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Establishing a Hydrographic Framework for Watershed Management across Northern Chile

Journal of Geographic Information System 2018年第5期10卷 539-561页

作者： Gustavo Moran Pedro Paolini Cuadra john-paul arp paul A. arp Surnorte Inc. Toronto Canadá LP Consultores Ltda. Santiago Chile Faculty of Forestry & Environmental Management Fredericton Canada

This article demonstrates how currently available digital elevation (NASA SRTM;30 m resolution) and hourly global precipitation data (rain, snow;5 and 10 km resolution) can be used to hydrographically quantify the regional watershed management context across northern Chile. This is done through comprehensive derivations of flow direction, flow accumulation, flow channels, floodplain extent, depressions, and upslope watershed outlines. In turn, these derivations allow for estimating potential precipitation accumulations within any watershed, and turn these into subsequent storm-averaged discharge estimates at, e.g., at any road—flow-channel crossing points. This article elaborates on this by modelling and mapping hydrological conditions and subsequent storm damage at the regional scale and at select locations in terms of recent flood events on March 2015, May 2017, and June 2017. It was found that modelled flood extent and storm-estimated discharge volumes and rates generally conform to reported values including storm-caused damages within communities along the Huasco, Elqui, Limari, Copiapó and Salado rivers. This included the storm response assessment of six water reservoirs as these varied, as quantified, from normal (Puclaro, La Laguna, Cogoti), at capacity (La Paloma, Cogoli), and overflowing (Recoleta). The details of the local to regional assessments are presented in the form hydrologically explicit maps, figures and tables. Together, these attest to the general validity of the framework as introduced. Hydrometrically based stream-discharge calibrations would assist in further refining the approach, especially in terms of estimating local to regional run-off coefficients.

关键词： Northern Chile Watersheds Precipitation Digital Elevation Modelling Hydrographic Interpretations Storm Events

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Digitally Mapping the Hydro-Topographical Context for Community Planning: A Case Study for the Upper Choapa River Watershed in Chile

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2017年第3期5卷 265-277页

作者： Gustavo Moran Pedro Paolini Cuadra Valenty Gonzalez john-paul arp paul A. arp Surnorte Inc. Aurora Canada LP Consultores Ltda. Santiago Chile Creativa-Consultores Ltda. Ciudad de Panama Panama Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management University of New Brunswick Fredericton Canada

Urban and non-urban settlements in many regions are usually located on the lands bordering shores, rivers, canals or streams. However, housing complexes, landfills, and areas for agriculture and mining are often assigned to locations without sufficiently detailed hydrographic information about subsequent potential if not actual flow and flooding impacts. Yet, for sustainable community planning with emphasis on harmonizing social, economic, environmental and institutional aspects, such information is essential. This article demonstrates how this need can in part be accommodated by way of digital elevation and wet-area modelling and mapping using the upper component of the Choapa watershed in Chile as a case study. The terrain of this area has sharply incised valleys, with communities, fields and roads strung narrowly along the Choapa River and its tributaries. Above these locations along the Estero de Los Pelambres near the Chile-Argentina border are major mining and mineral refining activities. This article provides modelling and mapping details about the wet-to-moist area zonation along the upper Choapa River valleys, and addresses some of the mining-induced changes from 2000 to 2010.

关键词： Digital Elevation Modelling Flow-Channel and Wet-Areas Mapping Communications Mining Land-Use Settlements Hydrological Concerns

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Unleashing the Power of Moiré Materials in Neuromorphic Computing

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Chinese Physics Letters 2023年第12期40卷 131-132页

作者： john paul Strachan Peter Grünberg Institute(PGI-14) Neuromorphic Compute NodesForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany and RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany

Reservoir computing has been an intriguing paradigm in the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning that draws inspiration from the complex dynamics of recurrent neural networks found in biological systems. Unlike traditional neural networks, reservoir computing separates the training of a fixed, randomly connected ‘reservoir’layer from a simpler ‘readout’ layer. This distinctive architecture allows the reservoir to process information in a highly dynamic and nonlinear manner.

关键词： networks neural computing

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Re-Examining Field-Surveyed Variations in Elevation and Soil Properties with a 1-m Resolution LiDAR-Generated DEM

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2023年第9期13卷 371-390页

作者： Kamille Lemieux paul A. arp Faculty of Forestry & Env. Management University of New Brunswick Fredericton Canada

This article presents a 2017 LiDAR-DEM guided 1-m resolution examination of field-surveyed elevation and soil property variations (5 × 5 m spacings) conducted in 1977 across a hummocky New Brunswick field used for potato production. This examination revealed that the field incurred minor elevation differences likely due to upslope erosion as revealed through increasing Sand % and CF % with increasing elevation, and increasing Silt % along low-lying areas. Soil moisture, field capacity, permanent wilting and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) also increased at downslope locations. Directly as well as indirectly, soil pH, ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), Caesium137 (Cs137) and Mehlich-3 extracted Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were likewise affected by topographic location. Factor analyzing these variables led to: 1) a Soil Loss Factor that captured 24% of the textural variations;2) a Soil-Cropping Factor accounting for 16% of the N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn variations;3) a Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Factor relating 9% of the in-field variations for SOM, Fe, Zn, Cu to via organo-metal complexation and low NO3-N retention. Many of the topographic variations increased or decreased with the metric DEM-projected depth-to-water index (DTW) index. This index was set to 0 along DEM-derived flow channels with minimum upslope flow-accumulation areas of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 or 4 ha. Among these, the DTW > 4 ha threshold was useful for reproducing the textural variations, while the DTW > 0.25 ha threshold assisted in capturing trends pertaining to moisture retention and elemental concentrations.

