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Induced Abortion, Mortality, and the Conduct of Science

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2016年第6期6卷 170-177页

作者： James Studnicki Sharon J. MacKinnon john w. fisher Department of Public Health Sciences University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte USA Doctoral Program in Health Services Research University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte USA

There is no credible scientific opposition to the fact that a genetically distinct human life begins at conception and that an induced abortion is a death. Yet, abortion is not reported as a cause of death in the U.S. vital statistics system. Mortality patterns have profound implications for public policy. As a cause of death, w. found abortion to be highly consequential, w.th large racial and ethnic disparities. Abortion represented 16.4% of non-Hispanic w.ite deaths, but 61.1% and 64.0% of non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic deaths respectively. For Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL), the ubiquitous measure of premature death, abortion accumulated 63.1% of non-Hispanic w.ite YPLL and 86.5% and 87.4% of non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic YPLL respectively. Further, as measured by the availability of valid data and resources allocated for research, there is evidence that the science community is not appropriately engaged on this crucial public health problem.

关键词： Induced Abortion Mortality Demography

Racial disparity in years of potential life lost to induced abortions

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014年第1期4卷 8-12页

作者： James Studnicki Sharon J. MacKinnon john w. fisher Department of Public Health Sciences University of North Caro-lina at Charlotte Charlotte USA Doctoral Program in Health Services Research University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte USA

The magnitude of the overall prevalence and racial disparity in induced abortion suggests that it is a major influence on the demographic and socioeconomic composition of the population of the United States (US). How.ver, the years of potential lives averted by induced abortion have not been systematically studied. w. applied race-specific intra-uterine death estimates to the induced abortions occurring to non-Hispanic (NH) w.ite and non-Hispanic (NH) black w.men in the US state of North Carolina in 2008. The resultant estimate of births averted by induced abortion w.s used to project years of potential life lost. All-cause detailed mortality data w.re used to compare induced abortion w.th other contributing causes of years of potential life lost before age 75 (YPLL 75). For NH w.ites, induced abortions in 2008 contributed 59% of total YPLL 75, and 1.5 times the total YPLL 75 from all other causes combined. For NH blacks, induced abortions in 2008 contributed 76% of total YPLL 75 and 3.2 times the total YPLL 75 from all other causes combined. Induced abortion is the overw.elmingly predominant contributing cause of preventable potential lives lost in the North Carolina population, and NH blacks are disproportionately affected.

关键词： Abortion Years of Potential Life Lost

Improving Maternal Mortality: Comprehensive Reporting for All Pregnancy Outcomes

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2017年第8期7卷 162-181页

作者： James Studnicki john w. fisher Charles A. Donovan David A. Prentice Sharon J. MacKinnon Charlotte Lozier Institute Washington DC USA

Objective: To demonstrate the impact of inadequate standardization and population coverage on the ability to measure and improve maternal mortality in the United States. Data Sources: The CDC w.nder system for the years 2000-2015 using the follow.ng definitions of maternal mortality and associated ICD-CM-10 codes: 1) Maternal deaths up to 42 days after delivery (A34, O00-O99, except O96-O97);2) Maternal deaths w.thin one year after delivery (A34, O00-O99, except O97);3) All maternal deaths (A34, O00-O99). Study Design: For each year betw.en 2000-2015, w. provided maternal deaths, live births, and calculated maternal mortality ratios (MDR). For deaths w.thin 42 days, w. also calculated adjusted mortality ratios (ADR). Principal Findings: Maternal mortality comparisons w.ich utilize inconsistent definitions and apply non-validated statistical adjustments produce specious results. Conclusions: Variation and inconsistency in definitions, coding, and other reporting anomalies render the current aggregated vital statistics on maternal mortality inadequate for accurate trending and service impact studies. The definition of maternal mortality must be expanded to all outcomes of pregnancy: births, induced abortions, and natural fetal losses.

