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A review of landscape ecology experiments to understand ecological processes

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Ecological Processes 2022年第1期11卷 802-811页

作者： Yolanda f.Wiersma Department of Biology Memorial UniversitySt.John’sNL A1C 5S7Canada

Background:One way in which we make inferences about ecological processes is via *** ecological processes happen at landscape extents and it is at this extent that experimentation is more *** review explores the intersection between experimentation,ecological processes and landscape ***,this review seeks to discover how scientists design experiments to understand ecological processes at landscape ***:I found 87 papers where these three concepts intersected,and reviewed them in more depth to assess characteristics of scale(treatment and study area extent),replication,research question and experiment ***:The findings suggest that experimental approaches for understanding ecological processes are well established,and beginning to more readily accommodate spatial ***,there is room to integrate more spatially explicit,landscape-scale experiments into studies of ecological processes.

关键词： Inference Landscape ecology Manipulative experiment Observational experiment Scale

Speciation and Mobility of Phosphate in the Eutrophic Ponds at Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York, USA

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2017年第6期5卷 26-36页

作者： Ying Liu Zhongqi Cheng Brett f. Branco john f. Marra Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Brooklyn College of the City University of New York New York USA

The water system at the Prospect Park ponds of Brooklyn, NY has been receiving chronic loads of orthophosphate from the municipal water since the mid ’90s. The ponds are currently eutrophic with degraded water quality and high levels of P in the sediment. In this study, the distribution and speciation of P within the water column was examined. The dominant form of P in the water was found as soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) and the temporal change of SRP indicated significant internal loading from the sediment during late summer in the ponds downstream. Lake sediment was investigated for P fractionation and phosphate bound to fe-hydroxides was the dominant form of P in the sediment. Both external and internal P pools are important and should be taken into consideration when planning for restoration.

关键词： Phosphate Eutrophication Speciation Nutrient Loading

Exercise interventions for older adults: A systematic review of meta-analyses

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2021年第1期10卷 29-47,I0001页

作者： Claudio Di Lorito Annabelle Long Adrian Byrne Rowan H.Harwood john R.f.Gladman Stefan Schneider Pip Logan Alessandro Bosco Veronika van der Wardt Division of Rehabilitation Ageingand WellbeingSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottingham NG72UHUK Division of Health Sciences School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottingham NG72UHUK Institute of Movement and Neurosciences German Sport UniversityCologne 50933Germany Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottingham NG72UHUK Center for Methodology and Health Research Department of General MedicinePreventive and Rehabilitative MedicinePhilipps-Universität MarburgMarburg 35032Germany

Background:The evidence concerning which physical exercise characteristics are most effective for older adults is *** aimed to characterize the extent of this diversity and inconsistency and identify future directions for research by undertaking a systematic review of metaanalyses of exercise interventions in older ***:We searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,PsycInfo,MEDLINE,Embase,CINAHL,AMED,SPORTDiscus,and Web of Science for articles that met the following criteria:(1)meta-analyses that synthesized measures of improvement(e.g.,effect sizes)on any outcome identified in studies of exercise interventions;(2)participants in the studies meta-analyzed were adults aged 65+or had a mean age of 70+;(3)meta-analyses that included studies of any type of exercise,including its duration,frequency,intensity,and mode of delivery;(4)interventions that included multiple components(e.g.,exercise and cognitive stimulation),with effect sizes that were computed separately for the exercise component;and(5)meta-analyses that were published in any year or *** characteristics of the reviews,of the interventions,and of the parameters improved through exercise were reported through narrative *** of the interventions linked to the largest improvements was carried out by identifying the highest values for improvement recorded across the *** study included 56 meta-analyses that were heterogeneous in relation to population,sample size,settings,outcomes,and intervention ***:The largest effect sizes for improvement were found for resistance training,meditative movement interventions,and exercise-based active ***:The review identified important gaps in research,including a lack of studies investigating the benefits of group interventions,the characteristics of professionals delivering the interventions associated with better outcomes,and the impact of motivational strategies and of sig

关键词： Intervention Meta-analyses Old Physical exercise Systematic review

Influence of supraphysiological cortisol manipulation on predator avoidance behaviors and physiological responses to a predation threat in a wild marine teleost fish

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Integrative Zoology 2018年第2期13卷 206-218页

作者： Michael J.LAWRENCE Erika J.ELIASON Jacob W.BROWNSCOMBE Kathleen M.GILMOUR john W.MANDELMAN Lee f.G.GUTOWSKY Steven J.COOKE fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory Department of BiologyCarleton UniversityOttawaOntarioCanada Department of Ecology Evolution&Marine BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA Department of Biology University of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada School for the Environment University of New EnglandBiddefordMaineUSA john H.Prescott Marine Laboratory New England AquariumBostonMassachusettsUSA