关键词： Field-Elevation Survey LiDAR 1-m DEM Flow Channels Depth-to-Water Soil Properties Factor Analysis

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Modeling and Mapping Forest Floor Distributions of Common Bryophytes Using a LiDAR-Derived Depth-to-Water Index

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第4期8卷 867-890页

作者： Monique Goguen paul A. arp Forest Watershed Research Centre Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management University of New Brunswick Fredericton New Brunswick Canada

This article describes how the cartographic depth-to-water (DTW) index in combination with other variables can be used to quantify, model and map the distribution of common forest floor bryophytes, at 1 m resolution. This was done by way of a case study, using 12 terrain and climate representative locations across New Brunswick, Canada. The presence/absence by moss species was determined at each location along upland-to-wetland transects within >10-m spaced 1-m2 forest floor plots. It was found that Bazzania trilobata, Dicranum polysetum, Polytrichum commune, Hylocomium splendens, and Pleurozium schreberi had greater probabilities of occurrence in well-drained forested areas, whereas Sphagnum fuscum and Sphagnum girgensohnii dominated in low-lying wet areas. The presence/absence of each species was quantified by way of logistic regression analyses, using DTW, slope, canopy closure, forest litter depth, ecosite type (8 classes), nutrient regime (4 classes, poor to rich);vegetation type (deciduous, coniferous, mixed, and shrubs), and macro- and micro-topography (upland, wetland;mounds, pits) as predictor variables. Among these, log10DTW and forest litter depth were the most consistent predictor variables, followed by mound versus pit. For the mapping purpose, only log10DTW and already mapped classifications for upland versus wetland and vegetation type were used to predict the probability of occurrences for the most frequent moss species, namely, D. polysetum, P. schreberi and Sphagnum spp. The overall accuracy for doing this ranged from 67% to 83%, with false positives and negatives amounting to 18% to 42%. The overall classification accuracy exceeded the probability by chance alone at 76.8%, with the significance level reached at 75.3%. The average level of probability by chance alone was 60.3%.

关键词： Bryophytes Wet Areas Macro- and Micro-Topography Forest Floor Forest Litter Mound And Pit Canopy Closure Digital Elevation Modeling Logistic Regression

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Analyzing and Projecting Soil Moisture and Cone Penetrability Variations in Forest Soils

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Open Journal of Forestry 2019年第2期9卷 109-142页

作者： Marie-France Jones paul arp Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management University of New Brunswick Fredericton Canada

This article details how forest soil moisture content (MC) and subsequent resistances to cone penetration (referred below as Cone Index, CI) vary by daily weather, season, topography, site and soil properties across eleven harvest blocks in northwestern New Brunswick. The MC- and CI-affecting soil variables refer to density, texture, organic matter content, coarse fragment content, and topographic position (i.e., elevation, and the seasonally affected cartographic depth-to-water (DTW) pattern). The harvest blocks were transect-sampled inside and outside their wood-forwarding tracks at varying times throughout the year. In detail, 61% of the pore-filled moisture content (MCPS) determinations inside and outside the tracks could be related to topographic position, coarse fragments, bulk density, and forest cover type specifications. In addition, 40% of the CI variations could be related to soil depth, MCPS, and block-specific cover type. Actual versus model-projected uncertainties amounted to ΔMCPS ≤ ± 15% and ΔCI ≤ ± 0.5 MPa, 8 times out of 10. Block-centered MC and CI projections were obtained through: 1) daily hydrological modelling using daily precipitation and air temperature weather-station records nearest each block, and 2) digitally mapped variations in soil properties, elevation, DTW and forest cover type, done at 10 m resolution.

关键词： Forest Soils Soil Moisture Cone Penetration Digital Elevation Modelling Cartographic Depth-to-Water Multilinear Regression Confusion Matrix

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Soil Trafficability Forecasting

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Open Journal of Forestry 2019年第4期9卷 296-322页

作者： Marie-France Jones paul arp Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management University of New Brunswick Fredericton Canada

This article introduces and evaluates a Soil Trafficability Model (STRAM) designed to estimate and forecast potential rutting depth on forest soils due to heavy machine traffic. This approach was developed within the wood-forwarding context of four harvest blocks in Northern and Central New Brunswick. Field measurements used for model calibration involved determining soil rut depths, volumetric moisture content, bulk density, soil resistance to cone penetration (referred to as cone index, or CI), and the dimensionless nominal soil cone index (NCI) defined by the ratio of CI over wheel foot print pressure. With STRAM, rut depth is inferred from: 1) machine dimensions pertaining to estimating foot print area and pressure;2) pore-filled soil moisture content and related CI projections guided by year-round daily weather records using the Forest Hydrology Model (ForHyM);3) accounting for within-block soil property variations using multiple and Random Forest regression techniques. Subsequent evaluations of projected soil moisture, CI and rut-depth values accounted for about 40 (multiple regression) and 80 (Random Forest) percent of the corresponding field measured values.