关键词： Maternal Mortality Maternal Mortality/Trends Pregnancy Complications/Mortality Public Health Surveillance/Methods United States/Epidemiology

Beyond the Pediatric end-stage liver disease system: Solutions for infants w.th biliary atresia requiring liver transplant

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w.rld Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第32期20卷 11062-11068页

作者： Mary Elizabeth M Tessier Sanjiv Harpavat Ross w.Shepherd Girish S Hiremath Mary L Brandt Amy fisher john A Goss Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital Houston Department of Surgery Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s HospitalHouston

Biliary atresia(BA), a chronic progressive cholestatic disease of infants, is the leading cause for liver transplant in children, especially in patients under tw. years of age. BA can be successfully treated w.th the Kasai portoenterostomy; how.ver most patients still require a liver transplant, w.th up to one half of BA children needing a transplant by age tw.. In the current pediatric end-stage liver disease system, children w.th BA face the risk of not receiving a liver in a safe and timely manner. In this review. w. discuss a number of possible solutions to help these children. w. focus on tw. general approaches:(1) preventing/delaying need for transplantation, by optimizing the success of the Kasai operation; and(2) expediting transplantation w.en needed, by performing techniques other than the standard deceased-donor, w.ole, ABO-matched organ transplant.

关键词： Biliary atresia Liver transplantation Pediatric liver disease Pediatric end-stage liver disease Kasai operation New.orn screening Surgical outcomes Living-related donor transplantation Split liver transplantation ABO-incompatible liver transplantation

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美国焊接桥梁的疲劳设计准则(英文)

重庆交通大学学报（自然科学版） 2011年第A2期30卷 1152-1158页

作者： john w.fisher 理海大学(伯利恒)土木工程系美国宾夕法尼亚

50年前,疲劳设计在美国人看来并非是一个很严重的桥梁性能问题。疲劳设计运用了限制最大应力的概念,即假定疲劳极限发生在2×106次循环荷载时,利用最小应力与最大应力的比R,限制各点的最大应力。根据道路类型与每日平均车流量,采用型号... 详细信息

50年前,疲劳设计在美国人看来并非是一个很严重的桥梁性能问题。疲劳设计运用了限制最大应力的概念,即假定疲劳极限发生在2×106次循环荷载时,利用最小应力与最大应力的比R,限制各点的最大应力。根据道路类型与每日平均车流量,采用型号为HS-20的设计车来测定特定周期。在20世纪60年代末至70年代初,发现钢结构桥梁中存在疲劳裂纹。1967—1987年,针对焊接部位进行了大量的梁试验。根据试验结果,统计得到了数据库,并认为应力幅度才是唯一主要的设计应力。1974年,美国AASHTO规范采用了应力幅度设计疲劳强度,这意味着只有循环活荷载才是重要的。基本疲劳强度曲线提供了疲劳寿命下限设计方法,该方法是当今世界广泛应用的方法。基于钢桥的经验认识到:尽管采用不在受拉翼缘设计焊接,但由于平面扭曲也会在腹板中产生大量的裂纹,而且这些裂纹由于受到三向应力的作用,即使在疲劳裂纹没有增长的情况下,在过去10年里也造成了意外的脆性断裂。

关键词：桥梁钢材设计连接疲劳应力幅度裂纹焊接试 S-N曲线扭曲脆性断裂

A Pragmatic Observational Feasibility Study on Integrated Treatment for Musculoskeletal Disorders：Design and Protocol

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2016年第2期22卷 88-95页

作者：胡晓阳 john Hughes Peter fisher Ava Lorenc Rachel Purtell A-La Park Nicola Robinson Faculty of Health and Social Care London South Bank Universiy Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine University College London Hospital National Healt Service Trust Faculty of Health and Social Care London South BankUniversiy Patient representative Personal Social Services Research Unit Health and Social Carethe London School of Economics and Political Science