The stress axis in teleost fish attempts to maintain internal homeostasis in the face of allostatic ***,stress axis induction has been associated with a higher predation rate in *** date,the physiological and behavioral factors associated with this outcome are poorly *** purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of experimental cortisol elevation on anti-predator behavior and physiological responses to predator *** hypothesized that semi-chronic cortisol elevation would increase susceptibility to predation by increasing stress-induced risk-taking *** test this hypothesis,schoolmaster snapper were given cocoa butter implants without cortisol(sham)or with cortisol(50 mg/kg body weight)and tethered to *** were exposed to either a lemon shark or control conditions for *** use and activity were recorded throughout and fish were terminally sampled for *** implantation,relative to shams,resulted in higher blood glucose and plasma cortisol concentrations with a lower plasma lactate *** exposure,relative to controls,elicited higher blood glucose and lactate concentrations but had no effect on plasma cortisol *** interactions were detected between shark exposure and cortisol treatment for any physiological *** metrics,including shelter use and activity,were unaffected by either cortisol implantation or shark *** responses to cortisol implantation likely resulted from enhanced gluconeogenic activity,whereas alterations under predator exposure may have been the product of catecholamine *** work should address context-specific influences of stress in mediating behavioral responses to predation.

关键词： homeostatic overload lemon shark predation refuging stress axis teleost physiology

Should antibiotics be administered before arthroscopic knee surgery? A systematic review of the literature

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2018年第11期9卷 262-270页

作者： john Carney Nathanael Heckmann Erik N Mayer Ram K Alluri Carleton Thomas Vangsness George f Hatch Ⅲ Alexander E Weber Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Southern California

AIM To explore the current evidence surrounding the administration of prophylactic antibiotics for arthroscopic knee surgery. METHODS Databases were searched from inception through May of 2018 for studies examining prophylactic antibiotic use and efficacy in knee arthroscopy. Studies with patient data were further assessed for types of arthroscopic procedures performed,number of patients in the study,use of antibiotics,and outcomes with the intention of performing a pooled analysis. Data pertaining to "deep tissue infection" or "septic arthritis" were included in our analysis. Reported data on superficial infection were not included in our data analysis. for the pooled analysis,a relative risk ratio was calculated and χ~2 tests were used to assess for statistical significance between rates of infection amongst the various patient groups. Post hoc power analyses were performed to compute the statistical power obtained from our sample sizes. Number needed to treat analyses were performed for statistically significant differences by dividing 1 by the difference between the infection rates of the antibiotic and no antibiotic groups. An alpha value of 0.05 was used for our analysis. Study heterogeneity was assessed by Cochrane's Q test as well as calculation of the I^2 *** A total of 49682 patients who underwent knee ar-throscopy for a diverse set of procedures across 19 studies met inclusion critera for pooled analysis. for those not undergoing graft procedures,there were 27 cases of post-operative septic arthritis in 34487 patients(0.08%) who received prophylactic antibiotics and 16 cases in 10911(0.15%) who received none [risk ratio(RR) = 0.53,95% confidence interval(CI): 0.29-0.99,P = 0.05]. A sub-group analysis in which bony procedures were excluded was performed which found no significant difference in infection rates between patients that received prophylactic antibiotics and patients that did not(P > 0.05). All anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

关键词： Knee arthroscopy Antibiotics Systematic review Vancomycin Anterior cruciate ligament

HBV vaccine efficacy and detection and genotyping of vaccineé asymptomatic breakthrough HBV infection in Egypt

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World Journal of Hepatology 2011年第6期3卷 147-156页

作者： Eman AE Abushady Magda MA Gameel john D Klena Salwa f Ahmed Kouka SE Abdel-wahab Sanya M fahmy Microbiology department Faculty of Medicine Nourthern Border UniversityArar 1321Saudi Arabia Microbiology department Faculty of MedicineAL-Azhar UniversityCairo R695-11651Egypt Molecular Epidemiology unit Clinical Trials ProgramNAMRU-3Cairo 11157Egypt Pediatric department Faculty of MedicineAL-Azhar UniversityCairo R695-11651Egypt

