn.rasies of the in.ividuals often.guide which tasks theyshould perform. Such person.lity-specific task participation.can.in.rease in.ividual task efficien.y,thereby improvin. group performan.e. While several recen. studies have documen.ed group-levelben.fits of within.group behavioral （i.e., person.lity） diversity, how these ben.fits are realized atthe in.ividual level is un.lear. Here we probe the in.ividual-level ben.fits of person.lity-driven.taskparticipation.in.the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola. In.S. dumicola, the presen.e of at leaston. highly bold in.ividual catalyzes foragin. behavior in.shy colon. members, an. all group con.stituen.s heavily compete for prey. We assessed boldn.ss by examin.n. how quickly spidersresumed n.rmal movemen. after a simulated predator attack. We test here whether （1） participan.sin.collective foragin. gain.more mass from prey items an. （2） whether bold in.ividuals are less re-sistan. to starvation.than.shy spiders, which would motivate the bold in.ividuals to forage more.n.xt, we assembled colon.es of shy spiders with an. without a bold in.ividual, added on. preyitem, an. then.tracked the mass gain.of each in.ividual spider after this sin.le feedin. even.. Wefoun. that spiders that participated in.prey capture （whether bold or shy） gain.d more mass than.on.articipators, an. colon.es con.ain.n. a sin.le bold spider gain.d more total mass than.purelyshy colon.es. We also foun. that bold spiders participated in.more collective foragin. even.s an.were more susceptible to starvation.than.shy spiders, suggestin. that the aggressive foragin. ofbold in.ividuals may represen. a strategy to offset starvation.risk. These fin.in.s add to the bodyof eviden.e that an.mal person.lity can.shape social organ.zation. in.ividual performan.e, an.group success.

关键词： an.mal person.lity, keyston. in.ividuals, social behaviour, task allocation.

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Polistes metricus queen. exhibit person.lity variation.an. behavioral syn.romes

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Curren. Zoology 2018年第1期64卷 45-52页

作者： Colin.M. WRIGHT Trevor D. HYLAn. Aman.a S. IZZO Don.a R.MCDERMOTT Elizabeth A. TIBBETTS jonathan n. pruitt Departmen. of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of California at Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA Departmen. of Wildlife Fish and Conservation Biology University of California at Davis Davis CA 95616 USA Ecology an. Evolution.ry Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-1048 USA

Con.isten. differen.es in.behavior between.in.ividuals, otherwise kn.wn.as an.mal person.lities, have become a staple in.behavioral ecology due to their ability to explain.a wide ran.e of phen.men.. Social organ.sms are especially serviceable to an.mal person.lity techn.ques because they can.be used to explore behavioral variation.at both the in.ividual an. group level. Despite the success of person.lity research in.social organ.sms gen.rally, an. social Hymen.ptera in.particular, social wasps (Vespidae) have received little to n. atten.ion.in.the person.lity literature. In.the presen. study, we testPolistes metricus(Vespidae; Polistin.e) paper wasp queen. for the presen.e of repeatable variation.in. an. correlation. (“behavioral syn.romes”) between. several common.y used person.lity metrics: boldn.ss, aggressiven.ss, exploration. an. activity. Our results in.icate thatP. metricusqueen. exhibit person.lities for all measured traits an. correlation. between.differen. behavioral measures. Given.that paper wasps have served as a model organ.sm for a wide ran.e of phen.men. such as kin.selection. domin.n.e hierarchies, mate choice, facial recogn.tion. social parasitism, an. chemical recogn.tion. we hope that our results will motivate researchers to explore whether, or to what degree, queen.person.lity is importan. in.their research programs.

关键词：症候群个性行为有机体度量标准配偶选择面部识别化学识别

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An.mal Person.lity： Ecology, Behavior, an. Evolution

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Curren. Zoology 2014年第3期60卷 359-361页

作者： jonathan n. pruitt Guest Editor Departmen. of Biological Scien.es University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA agelen.psis@***

The past decade has seen.an.extraordin.ry rise in.the n.mber of papers devoted to the study of con.isten. in.ividual differen.es in.behavior, termed variably as "person.lity", "behavioral types", "temperamen.", "correlated phen.types", an./or "behavioral syn.romes". In.earn.st, the acceleration.of this field was in.tiated by a han.ful of reviews that focused on.the ecological an. evolution.ry implication. of person.lity, published in.2004(Dall et al., 2004; Sih et al., 2004a; Sih et al., 2004b). Although, the literature on.an.mal person.lity had already experien.ed a rich history in.the comparative psychology literature by this time (Goslin. an. John. 1999; Goslin., 2001). Earlier works by Felicity Hun.in.ford (Hun.in.ford, 1976) an. Susan.Riechert (Riechert an. Hedrick, 1993; Riechert et al., 2001), alon. with more con.emporary studies by n.els Din.eman.e (Din.eman.e et al., 2002; Din.eman.e et al., 2003), had each hin.ed at the ecological sign.fican.e of an.mal person.lities for years. However, it was this syn.hesis of these case studies in.o a un.fied framework by An.y Sih an. others that lead to the field's meteoric rise.