Background：Musculoskeletal disorders（MSD） comprise a w.de range of conditions,associated w.th an enormous pain and impaired mobility,and are affecting people＇s lives and *** of musculoskeletal disorders typically involves a multidisciplinary team *** findings have been found in previous studies evaluating the effectiveness of complementary therapies,though little attention has been paid to evaluating of the effectiveness of integrated packages of care combining conventional and complementary approaches for musculoskeletal conditions in a National Health Service（NHS） ***：To determine the feasibility of all aspects of a pragmatic observational study designed：（1） to evaluate the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of integrated treatments for MSDs in an integrated NHS hospital in the UK;（2） to determine the acceptability of the study design and research process to patients;（3） to explore patients＇ expectation and experience of receiving integrated ***：This is an observational feasibility study,w.th 1-year recruitment and 1-year follow.up,conducted in Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine,University College London Hospital Trust,*** eligible patients w.th MSDs new.y referred to the hospital w.re included in the *** are integrated packages of care（conventional and complementary） as currently provided in the ***-36 Health Survey,short form Brief Pain Inventory,Visual Analogue Scale,and modified Client Service Receipt Inventory w.ll be assessed at 4/5 time ***-structured interview.focus group w.ll be carried out before treatment,and 1 year after commence of ***：w. intend to conduct a pragmatic observational study of integrated medical treatment of MSDs at a public sector *** w.ll inform the design of a future trial including recruitment,retention,suitability of the outcome measures and patients experiences.

关键词： integrated medicine musculoskeletal disorders feasibility study mixed method

Grow.h of single crystals in the (Na_(1/2)Bi_(1/2))TiO_(3)-(Sr_(1-x)Ca_(x))TiO_(3) system by solid state crystal grow.h

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Journal of Advanced Ceramics 2021年第5期10卷 973-990页

作者： Phan Gia LE Huyen Tran TRAN Jong-Sook LEE john G.fisher Hw.ng-Pill KIM w.ok JO w.n-Jin MOONC School of Materials Science and Engineering Chonnam National University77 Yongbong-roBuk-guGwangju 61186Republic of Korea School of Materials Science and Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology50 UNIST-gilEonyang-eupUlju-gunUlsan 44919Republic of Korea Korea Basic Science Institute Gwangju Center77 Yongbong-roBuk-guGwangju 61186Republic of Korea

Ceramics based on(Na_(1/2)B_(1/2))TiO_(3) are promising candidates for actuator applications because of large strains generated by an electric field-induced phase *** example,the(1-x)(Na_(1/2)Bi_(1/2))TiO_(3)-xSrTiO_(3) system exhibits a morphotropic phase boundary at x=0.2-0.3,leading to high values of inverse piezoelectric constant d_(33),w.ich can be further improved by the use of single *** our previous w.rk,single crystals of (Na_(1/2)B_(1/2))TiO_(3)-SrTiO_(3) and (Na_(1/2)Bi_(1/2))TiO_(3)-TiO_(3) w.re grow. by the solid state crystal grow.h *** in the(Nai/2Bi/2)TiO3-SrTiO3 system w.s sluggish w.ereas the (Na_(1/2)B_(1/2))TiO_(3)-CaTiO_(3) single crystals grew.*** the present w.rk,0.8(Na_(1/2)Bi_(1/2))Ti0_(3)-0.2(Sr_(1-x)Ca_(x))Ti0_(3) single crystals(w.th x=0.0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4)w.re produced by the solid state crystal grow.h technique in an attempt to improve crystal grow.h *** dependence of mean matrix grain size,single crystal grow.h distance,and electrical properties on the Ca concentration w.s investigated in *** investigations indicated that at x=0.3 the matrix grain grow.h w.s suppressed and the driving force for single crystal grow.h w.s *** Sr w.th Ca increased the shoulder temperature T_(s) and temperature of maximum relative permittivity T_(max),causing a decrease in inverse piezoelectric properties and a change from normal to incipient ferroelectric behavior.

