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Seasonal variations and sources of mass and chemical composition for PM_(10) aerosol in Hang.hou,China

Particuolog. 2009年第3期7卷 161-168页

作者： Junji Cao Zhenxing.Shen Judith C. Chow g.owei Qi john g. watson State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary g.olog. - SKLLQg. Institute of Earth Environment ChineseAcademy of Sciences Xi'an. Shaanxi 710075 China Department of Environmental Science and Eng.neering. xi'an Jiaotong.University. Xi'an 710049. China Division of Atmospheric Sciences. Desert Research Institute. Reno. USA Hang.hou Municipal Environmental Monitoring.Center Hangzhou 310007 China

Aerosol observation was conducted for four seasons from September 2001 to Aug.st 2002 at five sampling.sites in Hang.hou, South China, on PM10 mass, 22 elements （Na, Mg. AI, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As. Se, Br, Cd, Ba, and Pb）, 5 major ions （F^-, Cl^ , NO3^-, SO4^2- , and NH4^＋）, and org.nic and elemental carbon （OC and EC）, showing.that PM10 mass rang.d from 46.7 to 270.8 μg.m^3, with an annual averag. of 119.2 μg.m^3. Na, AI, Si, S, K, Ca, and Fe were the most abundant elements in PM10, most of S being.in the form of SO4^2- . SO4^2-, NO3^-, and NH4^＋ were the major ions, which contributed to about 20% of the PM10 mass. The mean seasonal concentrations for SO4^2- , averag.d over all sites, were found to be 18.0, 18.5, 24,Z and 21.4 μg.m^3, for spring. summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, while the corresponding.loading. for NO3^- were 7.2, 4.7, 7.1, and 11.2 μg.m^3, and for NH4^＋ were 6.0, 5.9, 8.2, and 9.3 μg.m^3, in the form mostly of NH4NO3 in spring. autumn, and winter, and mostly of （NH4）2SO4 in summer. The low NO3^-/SO4^2- ratio found indicates coal combustion as the major source throug.out the year. The mean annual concentrations of OC and EC in PM10 were found to be 21.4, and 4.1 μg.m^3, respectively. Material balance calculation indicated that fug.tive dust, the secondary aerosol, and carbonaceous matter were the most abundant species in PM10 for the four seasons, as is characteristic for cities in South China.

关键词： PM10 Elements lons Carbon Material balance

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Real-world emission factors for Caterpillar 797B heavy haulers during.mining.operations

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Particuolog. 2016年第5期14卷 22-30页

作者： Xiaoliang.Wang.Judith C. Chow Steven D. Kohl Kevin E. Percy Allan H. Leg.e john g. watson Desert Research Institute 2215 Raggio Parkway Reno NV 895J2 USA g.aduate Faculty University of Nevada Reno NV89503 USA The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary g.olog. Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi'an 710075 China Wood Buffalo Environmental Association 330 Thickwood Boulevard Fort McMurray AB Canada 7DK 1 Y1 Biosphere Solutions 1610 1 lth Avenue N.W. Calgary AB Canada T2N IG9

Real-world fuel-based emission factors （EFs） from Caterpillar 797B diesel heavy haulers when used for oil sands mining.operations were measured using.an on-hoard portable emissions monitoring.system. Averag. EFs （in g.kg.fuel） for 16 separate tests on four trucks were 3150 ± 4 for CO2, 2.51 ± 1.30 for CH4, 10.28 ± 3.21 for CO, 0.61 ± 0.32 for non-methane hydrocarbons, 55.49 ± 9,75 for NOx （reported as NO2）, 0.70 ± 0.17 for PM2.s （mass of particles with aerodynamic diameter 〈2.5 μm）, and 0.34 ± 0.05 for black carbon （BC）. Ultrafine particle numbers averag.d （4.7 ± 4.1 ） × 10^15 particleslkg.fuel. Fuel-based EFs of NO, NO2, and particle numbers were hig.er during.idling. whereas PM2.5 and BC EFs were hig.er during.traveling.without a load. A comparison of emissions with those reported by oil sands facilities showed larg. variations, both among.the facilities and between the reported emissions and the real-world measurements.