关键词：个性化生态学行为进化动物个体差异

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In.ights from the study of complex systems for the ecology an. evolution.of an.mal population.

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Curren. Zoology 2020年第1期66卷 1-14页

作者： David n.FISHER jonathan n.pruitt Departmen. of Psychology Neuroscience&BehaviourMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada

Population. of an.mals comprise man. in.ividuals,in.eractin. in.multiple con.exts,an. displayin. heterogen.ous behaviors.The in.eraction. amon. in.ividuals can.often.create population.dyn.mics that are fun.amen.ally determin.stic yet display un.redictable dyn.mics.An.mal population. can.therefore,be thought of as complex systems.Complex systems display properties such as n.n.in.arity an. un.ertain.y an. show emergen. properties that can.ot be explain.d by a simple sum of the in.eractin. compon.n.s.An. system where en.ities compete,cooperate,or in.erfere with on. an.ther may possess such qualities,makin. an.mal population. similar on.man. levels to complex systems.Some fields are already embracin. elemen.s of complexity to help un.erstan. the dyn.mics of an.mal population.,but a wider application.of complexity scien.e in.ecology an. evolution.has n.t occurred.We review here how approaches from complexity scien.e could be applied to the study of the in.eraction. an. behavior of in.ividuals within.an.mal population. an. highlight how this way of thin.in. can.en.an.e our un.erstan.in. of population.dyn.mics in.an.mals.We focus on.8 key characteristics of complex systems:hierarchy,heterogen.ity,selforgan.zation.open.ess,adaptation.memory,n.n.in.arity,an. un.ertain.y.For each topic we discuss how con.epts from complexity theory are applicable in.an.mal population. an. emphasize the un.que in.ights they provide.We fin.sh by outlin.n. outstan.in. question. or prediction. to be evaluated usin. behavioral an. ecological data.Our goal throughout this article is to familiarize an.mal ecologists with the basics of each of these con.epts an. highlight the n.w perspectives that they could brin. to variety of subfields.

关键词： chaos complex system complexity population dyn.mics social n.twork stochasticity

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The ecological con.equen.es of temperamen. in.spiders

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Curren. Zoology 2012年第4期58卷 589-596页

作者： jonathan n.pruitt Susan.E.RIECHERT Departmen. of Biological Scien.es University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvania 15260USA Departmen. of Ecology an. Evolution.ry Biology University of TennesseeKnoxville TN 37996-1610USA

Ecological an. evolution.ry studies on.spiders have been.featured promin.n.ly throughout the con.emporary behavioral syn.romes movemen.. Here we review the behavioral syn.romes literature devoted to spiders, an. iden.ify some ways in.which behavioral syn.romes can.impact the fun.tion.of spiders in.ecological commun.ties. We further highlight three gen.ral themes within.the behavioral syn.romes literature for which spiders have served as fron. run.in. model systems: (1) how trait correlation. beget performan.e trade-offs, (2) the in.luen.e that behavioral trait varian.s have on.in.erspecific in.eraction. an. (3) mechan.sms that aid in.main.ain.n. behavioral variation.within.n. amon.-population.. Research on.behavioral syn.romes con.in.es to grow at an.impressive rate, an. we feel the success of behavioral syn.romes studies in.spiders bodes well for their con.in.ed promin.n.e.

关键词：生态后果蜘蛛气质特征变量综合征生态群落模式系统相互作用

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Exposure to cuticular bacteria can.alter host behavior in.a fun.el-weavin. spider

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Curren. Zoology 2018年第3期64卷 721-726页

作者： Olivia B.PARKS Krishn. S.KOTHAMASU Michael J.ZIEMBA Morgan.BEn.ER Madison.CRISTIn.IAn. Seren. KAn.Z Dan.el LEGER John.LI Devan.hi PATEL William RABUSE Saman.ha SUTTOn.Aman.i WILSOn.Priyan.a BAIREDDY Aditi A.KAMAT Mariah J.CALLAS Matthew J.BORGES Marysa n.SCALIA Emily KLEn. Gabrielle SCHERER Maria M.MARTIn.Z Sarah R.GRUBS n.n.y KAUFMAn. jonathan n.pruitt Carl n.KEISER Departmen. of Biological Scien.es University of PittsburghPittsburghPA 15260USA Departmen. of Ecology Evolutionand Marine BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCA 93106USA Rice Un.versity Academy of Fellows Rice UniversityHoustonTX 77005USA Departmen. of BioScien.es Rice UniversityHoustonTX 77005USA

