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Transdermal Formulation Development and Topical Administration of Atenolol to Cats

pharmacology & pharmacy 2020年第3期11卷 39-53页

作者： Sumeia M. Mohamed john Mark Christensen Nicole LeBlanc Department of pharmaceutical Science College of Pharmacy Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA Department of Cardiology College of Veterinary Medicine Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA

Atenolol diffusion through synthetic membrane, cloned human epidermis, and cat ear skin was performed utilizing a Franz diffusion cell. Transdermal drug diffusion enhancers’ ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polysorbate 80 and Dimethyl isosorbide (DMI) were added to the topical formulations and tested for their ability to enhance drug permeation through the test membranes. Topical formulation with penetration enhancers showed a rapid burst of atenolol diffusion for the first two hours (35.5 to 40 μg/ml) followed by a zero-order sustained diffusion of 2.7 μg/cm2/h of atenolol for up to twenty-four hours after application to test membranes. Increased atenolol flux through different test membranes was greatest for synthetic membrane. The topical application of the optimized atenolol formulation to cat skin containing permeation enhancers aided transdermal atenolol drug delivery to treat cats with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The optimum topical formulation demonstrated two fluxes through cat skin, the burst flux (15.7 μg/cm2/h) and a sustained flux (2.7 μg/cm2/h). Measured atenolol concentrations in cats at 3, 6 and 12 hours after transdermal atenolol application were 432.7 ng/ml ± 323.3, 262.4 ng/ml ± 150.1, and 253.3 ng/ml ± 133.6 respectively. Six of 7 cats achieved therapeutic serum atenolol levels (260 ng/ml) for at least one time point. Five of 7 cats had therapeutic serum atenolol concentrations 3 hours post-atenolol. At the 6 hours post-atenolol time point, only 2 had a therapeutic serum atenolol concentration while at 12 hours post-atenolol dosing, 4 of 7 cats had therapeutic serum atenolol concentrations. Transdermal atenolol administered at 25 mg q12h resulted in clinically therapeutic serum atenolol concentrations in the majority of healthy cats. The optimum transdermal formulation enabled good drug delivery feasible for transdermal application in a clinical trial in cats.

关键词： Atenolol Transdermal Delivery Formulation Cats

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A Stakeholder-Guided Collaborative Approach to Improve Water Quality in a Nutrient Surplus Watershed

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Journal of Water Resource and protection 2014年第6期6卷 571-582页

作者： Hector German Rodriguez Jennie popp Edward Gbur john pennington Agricultural Statistics Laboratory University of Arkansas Fayetteville USA Beaver Watershed Alliance Fayetteville USA Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness University of Arkansas Fayetteville USA

The need for water quality improvement in nutrient surplus watersheds is a pressing issue on the agenda of some government agencies and environmental organizations. Including the water quality perceptions of different affected stakeholder groups in the decision-making process may help in addressing this issue. Unfortunately, there is a lack of published research focusing specifically on understanding how Arkansas stakeholders’ perceptions of water quality issues can be used to build and implement comprehensive and workable water quality management plans. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use a stakeholder-guided collaborative approach to help research and outreach personnel to understand water quality perceptions of key stakeholders and to integrate stakeholder engagement in both the decision-making process and in the implementation of water quality management strategies within the Lincoln Lake Watershed in northwest Arkansas. Two key stakeholder groups (i.e., Locals—residents and agricultural producers—and Outsiders—water quality specialist across the state) were surveyed to assess their perceptions regarding: 1) causes of watershed water quality problems, 2) parties responsible for water quality improvement, 3) effectiveness and affordability of best management practices to reduce water quality degradation, and 4) the stakeholders’ interactions with county, state and federal government. A total of 209 complete surveys (49% response rate) were received. Survey responses were compared to determine if significant differences existed between the two stakeholder groups’ perceptions of water quality performing Fisher’s exact tests. Results from the study showed that water quality is still perceived as an issue in the Lincoln Lake Watershed. Significant differences were found between the two stakeholder groups’ perceptions regarding: 1) different groups’ contributions to water degradation, 2) groups’ responsibilities for cleanup, 3) effectiveness of five best

关键词： Stakeholders’ perceptions Environmental Decision Making Best Management practices Nutrient Surplus Watershed Watershed Management

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Geospatial Techniques for the Assessment and Analysis of Flood Risk along the Niger-Benue Basin in Nigeria

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2013年第2期5卷 123-135页

作者： Felix Ndidi Nkeki philip john Henah Vincent Nduka Ojeh Department of Geography and Regional planning University of Benin Benin City Nigeria

River flooding has become a widely distributed and devastating natural disaster that has caused significant damages both economically and socially. Recently, it displaced millions of people in Nigeria and submerged several square kilometres of landed area in general and farmlands in particular. Although, the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) predicted the occurrence of the flood disaster and advised the relocation of residence from the floodplain to the high ground, but spatial information pertaining to the areal extent vulnerable to the hazard was not made available. This study attempted to assess the spatial impact of the October 2012 flooding of the Niger-Benue basin on the surrounding areas using the moderate resolution imaging Spectroradiometre (MODIS) data of NASA Terra satellite and developed a geospatial methodology for detecting and extracting the flood risk areas and the vulnerable population to flooding within the basin. The integration of remotely sensed data and other spatial and non-spatial data within the GIS platform was able to produce series of thematic maps which was used to generate a geospatial database for flood risk analysis and assessment. The result of the analysis effectively demonstrated the contribution of geospatial methods in mitigating and monitoring the effect of flooding along the Niger-Benue basin. It was therefore, suggested that government agencies and policy makers should adopt this powerful technique for reliable and well synthesized information which is a vital component of flood risk assessment and planning.

