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Urinary Tract Infection among Pregnant Women at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya: Bacterial Etiologic Agents, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles and Associated Risk Factors

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Advances in Microbiology 2018年第3期8卷 175-187页

作者： Hellen A. Onyango Carolyne Ngugi john maina john Kiiru Department of Medical Microbiology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Department of Medical Microbiology College of Health Sciences Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Centre of Microbiology Research Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) during pregnancy are among the most common infections worldwide and can lead to poor perinatal and maternal outcomes. This study determined the prevalence of UTIs during pregnancy, associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of associated bacterial pathogens. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Pumwani Maternity hospital. Their social-demographic profiles were obtained using a structured questionnaire. Cultures were done from midstream urine and antimicrobial susceptibility testing determined using the disc diffusion test. The overall prevalence of UTI was 15.7% regardless of the women’s age, parity and stage of gestation. Prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic bacteriuria was 4.3% and 11.4% respectively. Material of undergarment and frequency of changing the undergarments were found to contribute significantly to the acquisition of UTI (P < 0.05). E. coli was the most predominant UTI organism at (44.5%) followed by K. pneumoniae (21.2%) and S. aureus (15.1%). Almost a half (over 49%) of all Gram-negative organisms showed resistance prevalence against third generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, Cefoxitin, Nitrofurantoin and Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Gram-positive strains were susceptible to Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, Nitrofurantoin, Linezolid and Ofloxacin. The prevalence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in all study isolates was 96%. Our data suggest a serious resistance trend among UTI strains and more should be done to slow down this trend. Pregnant women should be screened by urine culture and treatment be guided by the antimicrobial susceptibility data.

关键词： Urinary Tract Infection Pregnancy Risk Factors Antimicrobial Resistance ESBL MRSA MDR

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Urinary Tract Infection among Adults Seeking Medicare at Kiambu Level 5 Hospital, Kenya: Prevalence, Diversity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles and Possible Risk Factors

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Advances in Microbiology 2021年第8期11卷 360-383页

作者： Fredrick Wanja Caroline Ngugi Eric Omwenga john maina john Kiiru Department of Medical Microbiology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Department of Microbiology & Parasitological Kisii University Kisii Kenya Centre of Microbiology Research Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya

Urinary tract infections are among the most prevalent extra-intestinal infections, with high prevalence globally. This cross-sectional study established prevalence of bacterial aetiology causing urinary tract infection (UTI) and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. A questionnaire was used to capture socio-demographic data and possible UTI risk factors among the 206 consented adults seeking medicare at Kiambu Level 5 Hospital. The collected midstream urine samples were subjected to dipstick analysis, microscopy and culture for UTI diagnosis. Results: The overall prevalence rate of UTIs was 27.6%, with women’s prevalence rate being significantly higher at 80.7% compared to men 19.2%. Pregnant women had UTI prevalence at 34% which was higher than other sets of participants. Women who did not frequently change their underpants daily had a higher UTI cases at 34.8%. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most prevalent bacterial pathogens at 38.5%, 21% and 19.3%, respectively. Antimicrobial sensitivity analysis revealed high resistances towards Sulfamethoxazole and Ampicillin at range between 50% - 85%, suggesting that these drugs are no longer effective for UTI empirical treatment. The resistance patterns towards Cefotaxime, Cefepime and Ciprofloxacin were below 40%. However, more resistance patterns at a range between 14% - 40% revealed towards Amoxicillin-clavulanic and Nitrofurantoin imply that these are drugs remain potent but there is the need to revise the current UTI management guidelines. In addition, to elude treatment failure, innovation of prophylactic measures is key to halt UTI contraction and offer support to pharmaceutical industries that have fewer new antibiotics in the pipeline.

关键词： Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Risk Factors Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile

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Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Clonal Relatedness of Pseudomonas aeruginosaStrains Recovered from Wounds Infections of Outpatient Population Presenting in a Rural Hospital in Kenya

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Advances in Microbiology 2019年第2期9卷 119-130页

作者： Thomas Gachuki Thuo Ciira Kiyuukia john maina Terry Judah Susan Kiiru john Kiiru Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Juja Kenya Kenya Medical Research Institute Centre for Microbiology Research Nairobi Kenya