AIM:To evaluate the impact of mass vaccination against the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Egypt,and to search for vaccinee asymptomatic breakthrough HBV infection and its ***:Seven hundred serum samples from vaccinated children and adults (aged 2-47 years) were used for quantitative and qualitative detection of HBsAb by *** hundred and sixty serum samples representing undetectable or low or high HBsAb were screened for markers of active HBV infection (HBsAg,HBcAb (IgG) and HBeAb by ELISA,plus HBsAg by AxSYM) and HBV-DNA genotyping by nested multiplex PCR and by DNA ***:It was found that 65% of children aged 2-4 years,and 20.5% aged 4-13 years,as well as 45% adults were good responders to HBV vaccination mounting protective level *** responders were 28%,59.5% and 34%,and non-responders were 7%,20% and 21% respectively,in the three studied *** of asymptomatic HBV infections were HBsAg detected by ELISA in 2.5% vs 11.39% by *** markers were HBcAb (IgG) in 1.38%,HBeAb in 0.83%,and HBV-DNA in 7.8%.All had HBV genotype E ***:It is concluded that HBV vaccine is efficient in controlling HBV infection among children and *** vaccine breakthrough infection was by HBV genotype E.A booster dose of vaccine is recommended,probably four years after initial vaccination.

关键词： HBV vaccine evaluation Egyptain children Adults Genotype E vaccine escape HBV

Key challenges and approaches to addressing barriers in forest carbon offset projects

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Journal of forestry Research 2022年第4期33卷 1109-1122页

作者： Chunyu Pan Anil Shrestha john LInnes Guomo Zhou Nuyun Li Jinliang Li Yeyun He Chunguang Sheng john-ONiles Guangyu Wang faculty of forestry University of British Columbia2424 Main MallVancouverBC V6T 1Z4Canada Zhejiang Prov Key Lab of Carbon Cycling forest Ecosystem Zhejiang A&F UniversityLinan 311300People’s Republic of China China Green Carbon foundation No.18Hepingli DongjieBeijing 100714People’s Republic of China College of Economics and Management Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040People’s Republic of China University of California San Diego9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaSan DiegoCA 92093USA

forest carbon offset(fCO)projects play an increasingly important role in mitigating climate change through market mechanisms in both compliance and voluntary ***,there are challenges and barriers to developing an fCO project,such as carbon leakage and cost-eff *** have been few attempts to summarize and synthesize all types and aspects of existing challenges and possible solutions for fCO *** paper systematically reviews and discusses the current challenges involved in developing fCO projects,and then draws on the experience and lessons of existing projects to show how those challenges were addressed in world-leading voluntary carbon standards,namely the Verifi ed Carbon Standard,the American Carbon Registry,the Climate Action Reserve,and Plan *** voluntary markets have rich experience in fCO projects and are responsible for a signifi cant share of the *** the 53 publications used in this analysis,three broad thematic categories of challenges *** were related to methodology,socio-economic implications,and *** challenges,particularly additionality,permanence,and leakage,were the focus of 46%of the selected research papers,while socio-economic challenges,including transaction,social,and opportunity costs,were addressed by 35%.The remaining 19%of the research articles focused on implementational challenges related to monitoring,reporting,and verifi *** voluntary standards adequately addressed most of the methodological and implementational barriers by adopting various ***,the standards did not adequately address socio-economic issues,despite these being the second most frequently discussed theme in the papers *** research is clearly needed on the socio-economic challenges involved in the development of fCO *** the development of high-quality forestry carbon off set projects,there are many challenges and no simple,universal recipe for addressi

关键词： forest carbon Offset schemes Market mechanisms Challenges Opportunities

The personal memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant

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The personal memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant

A Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Ideal Two-fluid Plasma Equations

作者： edited by john f. Marszalek with David S. Nolen & Louie P. Gallo.

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Communications in Computational Physics 2011年第2期9卷 240-268页

作者： john Loverich Ammar Hakim Uri Shumlak Tech-X Corporation 5621 Arapahoe Avenue Suite ABoulder CO80303USA University of Washington Aerospace and Energetics Research ProgramSeattleWA 98195-2250USA

A discontinuous Galerkin method for the ideal 5 moment two-fluid plasma system is *** method uses a second or third order discontinuous Galerkin spatial discretization and a third order TVD Runge-Kutta time stepping *** method is benchmarked against an analytic solution of a dispersive electron acoustic square pulse as well as the two-fluid electromagnetic shock[1]and existing numerical solutions to the GEM challenge magnetic reconnection problem[2].The algorithm can be generalized to arbitrary geometries and three *** approach to maintaining small gauge errors based on error propagation is suggest.

关键词： Plasma two-fluid 5 moment discontinuous Galerkin electrostatic shock electromagnetic shock magnetic reconnection