Con.act with en.iron.en.al microbes are arguably the most common.species in.eraction.in.which an. an.mal participates.Studies have n.ted diverse relation.hips between.hosts an. residen. microbes,which can.have stron. con.equen.es for host developmen.,physiology,an. behavior. Man. of these studies focus specifically on.pathogen. or ben.ficial microbes,while the ben.gn.microbes,of which the majority of bacteria could be described,are often.ign.red.Here,we explore the n.ture of the relation.hips between.the grass spider Agelen.psis pen.sylvan.ca an. bacteria collected from their cuticles in.situ.First,usin. culture-based methods,we iden.ified a portion.of the cuticular bacterial commun.ties that are n.turally associated with these spiders.Then.we topically exposed spiders to a subset of these bacterial mon.cultures to estimate how bacterial exposure may alter 3 host behavioral traits:boldn.ss,aggressiven.ss,an. activity level.We con.ucted these behavioral assays 3 times before an. 3 times after topical application.an. compared the chan.es observed in.each trait with spiders that were exposed to a sterile con.rol treatmen..We iden.ified 9 species of bacteria from the cuticles of 36 spiders an. exposed groups of 20 spiders to 1 of 4 species of cuticular bacteria.We foun. that exposure to Dermacoccus n.shin.miyaen.is an. Staphylococcus saprophyticus was associated with a lO-fold decrease in.the foragin. aggressiven.ss of spiders toward prey in.their web.Sin.e bacterial exposure did n.t have survival con.equen.es for hosts,these data suggest that in.eraction. with cuticular bacteria,even.n.n. pathogen.c bacteria,could alter host behavior.

关键词： Agelen.psis pen.sylvan.ca aggressiven.ss Aran.ae cuticular bacteria person.lity

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Join.ly Optimized Spatial Histogram Un.T Architecture(JOSHUA)for Adipose Tissue Segmen.ation

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Biomedical En.in.erin. Fron.iers 2022年第1期3卷 248-261页

作者： Joshua K.Peeples Julie F.Jameson.n.sha M.Kotta jonathan M.Grasman.Whitn.y L.Stoppe Alin. Zare Departmen. of Electrical an. Computer En.in.erin. University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611USA Departmen. of Chemical En.in.erin. University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611USA J.Crayton.pruitt Family Departmen. of Biomedical En.in.erin. University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611USA Departmen. of Biomedical En.in.erin. New Jersey Institute of TechnologyUniversity HeightsNewarkNJ 07102USA

Objective.We aim to develop a machin. learn.n. algorithm to quan.ify adipose tissue deposition.at surgical sites as a fun.tion.of biomaterial implan.ation.Impact Statemen..To our kn.wledge,this study is the first in.estigation.to apply con.olution.l n.ural n.twork(Cn.)models to iden.ify an. segmen. adipose tissue in.histological images from silk fibroin.biomaterial implan.s.In.roduction.When.design.n. biomaterials for the treatmen. of various soft tissue in.uries an. diseases,on. must con.ider the exten. of adipose tissue deposition.In.this work,we an.lyzed adipose tissue accumulation.in.histological images of section.d silk fibroin.based biomaterials excised from roden.s followin. subcutan.ous implan.ation.for 1,2,4,or 8 weeks.Curren. strategies for quan.ifyin. adipose tissue after biomaterial implan.ation.are often.tedious an. pron. to human.bias durin. an.lysis.Methods.We used Cn. models with n.vel spatial histogram layer(s)that can.more accurately iden.ify an. segmen. region. of adipose tissue in.hematoxylin.an. eosin.H&E)an. Masson.s trichrome stain.d images,allowin. for determin.tion.of the optimal biomaterial formulation.We compared the method,Join.ly Optimized Spatial Histogram Un.T Architecture(JOSHUA),to the baselin. Un.T model an. an.exten.ion.of the baselin. model,atten.ion.Un.T,as well as to version. of the models with a supplemen.al atten.ion.in.pired mechan.sm(JOSHUA+an. Un.T+).Results.The in.lusion.of histogram layer(s)in.our models shows improved performan.e through qualitative an. quan.itative evaluation.Con.lusion.Our results demon.trate that the proposed methods,JOSHUA an. JOSHUA+,are highly ben.ficial for adipose tissue iden.ification.an. localization.The n.w histological dataset an. code used in.our experimen.s are publicly available.

关键词： in.uries implan.ation Spatial

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