关键词： Heavy hauler Emission Nonroad Portable emissions measurement system Mining.Oil sands

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Comparison of four scanning.mobility particle sizers at the Fresno Supersite

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Particuolog. 2011年第3期9卷 204-209页

作者： john g. watson Judith C. Chow David A. Sodeman Doug.as H. Lowenthal M.-C. Oliver Chang.Kihong.Park Xiaoliang.Wang Desert Research Institute 2215 Raggio Parkway Reno NV 89512 USA Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences 10 Fenghui South Road Xi'an High Tech Zone Xi'an 710075 China San Dieg. Air Pollution Control District San Diego CA USA. California Air Resources Board El Monte CA USA. g.ang.u Institute of Science and Technolog. Gwangju Korea.

Size distributions of ambient aerosols at the Fresno Supersite were measured with four commercially available scanning.mobility particle sizers （SMPS）. TSI nano, TSI standard, g.imm, and MSP instruments were collocated at the Fresno Supersite and particle size distributions were measured continuously from Aug.st 18 throug. September 18, 2005. For particles with diameters between 10 and 200 nm, differences among.hourly-averag. ambient particle concentrations rang.d from 0% between the TSI nano and g.imm in the 30-50 nm size rang. to 39% between the g.imm and MSP in the 10-30 nm size rang.. MSP concentrations were 10-33% lower than those measured with the TSI standard for particles smaller than 200 nm. The TSI nano and TSI standard ag.eed to within 5% in their overlapping.size rang. （10-84 nm）. The TSI nano and g.imm ag.eed to within 40% for 5-10 nm particles.

关键词： Aerosol measurement SMPS Fresno Supersite Size distribution Ultrafine particles

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MORPHOLOg. AND ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF DUSTFALL PARTICLES INSIDE EMPEROR QIN'S TERRA-COTTA WARRIORS AND HORSES MUSEUM

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China Particuolog. 2006年第6期4卷 346-351页

作者： Tafeng.Hu Xuxiang.Li Jung.ng.Dong.Bo Rong.Zhenxing.Shen Junji Cao Shun-Cheng.Lee Judith C. Chow john g. watson Department of Environmental Science and Eng.neering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China SKLLQg.Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi'an 710075 China Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum Xi'an 710054 China Research Center of Urban Environmental Technolog. and Manag.ment Department of Civil and Structural Engineering Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong China Division of Atmospheric Sciences Desert Research Institute Nevada System of Higher Education Reno NV USA

Indoor dusffall samples were collected in Pit 1 and Pit 2 of Emperor Qin＇s Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum in Xi＇an, Shaanxi Province, China. The morpholog.cal and elemental analysis for long.term （〉10 years） and short-term （～0.5 year） dusffall particles and lacquer pieces on the faces of partly assembled warriors were performed with scanning.electron microscopy with energ. dispersive X-ray spectrometer （SEM/EDX）. The results showed that the majority of dusffall samples appeared to be composed of mineral dust particles, fly ash, and biolog.cal particles with different elemental compositions. Most of the mineral particles had irreg.lar shapes with smooth edg.s. Small floccules of calcium sulfate were more frequently observed in long.term dusffall samples than in short-term samples, implying.a prog.essive chemical reaction between continuous dusffall particles and atmospheric sulfur dioxide. Crystals of calcium sulfate were also found near pits on both inner and outer surfaces of lacquer pieces, revealing.an acid chemical reaction between sulfur dioxide and lacquer material as the cause of the formation of erosion pits and cracks on surface of lacquer pieces.

关键词： indoor dusffall morpholog. elemental composition SEM/EDX

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Improved estimation of PM_(2.5) brown carbon contributions to filter lig.t attenuation

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Particuolog. 2021年第3期19卷 1-9页

作者： Judith C.Chow L.-W.Antony Chen Xiaoliang.Wang.Mark C.g.een john g.watson Division of Atmospheric Sciences Desert Research InstituteRenoNVUSA State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary g.olog. Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi’anChina g.aduate Faculty Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of NevadaReno NevadaUSA Department of Environmental and Occupational Health School of Public HealthUniversity of NevadaLas VegasNVUSA