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of hospital infections and is intrinsically resistant to most antibiotics. Emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains has been reported in the world and poses a great challenge in the management of infections associated with this species. While a substantial amount of research has been done on strains from most of other infection caused by this species in developed countries, little is known about the susceptibility profiles of strains recovered from African countries in general and Kenya in particular. Furthermore, there is paucity of data regarding strain, phenotype and genetic diversity of strains recoverable from wounds among patients in Kenya. The possible risk factors for acquisition of MDR strains and possible factors that could fuel clonal expansion in hospital and community settings remain undetermined. This cross-sectional study conducted in Tigoni Hospital, a rural area in Central Kenya sought to determine risk factors associated with carriage of MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa in wounds among rural population. We also analyzed antimicrobial resistance profiles among these isolates. Prevalence of P. aeruginosa in wounds was 28% with 85 isolates recovered from wounds of 299 participants. Most antimicrobial resistance prevalence was recorded towards Ceftazidime (64%) and Cefepime (52%) while Piperacillin-tazobactam was the most effective antimicrobial agent with a resistance prevalence rate of 20%. Resistance towards new classes of aminoglycosides such as Gentamicin was at 45% while that towards Amikacin was at 40%. Compared to other related studies, relatively lower resistance towards Ciprofloxacin (25%) and Meropenem (40%) were recorded. Some of the risk factors identified for carriages of MDR strains were self-medication (p: 0.001, C.I: 3.01 - 8.86, O.R: 5.17) and non-completion of dosage (p: 0.12, C.I: 0.9 - 2.5, O.R: 1.5).

关键词： Carbapenems Resistance Risk Factors Related to Carbepenems Resistance Carriage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Wounds Clonal Relatedness

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Unravelling Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotypes and Carriage of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Dairy Farms in Kiambu County, Kenya

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Advances in Microbiology 2022年第5期12卷 295-315页

作者： Dan Waithiru john Mwaniki Njeru john M. Maingi Erastus Mulinge Benjamin Ngugi john maina john Kiiru Department of Biochemistry Biotechnology & Microbiology Kenyatta University Nairobi Kenya Centre for Microbiology Research Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya

The use of antibiotics for prophylaxis and growth enhancement in livestock farming is on the increase globally. This practice has led to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in livestock. Only limited research has been done to establish the role of cattle farming in antimicrobial resistance. The current study sought to establish the carriage of multi-drug resistance and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes in Escherichia coli from farmers, their cattle, and cattle slurry within Kiambu County. A total of 286 (81%) E. coli isolates were recovered from 352 samples analysed. Antibiotic resistance profiles showed 114 (40%) isolates were resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes and were considered multidrug-resistant. Among multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli strains, 40 (14%) were resistant to 3 different antimicrobial classes, while 71 (25%) were resistant to between 4 and 7 antibiotic classes. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase resistance was found in 18 isolates: human (n = 14), cattle (n = 2), and environmental (n = 2). Both the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes were detected in 10 and 15 strains, respectively. Sequence analysis showed that the isolates carried the blaTEM-116 (n = 7), blaTEM-1 (n = 5), and blaCTX-M-15 (n = 8) genes. Genotyping MDR isolates using (GTG) 5 PCR demonstrated that the isolates were not clonal. This data shows antimicrobial resistance profiles and different types of resistance genes in the E. coli population on dairy farms. As a result, more effective, targeted public health policies and measures need to be put in place to control and prevent the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria.

关键词： Humans Cattle Slurry Escherichia coli Multidrug Resistance Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) TEM 116 CTX-M-15 Kenya

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Efficacy of Biological Control and Cultivar Resistance on FusariumHead Blight and T-2 Toxin Contamination in Wheat

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第5期3卷 599-607页

作者： Scholastica Leah Musyimi James Wanjohi Muthomi Rama Devi Narla john maina Wagacha Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Ministry of Agriculture Nairobi Kenya School of Biological Sciences University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

Laboratory and green house experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides, biological agents and host resistance in managing FHB and the associated T-2 toxin. In vitro activity of fungicides and antagonists was determined by paired culture method. Effect of microbial agents on FHB severity and mycotoxin content was determined by co-inoculating F. graminearum and F. poae with Alternaria spp., Epicoccum spp. and Trichoderma spp. Fungicides Pearl? (500 g/L carbendazim), Cotaf? (50 g/L hexaconacole), Thiovit? (micronised sulphur 80% w/w) and Folicur? (430 g/L tebuconazole) were the standard checks. Host resistance was determined by inoculating F. poae and F. graminearum to four wheat cultivars and fifteen lines in pot ex-periments. Fungicides resulted in 100% inhibition of pathogen radial growth in in vitro while microbial agents suppressed pathogen growth by up to 53%. Thiovit? and Trichoderma were the most effective in reducing FHB severity in green house pot experiments. The wheat cultivars and lines varied in susceptibility with cultivar Njoro BW II showing least susceptibility while line R1104, cv. Mbuni and cv. KIBIS were most susceptible. All the wheat cultivars and lines accumulated T-2 toxin by up to 5 to 28 μg/kg. The results indicated that neither fungicides nor antagonists can solely be relied on in managing FHB and toxin accumulation. Therefore, integration of biocontrol agents, fungicides and further breeding efforts to improve lines and cultivars with promising resistance to FHB and T2-toxin contamina-tion is recommended.

