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Review of Innovative Agricultural Market Creation in Africa and the Study of Three-tier Model for Soybean Development and Promotion in Kenya

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Journal of Life Sciences 2010年第3期4卷 43-51页

作者： jonas nwankwo chianu Bernard Vanlauwe Akinwumi Adesina Justina Nwanganga chianu NteranyaSanginga Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of the International Center for Tropical Agriculture （TSBF-CIA T） c / o Worm Agroforestry Center （ICRAF） UN Avenue Nairobi 00100 Kenya Department of Agriculture and Agro-industry （OSAN） Agricultural Fertilizer Financing Mechanism （AFFM） Belvedere Tunis 1002 Tunisia Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa Westlands Nairobi 00800 Kenya

Agricultural market creation was critical for rural growth in Africa. How to achieve this based on crops other than major staples （e.g. maize） and traditional export crops （e.g., tea, coffee, cotton） remained a problem since most African countries did not give them policy attention. This study used a three-tier-model, developed based on successful strategies in Nigeria and Zimbabwe, to develop multi-level soybean market creation in Kenya. Data were from secondary sources, formal and informal interviews, farm-level data, and participant observations. Analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel and SPSS. Result showed increasing in farmers＇ confidence to produce, process, consume, and sell more soybeans than before. Trained farmers＇ groups were developing new soybean products for cash, poverty reduction and improvements in livelihoods. Net returns had been increased from 4 to 14 times from processed products. Selected farmers＇ groups had begun to supply large-scale processors with soybean grains, substituting imports. The overall project＇s impact on number of participating farmer groups and the actual land area devoted to soybean cultivation ranged from a factor of 2.3 to a factor of 77.4 between the long rainy seasons of 2005 / 2006 and the short rainy seasons of 2009. Farmers had given testimonies on live improvements.

关键词： Agricultural market creation three-tier-model soybean Africa Kenya.

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Financial Value of Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean in Africa： Increasing Benefits for Smallholder Farmers

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Journal of Life Sciences 2010年第6期4卷 50-59页

作者： jonas nwankwo chianu Jeroen Huising Seth Danso Peter Okoth Justina Nwanganga chianu Nteranya Sanginga Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture （TSBF-CIAT） Nairobi 00100 Kenya Agricultural Fertilizer Financing Mechanism （AFFM） OSAN A TR 808/B AfDB BP 323 1002 Belvedere Tunis 1002 Tunisia Ecological Laboratory University of Ghana Legon- Accra 00233 Ghana

The knowledge that soil microorganisms form an important component of below ground biodiversity, providing ecosystem services, is often not incorporated in formulation of policies to conserve and manage these microorganisms. Using the method of cost replacement or cost savings in terms of mineral nitrogen fertilizer that would have been required to attain the same level of nitrogen fixed biologically, this study contributes to awareness on the importance of these microorganisms. Applying the knowledge gained from several on-station and on-farm trials in Africa, complemented with assumptions on FAO-sourced data from 19 African countries, this study estimated the financial value of nitrogen fixation of legume nodulating bacteria （LNB） associated with promiscuous soybean varieties. Results show that the financial value of the nitrogen-fixing attribute of soybean in Africa, especially the promiscuous varieties, annually amounts to about $ 200 million US dollars across the 19 countries. With the fertilizer price of -$ 795 tl （June 2008）, this would amount to $ 375 million. The study recommends various ways of increasing the chances of smallholder farmers benefiting from the nitrogen-fixing attribute of LNB, especially since many cannot afford adequate quantities of inorganic fertilizers for increased crop productivity.

关键词： N2-fixation promiscuous soybean financial valuation Africa.

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