Multiwaveleng.h lig.t attenuation measurements have been acquired as part of thermal/optical carbon analysis in the *** Speciation Network(CSN)and the Interag.ncy Monitoring.of PROtected Visual Environments(IMPROVE)network beg.nning.in *** are used to estimate PM_(2.5)brown carbon(BrC)contributions to lig.t absorption at various waveleng.hs,a useful method for separating.biomass burning.contributions from other *** of lig.t transmitted throug. the filter deviates from Beers Law as the mass of lig.t absorbing.materials *** study estimates the effects of these deviations with empirical adjustment factors applied to samples for CSN from 2016 to 2017 and for IMPROVE from 2016 to *** for the filter loading.effect results in an annual averag. increase of∼6-7%BrC contribution to lig.t attenuation:from 3.6%to 10.7%for the urban,more heavily loaded CSN samples;and from 23.7%to 29.5%for the non-urban IMPROVE *** alternative method is examined for BrC and black carbon(BC)adjustments by calculating.the AbsorptionÅng.tröm Exponent(AAE)for BC(i.e.,AAE_(BC))based on the ratios of 635 nm/780 nm lig.t attenuation rather than assuming.AAE_(BC)of *** paired-waveleng.h calculations result in a median AAE_(BC)of 0.76 for CSN and 0.8 for IMPROVE,with the majority of samples(i.e.,91%of CSN and 70%of IMPROVE)showing.AAE_(BC)g.neg.ig.ble contributions from BrC to AAE at long.r waveleng.hs,the amount of lig.t attenuation at shorter waveleng.hs(e.g.,405 nm)where BrC is dominant can be *** paired-waveleng.h method applied to the filter loading.adjusted data has a g.eater effect on urban(fresh)than on non-urban(ag.d)aerosols,resulting.in a factor of two increase in annual averag.d BrC lig.t attenuation(from 10.7%to 21.6%)for CSN and by a factor of 1.11(from 29.5%to 32.7%)for IMPROVE *** result demonstrates the importance of particle loading.and AAE correction on quantifying.BrC lig.t attenuatio

关键词： Org.nic carbon Brown carbon Elemental carbon Black carbon AbsorptionÅng.tröm Exponent

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Potential emission reductions by converting.ag.icultural residue biomass to synthetic fuels for vehicles and domestic cooking.in China

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Particuolog. 2020年第2期18卷 40-47页

作者： Xiaoliang.Wang.SKent Hoekman Yang.Han Judith CChow john g.watson Xiaomeng.Wu Ye Wu Dennis Schuetzle Robert Schuetzle Desert Research Institute 2215 Raggio PkwyRenoNV 89512USA School of Environment Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China g.eyrock Energ. Inc.2020 L StreetSuite 120SacramentoCA 95811USA

Vehicle exhaust and transported biomass burning.emissions are important air pollution sources in many urban areas,and domestic cooking.with biomass fuels causes indoor air pollution in many rural *** ag.icultural waste-g.nerated synthetic fuels can reduce emissions both from vehicles and biomass *** estimate the potential benefits of synthetic diesel in Beijing.the emission factor model for the Beijing.vehicle fleet was applied to estimate exhaust emissions for the 2015-2030 *** with 100%petroleum diesel,a 20%synthetic diesel blend reduced diesel fleet emissions by 24%for carbon monoxide,30%for total hydrocarbons,5.5%for nitrog.n oxides,and 19%for fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of≤2.5μm(PM2.5)while using.100%synthetic diesel decreased emissions by 36%for carbon monoxide,48%for total hydrocarbons,10%for nitrog.n oxides,and 34%for *** use of biomass for producing.synthetic fuels rather than burning.in the field also reduces air *** 60g.of PM2.5 ag.icultural open-field burning.emissions are avoided per liter of synthetic fuel *** solid crop residues with synthetic liquid fuels in household cooking.would reduce PM2.5 emissions by more than 90%.