关键词： Geospatial MODIS Buffer Flood Disaster Niger-Benue Basin

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A 4-layer method of developing integrated sensor systems with LabVIEW

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Journal of Measurement Science and Instrumentation 2013年第4期4卷 307-312页

作者：白江华陈静薇 john Freeouf Andres La Rosa Tan Kah Kee College Xiamen University Department of physics Portland State University

System integrity is important for fast and accurate measurement and *** is widely used in education and *** LabVIEW codes are hard to be read and shown because of their 2D *** order to simplify the programming,a 4-layer model of developing sensor or measurement systems with LabVIEW is proposed in this *** purpose of this paper is to show the readers how to design simple,clear and strong automated systems with *** a Sensirion SHT75 humidity sensor and an NI USB6008 DAQ board as an example,this paper describes the steps of developing a sensor system from the physical layer to application layer in *** layer 2,port selection and signal regulation are *** layer 3,timing waveform analysis and synthesis,state diagram analysis,instruction set design,micro operation and fault tolerance designs are *** layer 4,data visualization is covered with a vivid *** found it was hard to show readers their LabVIEW codes because many LabVIEW codes occupy several screens.A layer model simplifies the programming,so one is able to show a medium size LabVIEW code easily.

关键词： LabVIEW sensor system layer model automatic system

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A ten-year experience of inferior vena cava reconstruction for malignancy:The importance of a multidisciplinary approach with hepatobiliary surgery

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Hepatobiliary & pancreatic Diseases International 2020年第4期19卷 396-398页

作者： Maria R.Baimas-George Ryan C.pickens Jesse K.Sulzer Dionisios Vrochides john B.Martinie David M.Levi David A.Iannitti Division of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department of SurgeryCarolinas Medical Center1025 Morehead Medical DriveSuite 600CharlotteNC 28204USA Division of Transplant Surgery Department of SurgeryCarolinas Medical CenterCharlotteNCUSA

To the Editor,Tumor invasion of the inferior vena cava(IVC)through direct erosion is a rare and poor prognostic feature of aggressive hepatic or perihepatic malignancies[1,2].Literature shows poor response to chemotherapy,such that resection often is the only option for improved survival[3].Multidisciplinary collaborations can expand technical options;incorporation of transplant techniques has led to successful R0 resection involving difficult vascular reconstruction and extended resection[4,5].This study describes and analyzes the ten-year collaborative experience of hepatobiliary(HpB)surgeons in management of malignancies involving the perihepatic IVC.

关键词： hepato hepatic invasion

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Tomonaga-Luttinger Unusual Exponents around Fermi points in the One-Dimensional Hubbard Model

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World Journal of Condensed Matter physics 2015年第2期5卷 86-103页

作者： Nelson O. Nenuwe john O. A. Idiodi Department of physics Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun Nigeria Department of physics University of Benin Benin City Nigeria

We study the correlation functions of one-dimensional Hubbard model in the presence of external magnetic field through the conformal field method. The long distance behaviour of the correlation functions and their unusual exponents for the model in the presence of a magnetic field are developed by solving the dressed charge matrix equations and setting the number of occupancies ?to one, as alternative to the usual zero used by authors in literatures. This work shows that the exponent of the correlation functions is a monotonous function of magnetic field and the correlation functions decay as powers of these unusual exponents. As the magnetic field goes to zero, we obtain the exponents as 8.125, 11.125, 17.125, 26.125 and 38.125 at kF, 3kF, 5kF, 7kF and 9kF. Our analytical results will provide insights into criticality in condensed matter physics.

关键词： Correlation Functions Magnetic Field Unusual Exponents

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Ethnomycological Conspectus of West African Mushrooms: An Awareness Document

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Advances in Microbiology 2014年第1期4卷 39-54页

作者： Osemwegie Omorefosa Osarenkhoe Okhuoya Aroye john Dania Akande Theophilus Department of Biological Sciences College of Science and Engineering Landmark University Omu Aran Nigeria Department of plant Biology and Biotechnology Faculty of Life Sciences University of Benin Benin City Nigeria

The ethnological knowledge of mushrooms despite its millennial existence and its empirical documentation are more recent phenomena. In Africa, the knowledge of their historical uses as food, medicine, source of income and small scale businesses, and the sociological impacts (myth, culture and spirituality) are apparently threatened due to slow ethnomycology research drive. The poor identification and documentation of edible and medicinal species of mushrooms in many developing nations have created some degrees of inconsistencies in their usages relative to folk medicine practice, food and mythological beliefs. Their relevance in modern day pharmaceutics and nutraceuticals is a product of human experimentation over *** that may be anthropogenic, ethnographic, ethnoecological/environmental have been implicated in mushrooms underutilization and under-exploration of mushrooms in West Africa. Ethnomycological literatures on West Africa are scant, random, are limited in scope and fraught with taxonomic inconsistencies. This paper is based on extant ethnomycology treatise and aims at representing an integrative knowledge of useful mushrooms of West Africa and their uses vis-a-vis indigent cultures.