关键词： Antagonists Fungicides Fusarium Head Blight T-2 Toxin Wheat

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Occurrence of AspergillusSpecies and Aflatoxin Contamination in Raw and Roasted Peanuts from Formal and Informal Markets in Eldoret and Kericho Towns, Kenya

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Advances in Microbiology 2013年第4期3卷 333-342页

作者： Helene Nyirahakizimana Lizzy Mwamburi johnstone Wakhisi Charity Kawira Mutegi Maria Elisa Christie john maina Wagacha International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Nairobi Kenya

The population and diversity of fungal species and levels of aflatoxin contamination were investigated in 228 marketed peanut samples;140 from formal and 88 from informal markets, in Kericho and Eldoret towns of Kenya. Ground peanut samples were cultured on Modified Dichloran Rose Bengal (MDRB) agar while aflatoxin level was quantified based on indirect competitive ELISA. Correlation between the incidence of major aflatoxin-producing fungal species and aflatoxin levels was also established. Fungal species commonly isolated from the peanut samples included Aspergillus flavus L strain, A. flavus S strain, A. parasiticus, A. tamarii, A. caelatus, A. alliaceus (all of Aspergillus section Flavi) and A. niger. Fungi isolated in low frequency included Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp. Aflatoxin levels in peanut products ranged from 0 to 2345 μg/kg in raw peanuts, 0 to 382 μg/kg in roasted coated peanuts, and 0 to 201 μg/kg in roasted de-coated peanuts. Overall, levels of total aflatoxin were higher in samples from informal (mean = 97.1 μg/kg) than formal (mean = 55.5 μg/kg) market outlets. There was a positive and significant correlation (R2 = 0.63;p ≤ 0.05) between aflatoxin levels and the major aflatoxin producing fungi in raw peanuts from formal markets in Eldoret town. Additionally, total aflatoxin in raw peanut samples from informal markets in Kericho was positively and significantly correlated (R2 = 0.81;p ≤ 0.05) to the population of A. flavus (L and S strains). In roasted coated peanuts sampled from formal market outlets in Eldoret, aflatoxin levels correlated positively and significantly (R2 = 0.37;p ≤ 0.05) with A. flavus S strain. There is need to create awareness among peanut traders and consumers on proper handling of peanuts and health risks associated with consumption of unsafe peanut products.

关键词： Aflatoxin Aspergillus Section Flavi Peanuts Peanut Market Outlets

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Early Birds Breathed Easy

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Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 2018年第4期32卷 245-246页

作者： WANG Xiaoli Jingmai O'Connor john maina PAN Yanhong WANG Min WANG Yan ZHENG Xiaoting ZHOU Zhonghe Linyi University IVPP University of Johannesburg Nanjing University

When thinking of paleontology and the study of fossilized remains,we typically envision a white,petrified skeleton lying in some desert badland,exposed by wind and ***,recent discoveries have put an ever-increasing focus on the preservation of non-skeletal fossil remains–that is to say,the preservation of soft tissues that have remarkably survived the test of time,sometimes hundreds of millions of years.

关键词： Early Birds Breathed Easy

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Antimicrobial Profiles of Selected Gram-Negative Bacteria Recoverable from Sewage and Sludge from Juja and Kibera Informal Settlements of the Larger Nairobi Metropolis

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Advances in Microbiology 2019年第6期9卷 507-524页

作者： john maina Perpetual Ndung’u Anne Muigai Helen Onyango Joel K. Mukaya Susan Wambui Terry Judah Joyce Kinyua Joystella Muriuki Lynne Chesenge Lydia Kisoo Rebecca Thuku Boniface Wachira Vincent Bett Thomas Gachuki john Kiiru Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Juja Kiambu County Central Kenya Kenya Center for Microbiology Research Kenya Medical Research Nairobi Kenya

Africa has experienced rapid urban migration in the past two decades. New informal settlements continue to emerge and expand but the sanitation provision of facilities has not improved at the same pace and this poses a serious health concern to the public especially the urban poor. Open sewage systems and sludge-clogged drainage systems as well as soil contaminated with industrial and domestic wastes are possible sources of germs that probably cause clinical infections and epidemics. In this cross-sectional study, we recorded diverse genera of Gram-negative non-fastidious bacteria that included;Escherichia coli (23%), Klebsiella spp (21%), Enterobacter spp (19%), Citrobacter spp (10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%), Proteus spp (7%), Salmonella (3%), Yersinia spp (3%), Shigella spp (2%), Morganella morganii (2%), Edwardisella spp (1%), Hafnia spp (1%), Serratia marcesence (0.5%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (0.5%). Most of these isolates were resistant to ampicillin while imipenem and ciprofloxacin were the most effective antimicrobial agents. Resistance combination towards ampicillin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin was also noted in recovered isolates (16%). An overall high antimicrobial resistance was recorded among isolates from slum as compared to those recovered from Juja, a middle-class settlement located at the edge of Nairobi metropolis. The prevalence of isolates with a combined resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and ceftazidime), gentamicin and ciprofloxacin was the highest among P. aeruginosa isolates (13%) but none of the Yersinia species and Edwardisella tarda exhibited this resistance. Carriage of blaTEM (52%) was most prevalent in all bacteria species followed by blaCTX-M (20%), blaSHV (18%) while blaOXA (17%) was the least common. The phylogeny analysis revealed significant genetic similarity among strains belonging to E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. agglomerans and P. mirabilis strains but less relatedness