关键词： Soil Trafficability Wood Forwarding Plot Surveys Regression Comparisons Cartographic Depth-to-Water

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Influence of inter-grain cementation stiffness on the effective elastic properties of porous Bentheim sandstone

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2023年第3期15卷 573-583页

作者： Bin Chen Jiansheng Xiang john-paul Latham Department of Earth Science and Engineering Faculty of EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW72BXUK

Effective elastic properties of porous media are known to be significantly influenced by *** this paper,we investigated the influence of another critical factor,the inter-grain cementation stiffness,on the effective elastic properties of a granular porous rock(Bentheim sandstone)using an advanced numerical workflow with realistic rock microstructure and a theoretical ***,the disparity between the experimentally tested elastic properties of Bentheim sandstone and the effective elastic properties predicted by empirical equations was ***,a micro-computed tomography(CT)-scan based approach was implemented with digital imaging software AVIZO to construct the 3D(three-dimensional)realistic microstructure of Bentheim *** microstructural model was imported to a mechanics solver based on the 3D finite element model with inter-grain boundaries modelled by cohesive *** simulations were run to test the effective elastic properties for different shear and normal intergrain cementation ***,a relation between the macroscale Young’s modulus and inter-grain cementation stiffness was derived with a theoretical model which can also account for porosity *** the numerical and theoretical results indicate the influence of the inter-grain cementation stiffness,on the effective elastic properties is significant for porous *** calibrated normal and shear stiffnesses at the inter-grain boundaries are 1.2×10^(5) and 4×10^(4) GPa/m,respectively.

关键词： Porous sandstone Cohesive finite element model Grain-based model Rock microstructure Micro-computed tomography(CT)

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Relating Fish Hg to Variations in Sediment Hg, Climate and Atmospheric Deposition

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American Journal of Climate Change 2018年第3期7卷 402-419页

作者： Mina Nasr paul A. arp Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management University of New Brunswick Fredericton Canada

This article addresses total fish Hg concentrations (THg) by variations in lake Sediment THg, atmospheric Hg deposition (atmHgdep), and climate, i.e., mean annual precipitation (ppt) and air temperature. The Fish THg data were taken from the 1967-to-2010 Fish Mercury Datalayer (FIMDAC). This compilation was standardized for 12-cm long Yellow Perch in accordance with the USGS National Descriptive Model for Mercury in Fish (NDMMF [1]), and documents Fish THg across 1936 non-contaminated lakes in Canada. About 40% of the standardized Fish THg variations related positively to increasing ppt and Sediment THg, but negatively to increasing mean annual July temperature (TJuly). Only 20% of the Fish THg variations related positively to atmHgdep alone. Increasing TJuly likely influences Fish Hg through increased lake and upslope Hg volatilization, in-fish growth dilution, and temperature-induced demethylization. FIMDAC Fish THg effectively did not change over time while atmHgdep decreased. Similarly, the above Fish Hg trends would likely not change much based on projecting the above observations into the future using current 2070 climate-change projections across Canada and the continental US. Regionally, the projected changes in Fish Hg would mostly increase with increasing ppt. Additional not-yet mapped increases are expected to occur in subarctic regions subject to increasing permafrost decline. Locally, Fish THg would continue to be affected by upwind and upslope pollution sources, and by lake-by-lake changes in water aeration and rates of lake-water inversions.

关键词： Total Hg Concentrations Fish Sediments Atmospheric Hg Deposition Precipitation Air Temperature Climate-Change Projections North America

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A Survey of Language-Based Approaches to Cyber-Physical and Embedded System Development

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2015年第2期20卷 130-141页

作者： paul Soulier Depeng Li john R. Williams University of Hawaii Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)

As computers continue to advance, they are becoming more capable of sensing, interacting, and communicating with the physical and cyber world. Medical devices, electronic braking systems in automotive applications, and industrial control systems are examples of the many Cyber-Physical Systems （CPS） that utilize these computing capabilities. Given the potential consequences of software related failures in such systems, a high degree of safety, security, and reliability is often required. Programming languages are important tools used by programmers to develop CPS. They provide a programmer with the ability to transform designs into machine code. Of equal importance is their ability to detect and avoid programming mistakes. The development of CPS has predominantly been accomplished using the C programming language. Although C is a powerful language, it lacks features present in other languages that facilitate the development of reliable systems. This has prompted research into language-based alternatives for improving program quality through the use of programming languages. This paper presents an overview of the characteristics of embedded and cyber-physical systems and the associated requirements imposed on programming languages. This is followed by a survey of relevant research into language- based methods for creating safe, reliable, and robust software for CPS.

关键词： cyber-physical systems embedded systems programming languages type systems

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