关键词： Ethnomycology Conspectus West African Mushrooms Explorative profiting

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Goodness-of-Fit Test for Volume Equations of Three Timber Species in South East Cameroon

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2012年第5期1卷 600-605页

作者： Eric Ngbanye Ntabe john Adebayo Akande Lawrence Adetunji Kehinde Department of Forestry Faculty of Agronomy & Agricultural Sciences University of Dschang Dschang 222 Cameroon Department of Crop production Soil & Environmental Management BOWEN University lwo Osun Osun State Nigeria Department of Agricultural Economics Osun State University Osogbo Osun Osun State Nigeria

A study on the validity of volume equations currently used for three timber species, Entandrophragma cylindricum, Erythrophleum ivorensis and pericopsis elata (Sapelli, Tali and Assamela respectively) in south east Cameroon, was conducted between the months of July and September, 2007 to evaluate their suitability for the site. Twenty-two percent sampling intensity was conducted within annual allowable cuts and diameter readings taken on standing trees with the aid of a wide band Relascope. A non linear regression equation model was employed to compute volume equations and the student"s t-test for the analysis of the existing models. Based on individual tree volumes within stands, new equations for the three species were constructed. A comparison was made between the new equations and those that were being used at the site. Results indicated a total standing volume of 0.007 m3/ha obtained for the three species (Sapelli 0.003 m3/ha, Tali 0.002 m3/ha and Assamela 0.002 m3/ha). Two new volume equation models [B] and [C] were retained for their goodness-of-fit with [B] for Assamela and [C] for Sapelli and Tali. Results also showed that a total volume of 0.005 m3/ha was underestimated for the three species (Sapelli 0.002 m3/ha, Tali 0.001 m3/ha and Assamela 0.002 m3/ha) when existing volume equations were applied. It is imperative to construct new volume equations that are compatible with the ecological characteristics of the site using representative samples. Setting-up appropriate methods for their validation shall also serve as checks to future management errors.

关键词：材积方程用材树种喀麦隆体能测试方程模型非线性回归沙比利检验分析

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Correlation of Self-Reported Breathlessness with post Exercise Dyspnea in Obesity

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Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases 2017年第4期7卷 141-149页

作者： Michael Agustin Hong Chang john Unterborn Augustine Andoh-Duku Department of pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine St. Elizabeth Medical Center Tufts University Boston MA USA Department of pulmonary and Critical Care Guam Regional Medical City Dededo GU USA Clinical and Translational Science Institute Tufts University Boston MA USA

Background: Dyspnea in obesity is common and dyspnea questionnaires are mostly validated for chronic respiratory diseases. The study aims to assess how modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale correlates with post exercise dyspnea Borg scale in 6-minute walk test of the obese population. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study on 342 obese patients with 6 MWT tests from February 2008 to November 2014 at a single tertiary hospital. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between mMRC and Borg dyspnea score. Fractional polynomial regression was used to analyze the relationship of mMRC and Borg scores with BMI. Results: MMRC dyspnea score was a strong predictor of post exercise dyspnea Borg score in the obese population in a univariate regression model (coefficient = 0.764, p ≤ 0.001). When adjusted to age, BMI, 6 MWT distance and pFT parameters in a multivariate regression model, the relationship remained statistically significant (coefficient = 0.587, p ≤ 0.001). The relationship was stronger in obese group with no airflow obstruction. Conclusion: In obese population, pre-exercise mMRC dyspnea score correlates significantly with post exercise dyspnea Borg score regardless of airflow obstruction. This is the first validity study regarding mMRC scale in assessing dyspnea in the obese population.

关键词： Obesity Dyspnea Dyspnea Questionnaire mMRC Validity Study

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Kolmogorov-Chaitin Complexity of Digital Controller Implementations

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International Journal of Automation and computing 2006年第3期3卷 314-322页

作者： James F. Whidborne john McKernan Da-Wei Gu Department of Aerospace Sciences Cranfield University Bedfordshire MK43 0AL UK Department of Engineering University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK

The complexity of linear, fixed-point arithmetic digital controllers is investigated from a Kolmogorov-Chaitin perspective. Based on the idea of Kolmogorov-Chaitin complexity, practical measures of complexity are developed for statespace realizations, parallel and cascade realizations, and for a newly proposed generalized implicit state-space realization. The complexity of solutions to a restricted complexity controller benchmark problem is investigated using this measure. The results show that from a Kolmogorov-Chaitin viewpoint, higher-order controllers with a shorter word-length may have lower complexity and better performance, than lower-order controllers with longer word-length.

关键词： Controller complexity finite-precision arithmetic finite word length digital controller Kolmogorov-Chaitin complexity.

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