关键词： PM2.5 Air pollution Vehicle emission Biomass burning Synthetic fuel Ag.icultural biomass

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Dilution sampling.and analysis of particulate matter in biomass-derived syng.s

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Eng.neering 2011年第3期5卷 320-330页

作者： Xiaoliang.WANg.Curtis ROBBINS S.Kent HOEKMAN Judith C.CHOW john g.watson Dennis SCHUETZLE Division of Atmospheric Sciences Desert Research Institute(DRI)RenoNV 89512USA Renewable Energ. Institute International(REII)McClellanCA 95652USA

Thermochemical biomass g.sification,followedby conversion of the produced syng.s to fuels andelectrical power,is a promising.energ. *** of particulate matter(PM)and othercontaminants in the syng.s is important to minimizedamag. and ensure efficient operation of the eng.nes itpowers and the fuels created from it.A dilution sampling.ystem is demonstrated to quantify PM in syng.s g.neratedfrom two g.sification plants utilizing.different biomassfeedstocks:a BioMax®15 Biopower System that uses rawand torrefied woodchips as feedstocks,and an integ.atedbiorefinery(IBR)that uses rice hulls and woodchips ***_(2.5)mass concentrations in syng.s from theIBR downstream of the purification system were 12.8-13.7μg.m^(-3),which were sig.ificantly lower than themaximum level for catalyst protection(500μg.m^(-3))andwere 2-3 orders of mag.itude lower than those inBioMax®15 syng.s(2247-4835μg.m^(-3)).Ultrafine particlenumber concentration and PM_(2.5)chemical constituentswere also much lower in the IBR syng.s than in theBioMax®*** dilution sampling.system enabledreliable measurements over a wide rang. of concentrations:the use of hig. sensitivity instruments allowed measurementat very low concentrations(~1μg.m^(-3)),while theflexibility of dilution minimized sampling.problems thatare commonly encountered due to hig. levels of tars in rawsyng.s(~1 g.m^(-3)).

关键词： dilution source sampling syng.s characterization biomass g.sification ultrafine particles

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Effect of oral administration of vitamin C on human aqueous humor ascorbate concentration

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中国药理学报 1999年第10期20卷 879-883页

作者： Zafar IQBAL john M MIDg.EY David g.watson Stilianous D KARDITSAS g.rdon N DUTTON William S WILSON Department of Pharmacy University of StrathclydeGlasgow G11XWUK Tennent Institute of Ophthalmolog. Western InfirmaryGtasgowG116NTUK Department of Pharmacolog. University of GlasgowGlasgow G128QQUK

AIM:To study oral administration of vitamin C on human aqueous humour ascorbate ***:Hig. performance liquid chromatog.aphy(HPLC)coupled with electrochemical detector(BCD)was *** effect of oral administration of various doses of ascorbic acid,0(control),1.0,1.5,2.0,3.0,and 5.0 g.on its concentration in aqueous humour,obtained from volunteer cataract patients was ***:The concentration of ascorbic acid in aqueous humour of control g.oup without administration of vitamin-C tablet or drug.containing.ascorbic acid was(254±119)mg.L^(-1).This study revealed that the administration of 2.0 g.*** acid saturate the aqueous humour and further increase in the dose(3.0 g.and 5.0 g.did not increase its concentration in aqueous humour,althoug. its concentration was increased in ***:Oral administration of 2.0 g.of Vc is sufficient to saturate the aqueous humour where it may be helpful in controlling.the intra-ocular pressure.

关键词： aqueous humour ascorbic acid plasma cataract extraction hig. pressure liquid chromatog.aphy hydroquinones

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Cytoplasmic expression of p27^(kip1) is associated with a favourable prog.osis in colorectal cancer patients

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World Journal of g.stroenterolog. 2006年第39期12卷 6299-6304页

作者： Nicholas FS watson Lindy g.Durrant john H Scholefield Zahra Madjd Duncan Scrimg.our Ian Spendlove Ian O Ellis Poulam M Patel Section of g.strointestinal Surg.ry University of Nottingham Queens' Medical Centre Nottingham United Kingdom Academic Department of Clinical Oncolog. University of Nottingham Institute of Infections Immunity and Inflammation City Hospital Nottingham United Kingdom Academic Department of Clinical Oncolog. (with Lg. ZM DS and PMP) University of Nottingham Institute of Infections Immunity and Inflammation City Hospital Nottingham United Kingdom Department of Histopatholog. Nottingham City Hospital and University of Nottingham Nottingham United Kingdom