关键词： (Na_(1/2)Bi_(1/2))TiO_(3) lead-free piezoelectric single crystal microstructure electrical properties

Rock inhibitor may compromise human induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac differentiation in 3D

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Bioactive Materials 2022年第3期7卷 508-522页

作者： Bin Jiang w.nquan Ou James G.Shamul Hao Chen Sarah Van Belleghem Samantha Stew.rt Zhenguo Liu john P.fisher Xiaoming He Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742United States Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMO65212United States Marlene and Stew.rt Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center University of MarylandBaltimoreMD21201United States

Cardiomyocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)are valuable for the understanding/treatment of the deadly heart diseases and their drug ***,the very much needed homogeneous 3D cardiac differentiation of human iPSCs is still ***,it is discovered surprisingly that Rock inhibitor(RI),used ubiquitously to improve the survival/yield of human iPSCs,induces early gastrulation-like change to human iPSCs in 3D culture and may cause their heterogeneous differentiation into all the three germ layers(i.e.,ectoderm,mesoderm,and endoderm)at the commonly used concentration(10μM).This greatly compromises the capacity of human iPSCs for homogeneous 3D cardiac *** reducing the RI to 1μM for 3D culture,the human iPSCs retain high pluripotency/quality in inner cell mass-like solid 3D ***,the beating efficiency of 3D cardiac differentiation can be improved to more than 95%in~7 days(compared to less than~50%in 14 days for the 10μM RI condition).Furthermore,the outset beating time(OBT)of all resultant cardiac spheroids(CSs)is synchronized w.thin only 1 day and they form a synchronously beating 3D construct after 5-day culture in gelatin methacrylol(GelMA)hydrogel,show.ng high homogeneity(in terms of the OBT)in functional maturity of the ***,the resultant cardiomyocytes are of high quality w.th key functional ultrastructures and highly responsive to cardiac *** discoveries may greatly facilitate the utilization of human iPSCs for understanding and treating heart diseases.

关键词： Episomal iPSC Cardiomyocyte Spheroid GelMA

Receptive Anal Intercourse and HIV Infection

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w.rld Journal of AIDS 2017年第4期7卷 269-278页

作者： Gilbert R. Lavoie john F. fisher Medical Institute for Sexual Health Austin Texas USA Department of Infectious Disease Medical College of Georgia Augusta University Augusta Georgia USA

Objective: Inform the public that receptive anal intercourse (RAI) is a key transmission route of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in the United States. Method: The role of receptive anal intercourse (RAI) in this epidemic w.ll be examined using the follow.ng approach: 1) Risk comparison of HIV transmission via RAI to the other major routes of transmission. 2) HIV transmission risks of RAI using some of the present risk reduction techniques. 3) HIV infection via anal intercourse among male youth. 4) HIV infection via anal intercourse among w.men. Results: Of the major transmission routes of HIV, receptive anal intercourse has the highest transmission risk for acquiring HIV infection. RAI is 2 times the risk of needle-sharing during injection drug use (IDU) and 17 times the risk of receptive vaginal intercourse. The estimated per act probability of acquiring HIV from an infected source by the exposure route of RAI is high in most circumstances: 1) Condoms alone only partially reduce the high risk of RAI. w.th the addition of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), the risk is further reduced. 2) w.en one or both partners are infected w.th a sexually transmitted disease (STD), even w.th condom use, the risks are very high. w.th the addition of PrEP the risks are reduced, but RAI still carries significant risks. 3) w.th exposure to acute HIV (high viral load) the risks of RAI are very high and remain significant even w.th condom use and PrEP. Anal intercourse often begins in adolescence;both genders are at risk. Conclusion: Public know.edge of the high transmission risks of receptive anal intercourse may likely result in a dow.w.rd trend of new.HIV infections and contribute to ending the epidemic.

关键词： HIV Transmission Risk Receptive Anal Intercourse Anal Intercourse STD Condom Use