关键词： Antimicrobial Resistance Multiple-Drug Resistance (MDR) Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL) Enterobacteriaceae Sewage and Sludge

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Factors Associated with Glycated Hemoglobin Levels >6.5% among Diabetic Patients Attending Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya

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Journal of Diabetes Mellitus 2021年第1期11卷 10-25页

作者： maina Charity Muringo Joseph Mutai john Gachohi School of Public Health Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Centre for Public Health Research Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya Washington State University Global Health Kenya Nairobi Kenya

Introduction: Good quality care in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), whose prevalence is approximately 10% in Kenya, may prevent or delay diabetes complications. This study determined blood glycemic targets, defined by HbA1c levels (>6.5% [53 mmol/mol]) and associated factors among patients receiving diabetes management at Kenyatta National Hospital in Kenya. Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted between May to September 2017, we obtained blood samples from 381 consenting T2DM patients attending KNH. The study collected data using a detailed questionnaire while taking glycemic measurements. Factors associated with poor glycemic control (HbA1c levels >6.5%) were determined using Ordinal logistic regression modeling, STATA software version 13. Results: 103 (27.1%) T2DM patients with poor glycemic control were identified. In multivariate analysis, independent risk factors associated with poor glycemic control and their 95% confidence intervals included: concurrent hypertension (aOR 1.6, [1.1, 2.4]), receiving ≥3 oral anti-diabetes medication (aOR 2.4, [1.3, 4.6]) and good adherence to medication based on self-reporting (aOR 6.2, [1.9, 41.3). Independent protective factors included self-monitoring of blood glucose levels (aOR 0.35, [0.2, 0.4]), patients aged 51 to 60 years (aOR 0.5, [0.3, 0.9]), weight between 50 and 70

关键词： Diabetes Mellitus Glycemic Control Glycated Hemoglobin Kenya

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Impact of Storage Temperature on Microbial Diversity and Probiotic Effect of Liquid Brewers’ Yeast

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2024年第3期14卷 168-182页

作者： Peter Alphonce Obuong Alaru Alfred Anakalo Shitandi Symon maina Mahungu john Muasya Kilumba Muia Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology Egerton University Nakuru Kenya Dairy Research Institute Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization Naivasha Kenya School of Pure and Applied Sciences Kisii University Kisii Kenya

Using probiotics as animal feed additives instead of antibiotics is gaining momentum to avert adverse negative effects on human health. Liquid brewers yeast (LBY) is an industrial by-product containing probiotic microorganisms and is also used as a protein supplement for dairy animals. Nevertheless, value chain actors lack of appropriate handling practices compromises the by-products quality and safety. This study aimed to determine the effect of variation in temperature on microbial diversity and probiotic effects during the storage time of LBY sampled from distributors and farmers from Githunguri sub-county of Kenya. The samples were stored at 20C, 25C and 30C, then tested on 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. The studys parameters involved determining the pH levels, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total coliform count (TCC), mould, and yeast in LBY. The rate (k) of the reaction kinetics model was used to extrapolate the expected probiotic shelf life. The LAB and yeast populations were reduced in a first-order reaction at all storage temperatures. The rate of reduction in the numbers of LAB reduced with an increase in temperature (k = 0.019 and 0.023) at 20C and 30C, respectively. Yeasts highest rate of growth reduction was 25C (k = 0.009) and least at 30C (k = 0.043). The minimum effective concentration for probiotics of 106 CFU/mL needed to observe the beneficial physiological impact on farm animals was achieved between 34.9 and 35.5 days at the tested storage temperatures. The study provides insight into the unexploited low-cost probiotic potential of LBY in dairy production. Conversely, handling practices and environmental microbial contamination along the value chain can compromise product quality and safety. There is a need to advocate its use in dairy for improved productivity and sensitize farmers to appropriate hygienic measures along the LBY value chain.

关键词： Liquid Brewers’ Yeast Microbial Diversity Probiotics Shelf Life

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