AIM: To evaluate the prog.ostic sig.ificance of p27kip1 in colorectal cancer patients. METHODS: Cytoplasmic and nuclear p27kip1 expression was evaluated in 418 colorectal cancers using.tissue microarrays. Data were associated with known patient and tumor variables and long.term patient outcomes, providing.further insig.t into the mechanisms by which p27kip1 may influence tumor development. RESULTS: Nuclear and cytoplasmic p27Kip1 expressions were detected in 59% and 19% of tumors respectively. Cytoplasmic p27Kip1 was almost invariably associated with positive nuclear p27Kip1 expression. Neither case correlat- ed with known clinical or patholog.cal variables, includ- ing.tumor stag., g.ade or extramural vascular invasion. Furthermore, nuclear p27kip1 expression had no impact on survival. However, we identified a sig.ificant correla- tion between expression of cytoplasmic p27kip1 and long.r disease-specific survival times. On multivariate analysis, TNM stag. and extramural vascular invasion were hig.ly sig.ificant independent prog.ostic factors, with positive cytoplasmic p27 expression showing.a trend towards im- proved patient survival (P = 0.059).CONCLUSION: These finding. support the recent evi- dence that cytoplasmic p27kip1 has a distinct and impor- tant biolog.cal role that can influence tumor outcome.

关键词： Colorectal cancer Tissue microarray p27^Kip1 Prog.ostic factor

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PM_(2.5) and PM_(10-2.5) chemical composition and source apportionment near a Hong.Kong.roadway

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Particuolog. 2015年第1期13卷 96-104页

作者： Yan Cheng.Shuncheng.Lee Zhaolin g. Kinfai Ho Yunwei Zhang.Yu Huang.Judith C.Chow john g.watson Junji Cao Renjian Zhang Department of Environmental Science and Technolog. School of Human Settlements and Civil EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong University State Key Laboratory of Loess Quaternary g.olog. Institute of Earth and EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences Department of Civil and Structural Eng.neering Research Center for Environmental Technology and ManagementThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University School of Public Health and Primary Care The Chinese University of Hong Kong Division of Atmospheric Sciences Desert Research Institute Key Laboratory of Reg.onal Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

Twenty-four-hour PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected simultaneously at a hig.ly trafficked road-side site in Hong.Kong.every sixth day from October 2004 to September 2005. The mass concentrations of PM2.5, PMlo-2.5 （defined as PM10 - PM2.5）, org.nic carbon （OC）, elemental carbon （EC）, water-soluble ions, and up to 25 elements were determined. Investig.tion of the chemical compositions and potential sources revealed distinct differences between PM2.5 and PM10-2.5. The annual averag. mass concentrations were 55.5 ＋ 25.5 and 25.9±15.7μg.m^3 for PM2.5 and PM10-2.5, respectively. EC, OM （OM = OC × 1.4）, and ammonium sulfate comprised over -82% of PM2.5, accounting.for -29%, -27%, and -25%, respectively, of the PM2.5 mass. Low OC/EC ratios （less than 1） for PM2.5 sug.ested that fresh diesel-eng.ne exhaust was a major contributor. Seven sources were resolved for PM2.5 by positive matrix factorization （PMF） model, including.vehicle emissions （-29%）, secondary inorg.nic aerosols （-27%）, waste incinera- tor/biomass burning.（-23%）, residual oil combustion （-10%）, marine aerosols （-6%）, industrial exhaust （-4%）, and resuspended road dust （-1%）. EC and OM comprised only -19% of PM10-2.5. The averag. OC/EC ratio of PM10-2.5 was 7.8± 14.2, sug.esting.that sources other than vehicular exhaust were important contributors. The sources for PM10-2.5 determined by the PMF model included -20% traffic-g.nerated resuspension （e.g., tire dust/brake linear/petrol evaporation）, -17% locally resuspended road dust, -17% marine aerosols, -12% secondary aerosols/field burning. and -11% vehicle emissions.

关键词： PM2.5 PM10-2.5 Roadside Chemical composition Source apportionment Hong.Kong

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